1
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Liu Z, Tian W, Cui Z, Liu B. A universal microkinetic-machine learning bimetallic catalyst screening method for steam methane reforming. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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2
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Hu J, Yang B, Liu Z. Assessing the Activity Trend of Metal Nitride Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis Based on Theory of Chemical Potential Kinetics. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Hu
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University 393 Middle Huaxia Road Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University 393 Middle Huaxia Road Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University 393 Middle Huaxia Road Shanghai 201210 China
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3
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Lund CRF, Tatarchuk B, Cardona-Martínez N, Hill JM, Sanchez-Castillo MA, Huber GW, Román-Leshkov Y, Simonetti D, Pagan-Torres Y, Schwartz TJ, Motagamwala AH. A Career in Catalysis: James A. Dumesic. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl R. F. Lund
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Bruce Tatarchuk
- Center for Microfibrous Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 United States
| | - Nelson Cardona-Martínez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico - Mayagüez, Mayagüez 00681-9000, Puerto Rico
| | - Josephine M. Hill
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marco A. Sanchez-Castillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Manuel Nava 6, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - George W. Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yuriy Román-Leshkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Dante Simonetti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 United States
| | - Yomaira Pagan-Torres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico - Mayagüez, Mayagüez 00681-9000, Puerto Rico
| | - Thomas J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Ali Hussain Motagamwala
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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4
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Yao Z, Zhao J, Bunting RJ, Zhao C, Hu P, Wang J. Quantitative Insights into the Reaction Mechanism for the Direct Synthesis of H2O2 over Transition Metals: Coverage-Dependent Microkinetic Modeling. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Yao
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Zhao
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rhys J. Bunting
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Chenxia Zhao
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peijun Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People’s Republic of China
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5
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On the optimum catalyst for structure sensitive heterogeneous catalytic reactions. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-020-01835-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractReaction rates in a two-step catalytic sequence, when plotted vs adsorption energy of the key or the most abundant surface intermediate, result in volcano shaped curves. In the current work, the optimal catalyst is discussed for structure sensitive reactions, which display dependence of activity on the cluster size of the active catalytic phase. An expression is derived relating the Gibbs energy for formation of the intermediate with the Gibbs energy changes in the overall reaction, difference in adsorption thermodynamics on edges and terraces and the cluster size. The kinetic expressions display dependence of activity vs the Gibbs energy of the adsorbed intermediate formation. Numerical analysis demonstrates that when the overall equilibrium constant K is high and the reaction is thermodynamically very favorable, the maxima in the rates vs the adsorption constant for the optimal catalyst are much broader being less dependent on the cluster size. When structure sensitivity is pronounced, there are smaller differences in the rates for the optimum and less optimal catalysts in comparison with reactions showing weak structure sensitivity.
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6
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Levy JN, Alegre-Requena JV, Liu R, Paton RS, McNally A. Selective Halogenation of Pyridines Using Designed Phosphine Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11295-11305. [PMID: 32469220 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Halopyridines are key building blocks for synthesizing pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and ligands for metal complexes, but strategies to selectively halogenate pyridine C-H precursors are lacking. We designed a set of heterocyclic phosphines that are installed at the 4-position of pyridines as phosphonium salts and then displaced with halide nucleophiles. A broad range of unactivated pyridines can be halogenated, and the method is viable for late-stage halogenation of complex pharmaceuticals. Computational studies indicate that C-halogen bond formation occurs via an SNAr pathway, and phosphine elimination is the rate-determining step. Steric interactions during C-P bond cleavage account for differences in reactivity between 2- and 3-substituted pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Levy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Juan V Alegre-Requena
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Renrong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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7
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3-Mercaptopropionic/3-Mercaptoisobutyric Acids Used as Novel Selective Depressants for Improved Flotation of Chalcopyrite from Galena. MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selective separation of chalcopyrite from galena (lead sulfide) through the flotation method is still a challenging task in the field of mineral engineering. Mercaptoacetic acid, though a common depressant of many gangue (commercially worthless) minerals, has shown to be less selective in the flotation separation of chalcopyrite and galena. This resent study therefore systematically investigated the selectivity of different mercapto acids (especially three types: 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 3-mercaptoisobutyric acid and mercaptoacetic acid) on the separation of chalcopyrite and galena by making the use of flotation experiments and first principle calculations. The calculation results demonstrated that the sulfhydryl and carboxyl groups existing on the molecular structure of three mercapto acids are the reactive and chelating centers to metal ions on sulfide mineral surfaces. Mercapto acids have higher binding energies to Cu2+ by 300–400 kJ/mol compared to Pb2+, indicating a higher affinity towards chalcopyrite. The order of reactivity and chelating ability noted was as follows: 3-mercaptopropionic acid > 3-mercaptoisobutyric acid > mercaptoacetic acid. Flotation results further showed that the selectivity of 3-mercaptopropionic acid or 3-mercaptoisobutyric acid was better than mercaptoacetic acid. The good agreement between the first principle calculations and the flotation results demonstrated that the former reagent could be served as a most selective depressant in the improved flotation separation of chalcopyrite and galena.
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8
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Maitre PA, Bieniek MS, Kechagiopoulos PN. Plasma-enhanced catalysis for the upgrading of methane: a review of modelling and simulation methods. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00024h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Modelling methods and simulation works on the upgrading of methane via plasma and plasma-enhanced catalysis reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-André Maitre
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Group
- School of Engineering
- University of Aberdeen
- Aberdeen
- UK
| | - Matthew S. Bieniek
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Group
- School of Engineering
- University of Aberdeen
- Aberdeen
- UK
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9
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Rice PS, Hu P. Understanding supported noble metal catalysts using first-principles calculations. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:180902. [PMID: 31731867 DOI: 10.1063/1.5126090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis on supported and nonsupported nanoparticles is of fundamental importance in the energy and chemical conversion industries. Rather than laboratory analysis, first-principles calculations give us an atomic-level understanding of the structure and reactivity of nanoparticles and supports, greatly reducing the efforts of screening and design. However, unlike catalysis on low index single crystalline surfaces, nanoparticle catalysis relies on the tandem properties of a support material as well as the metal cluster itself, often with charge transfer processes being of key importance. In this perspective, we examine current state-of-the-art quantum-chemical research for the modeling of reactions that utilize small transition metal clusters on metal oxide supports. This should provide readers with useful insights when dealing with chemical reactions on such systems, before discussing the possibilities and challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Rice
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland
| | - P Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland
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10
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Zhu J, Cao L, Li C, Zhao G, Zhu T, Hu W, Sun W, Lu Y. Nanoporous Ni 3P Evolutionarily Structured onto a Ni Foam for Highly Selective Hydrogenation of Dimethyl Oxalate to Methyl Glycolate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37635-37643. [PMID: 31538477 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methyl glycolate (MG) is a versatile platform molecule to produce numerous important chemicals and materials, especially new-generation biocompatible and biodegradable poly(glycolic acid). In principle, it can be massively produced from syngas (CO + H2) via gas-phase hydrogenation of CO-derived dimethyl oxalate (DMO), but the groundbreaking catalyst represents a grand challenge. Here, we report the discovery of a Ni-foam-structured nanoporous Ni3P catalyst, evolutionarily transformed from a Ni2P/Ni-foam engineered from nano- to macro-scale, being capable of nearly fully converting DMO into MG at >95% selectivity and stable for at least 1000 h without any sign of deactivation. As revealed by kinetic experiments and theoretical calculations, in comparison with Ni2P, Ni3P achieves a higher surface electron density that is favorable for MG adsorption in a molecular manner rather than in a dissociative manner and has much higher activation energy for MG hydrogenation to ethylene glycol (EG), thereby markedly suppressing its overhydrogenation to EG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Qilu University of Technology , Jinan 250353 , China
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11
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Gaggioli CA, Stoneburner SJ, Cramer CJ, Gagliardi L. Beyond Density Functional Theory: The Multiconfigurational Approach To Model Heterogeneous Catalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Alberto Gaggioli
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Samuel J. Stoneburner
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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12
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Chen P, Zhao G, Shi XR, Zhu J, Ding J, Lu Y. Nano-Intermetallic InNi 3C 0.5 Compound Discovered as a Superior Catalyst for CO 2 Reutilization. iScience 2019; 17:315-324. [PMID: 31325770 PMCID: PMC6642222 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CO2 circular economy is urgently calling for the effective large-scale CO2 reutilization technologies. The reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction is the most techno-economically viable candidate for dealing with massive-volume CO2 via downstream mature Fischer-Tropsch and methanol syntheses, but the desired groundbreaking catalyst represents a grand challenge. Here, we report the discovery of a nano-intermetallic InNi3C0.5 catalyst, for example, being particularly active, selective, and stable for the RWGS reaction. The InNi3C0.5(111) surface is dominantly exposed and gifted with dual active sites (3Ni-In and 3Ni-C), which in synergy efficiently dissociate CO2 into CO* (on 3Ni-C) and O* (on 3Ni-In). O* can facilely react with 3Ni-C-offered H* to form H2O. Interestingly, CO* is mainly desorbed at and above 400°C, whereas alternatively hydrogenated to CH3OH highly selectively below 300°C. Moreover, this nano-intermetallic can also fully hydrogenate CO-derived dimethyl oxalate to ethylene glycol (commodity chemical) with high selectivity (above 96%) and favorable stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjing Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Guofeng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Xue-Rong Shi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jia Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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13
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Šivec R, Grilc M, Huš M, Likozar B. Multiscale Modeling of (Hemi)cellulose Hydrolysis and Cascade Hydrotreatment of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, Furfural, and Levulinic Acid. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miha Grilc
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Chen JF, Mao Y, Wang HF, Hu P. A Simple Method To Locate the Optimal Adsorption Energy for the Best Catalysts Directly. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis and Centre for Computational Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yu Mao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis and Centre for Computational Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Hai-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis and Centre for Computational Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - P. Hu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis and Centre for Computational Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
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15
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Zhou Q, Zhou C, Zhou Y, Hong W, Zou S, Gong XQ, Liu J, Xiao L, Fan J. More than oxygen vacancies: a collective crystal-plane effect of CeO2 in gas-phase selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00395a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A collective crystal-plane effect of CeO2 involves oxygen vacancies and the ability to abstract H, adsorb O2 and remove water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhou
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Chongyuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yuheng Zhou
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Shihui Zou
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Xue-Qing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials
- Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering
- Hangzhou Dianzi University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Liping Xiao
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jie Fan
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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16
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Mao Y, Hu P. Achieving accuracy and efficiency at the same time: a new kinetic Monte Carlo approach for complicated catalytic systems. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Besora M, Maseras F. Microkinetic modeling in homogeneous catalysis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Besora
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BarcelonaSpain
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18
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DFT Study on Intermetallic Pd-Cu Alloy with Cover Layer Pd as Efficient Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. MATERIALS 2017; 11:ma11010033. [PMID: 29278392 PMCID: PMC5793531 DOI: 10.3390/ma11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Detailed density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the adsorption energies (Ead) for oxygen on monolayer Pd on top of the Pd–Cu face-centered cubic (FCC) alloy and intermetallic B2 structure revealed a linear correspondence between the adsorption energies and the d-band center position. The calculated barrier (Ebarrier) for oxygen dissociation depends linearly on the reaction energy difference (ΔE). The O2 has a stronger adsorption strength and smaller barrier on the intermetallic Pd–Cu surface than on its FCC alloy surface. The room-temperature free energy (ΔG) analysis suggests the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathways proceed by a direct dissociation mechanism instead of hydrogenation into OOH. These results might be of use in designing intermetallic Pd–Cu as ORR electrocatalysts.
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