2
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Lawley C, Hockey K, Yeo LL, Liava'a M, Roberts P. Increasing Use of Neonatal Catheter Intervention for Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum: Management Trends From a Single Centre. Heart Lung Circ 2021; 31:549-558. [PMID: 34654648 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing use of catheter-based therapy as part of the neonatal treatment algorithm for pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum (PAIVS). The management strategies utilised and outcomes of patients with PAIVS at our centre have not been examined. METHODS A retrospective case series was undertaken including all infants with PAIVS born January 2009 to July 2019 (follow-up to January 2020) managed at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales. Demographic features, anatomical substrate, management pathway and subsequent clinical outcomes were examined. RESULTS Fifty-two (52) infants were included (male n=28, 53.8%). The right ventricular morphology was classified as normal, mildly, moderately and severely hypoplastic in 3 (5.8%), 13 (25.0%), 19 (36.5%) and 17 (32.7%) patients respectively. Thirty-seven (37) patients underwent an initial aortopulmonary (AP) shunt (surgical shunt or patent ductus arteriosus [PDA] stent). The remaining 15 patients underwent an initial intervention to decompress the right ventricle. Twenty (20) patients underwent a neonatal catheter-based intervention. An initial catheter-based intervention was more likely in the second half of the period. Sixteen (16) patients had an attempted pulmonary valve perforation, 12 as their initial procedure. Median follow-up was 62 months (range 3-119 months). Final circulation status was known in 37 patients; biventricular n=14 (37.8%), "1.5 ventricles" n=4 (10.8%), single n=19 (51.4%). There were five deaths during the period (9.6%), including two during the initial procedural admission attributed to tamponade requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the time of percutaneous pulmonary valve perforation. CONCLUSION There has been an overall trend towards including catheter-based strategies in the neonatal period as part of management at our centre. Given the risk of bleeding and ECMO related to this, consideration should be given to the availability of multidisciplinary support when planning the timing of these procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lawley
- The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kaitlyn Hockey
- The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lee Lian Yeo
- The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Liava'a
- The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Roberts
- The Heart Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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6
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Gottschalk I, Strizek B, Menzel T, Herberg U, Breuer J, Brockmeier K, Geipel A, Gembruch U, Berg C. Severe Pulmonary Stenosis or Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum in the Fetus: The Natural History. Fetal Diagn Ther 2019; 47:420-428. [PMID: 31454806 DOI: 10.1159/000502178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the intrauterine course, the outcome, and to establish a new prenatal echocardiographic scoring system to predict biventricular (BV) versus univentricular (UV) outcome of fetuses with severe pulmonary stenosis or atresia with intact ventricular septum (PSAIVS). METHODS All cases of PSAIVS diagnosed prenatally over a period of 14years were retrospectively collected in 2 tertiary referral centers. RESULTS Forty-nine fetuses with PSIVS (n = 11) or PAIVS (n = 38) were identified prenatally. Nineteen (38.8%) fetuses had additional ventriculocoronary connections (VCCs) and 21 (42.9%) fetuses had right ventricular hypoplasia. Four (8.2%) pregnancies were terminated, 2 (4.1%) ended in intrauterine fetal death, 4 (8.2%) in neonatal death, and 5 (10.2%) children died in infancy or childhood, including one case with compassionate care. Thirty-four of 44 (77.3%) fetuses with the intention-to-treat were alive at latest follow-up, 25 (73.5%) with BV, and 9 (26.5%) with UV circulation. Most significant predictive markers of UV circulation were Vmax of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) <2 m/s, right ventricle/left ventricle length ratio ≤0.6, and presence of VCC. A scoring system including these 3 markers had 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity predicting an UV outcome if more than one of these criteria was fulfilled. All 25 liveborn infants that were suitable for BV repair survived, whereas only 9 out of 14 candidates for UV repair survived. None of the 14 fetuses with predicted UV outcome would have met the inclusion criteria for fetal intervention, as 10 of them had VCC and the remaining 4 had absent TR or Vmax <2 m/s. CONCLUSION The prognosis of prenatally diagnosed PSAIVS is good if BV circulation can be achieved, while postnatal mortality in UV circulation is high within the first 4 months of life. Postnatal outcome can be predicted prenatally with high accuracy using a simple scoring system. This information is mandatory for parental counseling and may be useful in selecting fetuses for intrauterine valvuloplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Gottschalk
- Division of Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,
| | - Brigitte Strizek
- Division of Fetal Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tina Menzel
- Division of Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrike Herberg
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Breuer
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Brockmeier
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annegret Geipel
- Division of Fetal Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gembruch
- Division of Fetal Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Berg
- Division of Prenatal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Division of Fetal Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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7
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Cohen J, Binka E, Woldu K, Levasseur S, Glickstein J, Freud LR, Chelliah A, Chiu JS, Shah A. Myocardial strain abnormalities in fetuses with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2019; 53:512-519. [PMID: 30043402 PMCID: PMC6353696 DOI: 10.1002/uog.19183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Global and regional myocardial deformation have not been well described in fetuses with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS). Speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE), an angle-independent technique for assessing global and regional strain, may be a more sensitive way of determining ventricular systolic dysfunction compared with traditional 2D echocardiography. The aim of this study was to assess myocardial deformation in fetuses with PA/IVS compared with control fetuses and to determine if, in fetuses with PA/IVS, strain differs between those with and those without right ventricle-dependent coronary circulation (RVDCC). METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of fetuses with PA/IVS examined at two medical centers between June 2005 and October 2017. Left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) regional and global longitudinal strain (GLS) and strain rate were obtained using STE, and comparisons were made between fetuses with PA/IVS and gestational age (GA)-matched controls. Postnatal outcome was assessed, including the presence of RVDCC. RESULTS Fifty-seven fetuses with PA/IVS and 57 controls were analyzed at a mean GA of 26.5 ± 5 weeks. LV-GLS was significantly decreased in fetuses with PA/IVS compared with controls (-17.4 ± 1.7% vs -23.7 ± 2.0%, P < 0.001). LV strain rate was also significantly decreased (-1.01 ± 0.21/s vs -1.42 ± 0.20/s, P < 0.001). Fetuses with PA/IVS had decreased strain in all segments. Similarly, RV strain was significantly decreased in fetuses with PA/IVS (-11.6 ± 3.8% vs -24.6 ± 2.5%, P < 0.0001). Thirty-six patients had postnatal cardiac catheterization performed to define coronary anatomy; 10 fetuses had RVDCC. Fetuses with RVDCC had decreased LV strain compared with those without (-15.8 ± 1.2% vs -17.9 ± 1.7%, P = 0.009). RV strain was also decreased in fetuses with RVDCC vs those without (-7.0 ± 2.9% vs -12.1 ± 3.2%, P = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS Fetuses with PA/IVS have decreased global and regional LV and RV strain compared with controls. The finding of decreased LV strain may be due to altered ventricular mechanics in the context of a hypertensive right ventricle and/or abnormal coronary perfusion. Moreover, fetuses that were found to have RVDCC postnatally had decreased LV and RV strain compared with those that did not. These results encourage further investigation to assess whether fetal ventricular strain could be a prenatal predictor of RVDCC. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Edem Binka
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kristal Woldu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Stéphanie Levasseur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Julie Glickstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Lindsay R. Freud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Anjali Chelliah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Joanne S. Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amee Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
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8
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Maskatia SA, Petit CJ, Travers CD, Goldberg DJ, Rogers LS, Glatz AC, Qureshi AM, Goldstein BH, Ao J, Sachdeva R. Echocardiographic parameters associated with biventricular circulation and right ventricular growth following right ventricular decompression in patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum: Results from a multicenter study. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2018; 13:892-902. [PMID: 30238627 DOI: 10.1111/chd.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with pulmonary atresia, intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS) following right ventricular (RV) decompression, RV size and morphology drive clinical outcome. Our objectives were to (1) identify baseline and postdecompression echocardiographic parameters associated with 2V circulation, (2) identify echocardiographic parameters associated with RV growth and (3) describe changes in measures of RV size and changes in RV loading conditions. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent RV decompression for PA/IVS at four centers. We analyzed echocardiograms at baseline, postdecompression, and at follow up (closest to 1-year or prior to Glenn circulation). RESULTS Eighty-one patients were included. At last follow-up, 70 (86%) patients had 2V circulations, 7 (9%) had 1.5 ventricle circulations, and 4 (5%) had single ventricle circulations. Follow-up echocardiograms were available in 43 (53%) patients. The majority of patients had improved RV systolic function, less tricuspid regurgitation (TR), and more left-to-right atrial shunting at a median of 350 days after decompression. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that larger baseline tricuspid valve (TV) z-score (P = .017), ≥ moderate baseline TR (P = .045) and smaller baseline RV area (P < .001) were associated with larger increases in RV area. Baseline RV area ≥6 cm2 /m2 had 93% sensitivity and 80% specificity for identifying patients who ultimately achieved 2V circulation. All patients with RV area ≥8 cm2 /m2 at follow up achieved 2V circulation. This finding was confirmed in a validation cohort from a separate center (N = 25). Factors associated with achieving RV area ≥8 cm2 /m2 included larger TV z-score (P = .004), ≥ moderate baseline TR (P = .031), and ≥ moderate postdecompression pulmonary regurgitation (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Patients with PA/IVS and smaller TV annuli are at risk for poor RV growth. Volume-loading conditions signal increased capacity for growth sufficient for 2V circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiraz A Maskatia
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Christopher J Petit
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Curtis D Travers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David J Goldberg
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lindsay S Rogers
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew C Glatz
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Athar M Qureshi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bryan H Goldstein
- Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jingning Ao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ritu Sachdeva
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Atlanta, Georgia
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10
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Petit CJ, Glatz AC, Qureshi AM, Sachdeva R, Maskatia SA, Justino H, Goldberg DJ, Mozumdar N, Whiteside W, Rogers LS, Nicholson GT, McCracken C, Kelleman M, Goldstein BH. Outcomes After Decompression of the Right Ventricle in Infants With Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum Are Associated With Degree of Tricuspid Regurgitation. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10:CIRCINTERVENTIONS.116.004428. [DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.116.004428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Outcomes after right ventricle (RV) decompression in infants with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum vary widely. Descriptions of outcomes are limited to small single-center studies.
Methods and Results—
Neonates undergoing RV decompression for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum were included from 4 pediatric centers. Primary end point was reintervention post-RV decompression; secondary end points included circulation type at latest follow-up. Ninety-nine patients (71 with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and 28 with virtual atresia) underwent RV decompression at median 3 (25th–75th, 2–5) days of age. Seventy-one patients (72%) underwent at least 1 reintervention after decompression. Median duration of follow-up was 3 years (range, 1–10). Freedom from reintervention was 51% at 1 month and 23% at 3 years. In multivariable analysis, reintervention was associated with virtual atresia (hazard ratio [HR], 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28–091;
P
=0.027), smaller RV length (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89–0.99;
P
=0.027), and ≤mild tricuspid regurgitation (TR; HR, 3.58; 95% CI, 2.04–6.30;
P
<0.001). Patients undergoing surgical shunt or ductal stent were less likely to have virtual atresia (HR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.15–0.85;
P
=0.02) and more likely to have higher RV end-diastolic pressure (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.00–1.15;
P
=0.057) and ≤mild TR (HR, 3.50; 95% CI, 1.75–7.0;
P
<0.001). Number of reinterventions was associated with ≤mild TR (rate ratio, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.23–2.87;
P
=0.0037). Multivariable analysis indicated that <2-ventricle circulation status was associated with ≤mild TR (odds ratio, 18.6; 95% CI, 5.3–65.2;
P
<0.001) and lower RV area (odds ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.72–0.91;
P
<0.001).
Conclusions—
Patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum deemed suitable for RV decompression have a high reintervention burden although most achieve 2-ventricle circulation. TR ≤mild at baseline is strongly associated with reintervention and <2-ventricle circulation at medium-term follow-up. Degree of baseline TR may be an important marker of long-term outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Petit
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - Andrew C. Glatz
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - Athar M. Qureshi
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - Ritu Sachdeva
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - Shiraz A. Maskatia
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - Henri Justino
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - David J. Goldberg
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - Namrita Mozumdar
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - Wendy Whiteside
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - Lindsay S. Rogers
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - George T. Nicholson
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - Courtney McCracken
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - Mike Kelleman
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
| | - Bryan H. Goldstein
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.J.P., R.S., G.T.N., C.M., M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.C.G., D.J.G.); Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (A.M.Q., S.A.M., H.J.); Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (N.M.); and The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, OH (W.W., L.S.R., B.H.G.)
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