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Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040618. [PMID: 35203268 PMCID: PMC8870669 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are hematopoietic neoplasms composed of mast cells. It is highly common in dogs and is extremely important in the veterinary oncology field. It represents the third most common tumor subtype, and is the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs, corresponding to 11% of skin cancer cases. The objective of this critical review was to present the report of the 2nd Consensus meeting on the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors, which was organized by the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET) in August 2021. The most recent information on cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs is presented and discussed.
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Leis-Filho AF, Lainetti PD, Kobayashi PE, Palmieri C, Amorim RL, Fonseca-Alves CE. Expression and prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and its receptor in canine prostate cancer. Prostate 2021; 81:1021-1031. [PMID: 34320239 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and its receptor, VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), represent a complex family of angiogenic molecules consisting of different ligands and receptors. Due to the importance of VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling in tumor proliferation and angiogenesis, this study aimed to evaluate the protein and gene expression levels of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 in canine prostate cancer (PC). METHODS We analyzed VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 expression in 87 PC samples by immunohistochemistry and quantitative-polymerase chain reaction. PC samples were graded according to the Gleason score and the immunohistochemical staining for VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 was quantified using a selected threshold from the ImageJ Software. Microvascular density was assessed by cluster of differentiation 31 staining and counting the number of positive vessels. Additionally, the homology of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 between humans and dogs was assessed, followed by the construction of a protein structure homology model to compare the tertiary structures of these proteins in both species. RESULTS Negative to weakly positive expression levels of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 were observed in the epithelial cells of the normal prostate (NP) and prostatic hyperplasia samples. In contrast, the canine proliferative atrophy and PC samples exhibited higher VEGF-A (p < .0001) and VEGFR-2 (p < .0001) compared to NP. Moreover, positive correlations between the expression levels of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 (Spearman's coefficient (r) = .68, p = .013) and the expression levels of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 proteins (r = .8, p < .0001) were also observed in the NP samples. Additionally, the patients with PC exhibiting higher VEGFR-2 expression levels experienced a shorter survival period (p = .0372). Furthermore, we found an association between the microvascular density and overall survival. Dogs with a higher number of vessels showed a shorter survival time. We further demonstrated that the VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 exhibited high homology between humans and dogs, and identified their protein structures in both species. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, VEGFR-2 appears to be an independent prognostic factor in animals with PC. VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 are highly conserved between humans and dogs, which can be investigated further in future cross-species studies to explore their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fernando Leis-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia deFaria Lainetti
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Emiko Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Renée Laufer Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University-UNIP, Bauru, Brazil
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Investigation of Prognostic Value of Claudin-5, PSMA, and Ki67 Expression in Canine Splenic Hemangiosarcoma. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082406. [PMID: 34438863 PMCID: PMC8388721 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine splenic hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is an aggressive cancer that originates from endothelial cells. In clinical practice, it is commonly noted among canine patients with ruptured tumors, inducing internal bleeding. Although it is highly important in veterinary medicine, very limited information regarding HSA prognostic markers is available. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of Claudin-5, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and Ki67 in HSA-affected canine patients. We evaluated Claudin-5 and PSMA gene and protein expression, assessed the Ki67 index, and compared these with patients’ clinical data. We identified an association between Claudin-5 expression and metastatic status. Patients with higher Claudin-5 expression developed metastasis, and there was an association between PSMA expression and overall survival. Our results suggest that these proteins could be useful prognostic markers for patients with HSA. Abstract Splenic hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant tumor of endothelial cells that affects middle-aged and elderly dogs and is characterized by the formation of new blood vessels, commonly associated with necrotic and hemorrhagic areas. Despite its importance in veterinary medicine, few studies have identified markers with prognostic value for canine HSA. Thus, this study aimed to associate the clinicopathological findings (prostate-specific membrane antigen [PSMA], Claudin-5, and Ki67 gene and protein expression) with overall survival in HSA-affected patients. Fifty-three formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded canine splenic HSA samples, previously diagnosed by histopathological examination, were used in this study. Claudin-5, PSMA, and Ki67 protein expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and gene expression was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Claudin-5 protein overexpression was observed in patients with metastasis (p = 0.0078) and with stage III tumors compared to those with stage I and II tumors (p = 0.0451). In patients treated with surgery alone, low PSMA gene and protein expression (p = 0.05 and p = 0.0355, respectively) were associated with longer survival time. Longer survival time was observed in patients with a low Ki67 index (p = 0.0488). Our results indicate that Claudin-5 protein expression is associated with metastatic status, and PSMA gene and protein expression, and Ki67 index are associated with survival time.
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Immunohistochemical Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor as a Prognostic Marker for Canine Mast Cell Tumors. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 42:100506. [PMID: 33348010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Strong to moderate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression may be a negative prognostic factor in canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). This study set out to determine the prognostic value of combined analysis of VEGF-A immunoreactivity, clinical presentation, patient staging, and tumor histologic grade in canine MCTs. In this study, intense VEGF staining was significantly associated with decreased survival (P = .025). Immunohistochemical expression of VEGF is not routinely employed as a prognostic factor in canine MCT workup. However, results of this study support the inclusion of this marker in the MCT prognostic panel. Investigation of VEGF expression may assist in the development of anti-VEGF drugs.
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Rodríguez JMM, Morandi F, Cavicchio P, Poli A, Verin R. Morphological and Immunohistochemical Description of a Splenic Haemangioma in a Captive European Wolf ( Canis lupus lupus) and a Review of the Current Literature. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030102. [PMID: 32756451 PMCID: PMC7558623 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic diseases are rarely described in wild carnivores; only a few reports have been published on this topic. Here, we describe the histological and immunohistochemical features of a haemangioma in the spleen of a grey wolf (Canis lupus lupus) and we compare the results with the dog (Canis lupus familiaris). Additionally, we list the different publications found in the literature with neoplastic lesions in wolves. Our results show similar immunohistochemical features to dogs, in which neoplastic cells express Vimentin, von Willebrand factor, alpha smooth muscle actin antibody, vascular endothelial growth factor C and low vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3. Toluidine blue special stain shows moderated increased numbers of mast cells infiltrating the tumor, a feature observed in benign vascular tumors in domestic dogs, but not in the malignant counterparts. To our knowledge, this is the first article describing the gross, histological and immunohistochemical features of a splenic haemangioma in a wolf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Maria Monné Rodríguez
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Federico Morandi
- National Park “Monti Sibillini” P.zza del Forno, 1 62039 Visso, Italy;
| | - Paolo Cavicchio
- Pistoia Zoological Garden, Via Pieve a Celle Nuova, 160/A, 51100 Pistoia, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Viale delle Piagge, 2 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science—University of Padova AGRIPOLIS—Viale dell’ Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
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Canine Cutaneous Haemangiosarcoma: Biomarkers and Survival. J Comp Pathol 2019; 166:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.10.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rivera-Calderón LG, Fonseca-Alves CE, Kobayashi PE, Carvalho M, Vasconcelos RO, Laufer-Amorim R. p-mTOR, p-4EBP-1 and eIF4E expression in canine prostatic carcinoma. Res Vet Sci 2018; 122:86-92. [PMID: 30476726 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR/4E-BP1/eIF4E pathway plays important roles in the neoplastic transformation process and in tumour growth. In men, the mTOR/4E-BP1/eIF4E pathway was described as altered in different tumours, including prostate cancer (PC). Apart from humans, the dog is the only species that develops PC with high frequency and is considered a good model for comparative oncology initiatives. Due to limited information on this pathway in canine tumours, this study aimed to investigate mTOR, 4E-BP1 and eIF4E gene and protein expression in canine PC, as well as in metastatic and normal prostatic tissues, and to evaluate the correlations between gene/protein expression and Gleason score (GS) in PC. A total of 35 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, including 13 of normal prostatic tissue, 17 PC samples and 5 metastasis samples, were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and qPCR. mTOR gene mutation in the kinase domain was also investigated. We identified higher p-mTOR and eIF4E protein levels in canine PC with higher GS values (≥ 8) and a significant positive correlation in expression between these proteins. eIF4E overexpression was observed in metastasis relative to expression in normal samples. Our data suggest that p-mTOR and eIF4E expression is positively correlated with GS in canine PC, similar to the pattern in humans. More studies of the mTOR/4EBP1/eIF4E pathway should be performed to identify possible correlations of the proteins involved with clinical and pathologic findings in canine PC and the roles of these proteins as therapeutic targets for the treatment of canine PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Rivera-Calderón
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila E Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosemeri O Vasconcelos
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renée Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in healthy equine superficial digital flexor tendon: A study of the local inflammatory response. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:423-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kobayashi PE, Fonseca-Alves CE, Rivera-Calderón LG, Carvalho M, Kuasne H, Rogatto SR, Laufer-Amorim R. Deregulation of E-cadherin, β-catenin, APC and Caveolin-1 expression occurs in canine prostate cancer and metastatic processes. Res Vet Sci 2018. [PMID: 29529534 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease with high levels of clinical and gene heterogeneity, consequently offering several targets for therapy. Dogs with naturally occurring prostate cancer are useful models for molecular investigations and studying new treatment efficacy. Three genes and proteins associated with the WNT pathway (β-catenin, APC and E-cadherin) and Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) were evaluated in canine pre-neoplastic proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), prostate cancer and metastatic disease. The APC gene methylation status was also investigated. As in human prostate cancer, cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin, which are fundamental for activating the canonical WNT pathway, were found in canine prostate cancer and metastasis. Membranous E-cadherin was also lost in these lesions, allowing cellular migration to the stroma and nuclear localization of β-catenin. In contrast to human prostate tumours, no APC downregulation or hypermethylation was found in canine prostate cancer. The CAV-1 gene and protein overexpression were found in canine prostate cancer, and as in humans, the highest levels were found in Gleason scores ≥8. In conclusion, as with human prostate cancer, β-catenin and E-cadherin in the WNT pathway, as well as Caveolin-1, are molecular drivers in canine prostate cancer. These findings provide additional evidence that dogs are useful models for studying new therapeutic targets in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila E Kobayashi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Fonseca-Alves
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis G Rivera-Calderón
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcio Carvalho
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Hellen Kuasne
- International Center for Research (CIPE), AC Camargo Hospital, Liberdade, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia R Rogatto
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital and Institute of Regional Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Renée Laufer-Amorim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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