1
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Kacker S, Parsad V, Singh N, Hordiichuk D, Alvarez S, Gohar M, Kacker A, Rai SK. Planar Cell Polarity Signaling: Coordinated Crosstalk for Cell Orientation. J Dev Biol 2024; 12:12. [PMID: 38804432 PMCID: PMC11130840 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) system is essential for positioning cells in 3D networks to establish the proper morphogenesis, structure, and function of organs during embryonic development. The PCP system uses inter- and intracellular feedback interactions between components of the core PCP, characterized by coordinated planar polarization and asymmetric distribution of cell populations inside the cells. PCP signaling connects the anterior-posterior to left-right embryonic plane polarity through the polarization of cilia in the Kupffer's vesicle/node in vertebrates. Experimental investigations on various genetic ablation-based models demonstrated the functions of PCP in planar polarization and associated genetic disorders. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of PCP signaling history, core components of the PCP signaling pathway, molecular mechanisms underlying PCP signaling, interactions with other signaling pathways, and the role of PCP in organ and embryonic development. Moreover, we will delve into the negative feedback regulation of PCP to maintain polarity, human genetic disorders associated with PCP defects, as well as challenges associated with PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kacker
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Varuneshwar Parsad
- Department of Human Body Structure and Function, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (V.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Naveen Singh
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Daria Hordiichuk
- Department of Human Body Structure and Function, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (V.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Stacy Alvarez
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Mahnoor Gohar
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Anshu Kacker
- Department of Histology and Human Physiology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Sunil Kumar Rai
- Department of Cerll and Molecular Biology, Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown KN 1102, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (N.S.); (S.A.); (M.G.)
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2
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Molina-Pelayo C, Olguin P, Mlodzik M, Glavic A. The conserved Pelado/ZSWIM8 protein regulates actin dynamics by promoting linear actin filament polymerization. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/12/e202201484. [PMID: 35940847 PMCID: PMC9375228 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin filament polymerization can be branched or linear, which depends on the associated regulatory proteins. Competition for actin monomers occurs between proteins that induce branched or linear actin polymerization. Cell specialization requires the regulation of actin filaments to allow the formation of cell type-specific structures, like cuticular hairs in Drosophila, formed by linear actin filaments. Here, we report the functional analysis of CG34401/pelado, a gene encoding a SWIM domain-containing protein, conserved throughout the animal kingdom, called ZSWIM8 in mammals. Mutant pelado epithelial cells display actin hair elongation defects. This phenotype is reversed by increasing actin monomer levels or by either pushing linear actin polymerization or reducing branched actin polymerization. Similarly, in hemocytes, Pelado is essential to induce filopodia, a linear actin-based structure. We further show that this function of Pelado/ZSWIM8 is conserved in human cells, where Pelado inhibits branched actin polymerization in a cell migration context. In summary, our data indicate that the function of Pelado/ZSWIM8 in regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics is conserved, favoring linear actin polymerization at the expense of branched filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Molina-Pelayo
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Departamento de Biología, Centro FONDAP de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Olguin
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA .,Departamento de Neurociencia, Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Neurociencia Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Glavic
- Departamento de Biología, Centro FONDAP de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Hirano S, Mii Y, Charras G, Michiue T. Alignment of the cell long axis by unidirectional tension acts cooperatively with Wnt signalling to establish planar cell polarity. Development 2022; 149:275482. [PMID: 35593440 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is the aligned cell polarity within a tissue plane. Mechanical signals are known to act as a global cue for PCP, yet their exact role is still unclear. In this study, we focused on PCP in the posterior neuroectoderm of Xenopus laevis and investigated how mechanical signals regulate polarity. We reveal that the neuroectoderm is under a greater tension in the anterior-posterior direction and that perturbation of this tension causes PCP disappearance. We show that application of uniaxial stretch to explant tissues can control the orientation of PCP and that cells sense the tissue stretch indirectly through a change in their shape, rather than directly through detection of anisotropic tension. Furthermore, we reveal that PCP is most strongly established when the orientation of tissue stretch coincides with that of diffusion of locally expressed Wnt ligands, suggesting a cooperative relationship between these two PCP regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuki Hirano
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mii
- National Institute for Basic Biology and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, Graduate School for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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4
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Umetsu D. Cell mechanics and cell-cell recognition controls by Toll-like receptors in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:233-247. [PMID: 35579305 PMCID: PMC9116419 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2074783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is conserved and essential for innate immunity in metazoans. The founding member of the TLR family, Drosophila Toll-1, was initially identified for its role in dorsoventral axis formation in early embryogenesis. The Drosophila genome encodes nine TLRs that display dynamic expression patterns during development, suggesting their involvement in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. Recent progress on the developmental functions of TLRs beyond dorsoventral patterning has revealed not only their diverse functions in various biological processes, but also unprecedented molecular mechanisms in directly regulating cell mechanics and cell-cell recognition independent of the canonical signal transduction pathway involving transcriptional regulation of target genes. In this review, I feature and discuss the non-immune functions of TLRs in the control of epithelial tissue homeostasis, tissue morphogenesis, and cell-cell recognition between cell populations with different cell identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Umetsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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5
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Preimplantation Endometrial Transcriptomics in Natural Conception Cycle of the Rhesus Monkey. REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/reprodmed3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no report on preimplantation phase endometrial transcriptomics in natural conception cycles of primates. In the present study, the whole-genome expression array of endometrium on Days 2, 4, and 6 post-ovulation (pov) in proven natural conception (Group 1; n = 12) and non-mated, ovulatory (Group 2; n = 12) cycles of rhesus monkeys was examined, compared, and validated. Of fifteen (15) genes showing differential expression (>2-fold; pFDR < 0.05), six genes (CHRND, FOXD3, GJD4, MAPK8IP3, MKS1, and NUP50) were upregulated, while eight genes (ADCY5, ADIPOR1, NNMT, PATL1, PIGV, TGFBR2, TOX2, and VWA5B1) were down regulated on Day 6 pov as compared to Day 2 pov in conception cycles. On Day 6 pov, four genes (ADCY5, NNMT, TOX2, and VWA5B1) were down regulated, and AVEN was upregulated in conception cycles compared with the non-conception cycle. These observations were orthogonally validated at protein expression level. Group-specifically expressed unique genes in conception cycles influence the process of induction of immune-tolerance, while the genes expressed in both groups influence processes of protein targeting and metabolism. A triad of timed-actions of progesterone, seminal plasma, and preimplantation embryo putatively regulate several input molecules to CREB, NF-kB, and STAT regulatory networks during secretory phase towards evolution of endometrial receptivity in the rhesus monkey.
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6
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Tarchini B. A Reversal in Hair Cell Orientation Organizes Both the Auditory and Vestibular Organs. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:695914. [PMID: 34646115 PMCID: PMC8502876 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.695914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory hair cells detect mechanical stimuli with their hair bundle, an asymmetrical brush of actin-based membrane protrusions, or stereocilia. At the single cell level, stereocilia are organized in rows of graded heights that confer the hair bundle with intrinsic directional sensitivity. At the organ level, each hair cell is precisely oriented so that its intrinsic directional sensitivity matches the direction of mechanical stimuli reaching the sensory epithelium. Coordinated orientation among neighboring hair cells usually ensures the delivery of a coherent local group response. Accordingly, hair cell orientation is locally uniform in the auditory and vestibular cristae epithelia in birds and mammals. However, an exception to this rule is found in the vestibular macular organs, and in fish lateral line neuromasts, where two hair cell populations show opposing orientations. This mirror-image hair cell organization confers bidirectional sensitivity at the organ level. Here I review our current understanding of the molecular machinery that produces mirror-image organization through a regional reversal of hair cell orientation. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that auditory hair cells adopt their normal uniform orientation through a global reversal mechanism similar to the one at work regionally in macular and neuromast organs. Macular and auditory organs thus appear to be patterned more similarly than previously appreciated during inner ear development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basile Tarchini
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States.,Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering (GSBSE), University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
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7
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Álvarez-Hernán G, Garrido-Jiménez S, Román ÁC, Carvajal-González JM, Francisco-Morcillo J. Distribution of planar cell polarity proteins in the developing avian retina. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108681. [PMID: 34166683 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is evolutionary conserved and play a critical role in proper tissue development and function. During central nervous system development, PCP proteins exhibit specific patterns of distribution and are indispensable for axonal growth, dendritogenesis, neuronal migration, and neuronal differentiation. The retina constitutes an excellent model in which to study molecular mechanisms involved in neural development. The analysis of the spatiotemporal expression of PCP proteins in this model constitutes an useful histological approach in order to identify possible roles of these proteins in retinogenesis. Immunohistochemical techniques revealed that Frz6, Celsr1, Vangl1, Pk1, Pk3, and Fat1 were present in emerging axons from recently differentiated ganglion cells in the chicken retina. Except for Vangl1, they were also asymmetrically distributed in differentiated amacrine cells. Pk1 and Pk3 were restricted in the outer nuclear layer to the outer segment of photoreceptors. Vangl1 was also located in the cell somata of Müller glia. Given these findings together, the distribution of PCP proteins in the developing chicken retina suggest essential roles in axonal guidance during early retinogenesis and a possible involvement in the establishment of cell asymmetry and maintenance of retinal cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sergio Garrido-Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ángel Carlos Román
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José María Carvajal-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
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8
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Najarro EH, Huang J, Jacobo A, Quiruz LA, Grillet N, Cheng AG. Dual regulation of planar polarization by secreted Wnts and Vangl2 in the developing mouse cochlea. Development 2020; 147:dev.191981. [PMID: 32907846 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins localize asymmetrically to instruct cell polarity within the tissue plane, with defects leading to deformities of the limbs, neural tube and inner ear. Wnt proteins are evolutionarily conserved polarity cues, yet Wnt mutants display variable PCP defects; thus, how Wnts regulate PCP remains unresolved. Here, we have used the developing cochlea as a model system to show that secreted Wnts regulate PCP through polarizing a specific subset of PCP proteins. Conditional deletion of Wntless or porcupine, both of which are essential for secretion of Wnts, caused misrotated sensory cells and shortened cochlea - both hallmarks of PCP defects. Wntless-deficient cochleae lacked the polarized PCP components dishevelled 1/2 and frizzled 3/6, while other PCP proteins (Vangl1/2, Celsr1 and dishevelled 3) remained localized. We identified seven Wnt paralogues, including the major PCP regulator Wnt5a, which was, surprisingly, dispensable for planar polarization in the cochlea. Finally, Vangl2 haploinsufficiency markedly accentuated sensory cell polarization defects in Wntless-deficient cochlea. Together, our study indicates that secreted Wnts and Vangl2 coordinate to ensure proper tissue polarization during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Huarcaya Najarro
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adrian Jacobo
- Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lee A Quiruz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicolas Grillet
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Humphries AC, Narang S, Mlodzik M. Mutations associated with human neural tube defects display disrupted planar cell polarity in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:e53532. [PMID: 32234212 PMCID: PMC7180057 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) and neural tube defects (NTDs) are linked, with a subset of NTD patients found to harbor mutations in PCP genes, but there is limited data on whether these mutations disrupt PCP signaling in vivo. The core PCP gene Van Gogh (Vang), Vangl1/2 in mammals, is the most specific for PCP. We thus addressed potential causality of NTD-associated Vangl1/2 mutations, from either mouse or human patients, in Drosophila allowing intricate analysis of the PCP pathway. Introducing the respective mammalian mutations into Drosophila Vang revealed defective phenotypic and functional behaviors, with changes to Vang localization, post-translational modification, and mechanistic function, such as its ability to interact with PCP effectors. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how different mammalian mutations contribute to developmental disorders and strengthen the link between PCP and NTD. Importantly, analyses of the human mutations revealed that each is a causative factor for the associated NTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Humphries
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative BiologyNew YorkUnited States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNew YorkUnited States
| | - Sonali Narang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative BiologyNew YorkUnited States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNew YorkUnited States
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative BiologyNew YorkUnited States
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNew YorkUnited States
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10
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Dos-Santos Carvalho S, Moreau MM, Hien YE, Garcia M, Aubailly N, Henderson DJ, Studer V, Sans N, Thoumine O, Montcouquiol M. Vangl2 acts at the interface between actin and N-cadherin to modulate mammalian neuronal outgrowth. eLife 2020; 9:51822. [PMID: 31909712 PMCID: PMC6946565 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical interactions between adhesion complexes and the cytoskeleton are essential for axon outgrowth and guidance. Whether planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins, which regulate cytoskeleton dynamics and appear necessary for some axon guidance, also mediate interactions with membrane adhesion is still unclear. Here we show that Vangl2 controls growth cone velocity by regulating the internal retrograde actin flow in an N-cadherin-dependent fashion. Single molecule tracking experiments show that the loss of Vangl2 decreased fast-diffusing N-cadherin membrane molecules and increased confined N-cadherin trajectories. Using optically manipulated N-cadherin-coated microspheres, we correlated this behavior to a stronger mechanical coupling of N-cadherin with the actin cytoskeleton. Lastly, we show that the spatial distribution of Vangl2 within the growth cone is selectively affected by an N-cadherin-coated substrate. Altogether, our data show that Vangl2 acts as a negative regulator of axonal outgrowth by regulating the strength of the molecular clutch between N-cadherin and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Dos-Santos Carvalho
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maite M Moreau
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yeri Esther Hien
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mikael Garcia
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Aubailly
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Studer
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Sans
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Thoumine
- CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mireille Montcouquiol
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
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11
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Domingos PM, Jenny A, Combie KF, Del Alamo D, Mlodzik M, Steller H, Mollereau B. Regulation of Numb during planar cell polarity establishment in the Drosophila eye. Mech Dev 2019; 160:103583. [PMID: 31678471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2019.103583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of planar cell polarity (PCP) in the Drosophila eye requires correct specification of the R3/R4 pair of photoreceptor cells, determined by a Frizzled mediated signaling event that specifies R3 and induces Delta to activate Notch signaling in the neighboring cell, specifying it as R4. Here, we investigated the role of the Notch signaling negative regulator Numb in the specification of R3/R4 fates and PCP establishment in the Drosophila eye. We observed that Numb is transiently upregulated in R3 at the time of R3/R4 specification. This regulation of Numb levels in developing photoreceptors occurs at the post-transcriptional level and is dependent on Dishevelled, an effector of Frizzled signaling, and Lethal Giant Larva. We detected PCP defects in cells homozygous for numb15, but these defects were due to a loss of function mutation in fat (fatQ805⁎) being present in the numb15 chromosome. However, mosaic overexpression of Numb in R4 precursors (only) caused PCP defects and numb loss-of-function alleles had a modifying effect on the defects found in a hypomorphic dishevelled mutation. Our results suggest that Numb levels are upregulated to reinforce the bias of Notch signaling activation in the R3/R4 pair, two post-mitotic cells that are not specified by asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Domingos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal; Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, Box 252, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Chanin Building, Room 503, Bronx NY10461, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Keon F Combie
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, Box 252, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Del Alamo
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; European Molecular Biology Organization, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hermann Steller
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, Box 252, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bertrand Mollereau
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, Box 252, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Université de Lyon, ENSL, UCBL, CNRS, LBMC, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France.
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12
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Thuveson M, Gaengel K, Collu GM, Chin ML, Singh J, Mlodzik M. Integrins are required for synchronous ommatidial rotation in the Drosophila eye linking planar cell polarity signalling to the extracellular matrix. Open Biol 2019; 9:190148. [PMID: 31409231 PMCID: PMC6731590 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins mediate the anchorage between cells and their environment, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and form transmembrane links between the ECM and the cytoskeleton, a conserved feature throughout development and morphogenesis of epithelial organs. Here, we demonstrate that integrins and components of the ECM are required during the planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling-regulated cell movement of ommatidial rotation in the Drosophila eye. The loss-of-function mutations of integrins or ECM components cause defects in rotation, with mutant clusters rotating asynchronously compared to wild-type clusters. Initially, mutant clusters tend to rotate faster, and at later stages they fail to be synchronous with their neighbours, leading to aberrant rotation angles and resulting in a disorganized ommatidial arrangement in adult eyes. We further demonstrate that integrin localization changes dynamically during the rotation process. Our data suggest that core Frizzled/PCP factors, acting through RhoA and Rho kinase, regulate the function/activity of integrins and that integrins thus contribute to the complex interaction network of PCP signalling, cell adhesion and cytoskeletal elements required for a precise and synchronous 90° rotation movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thuveson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building 18-92, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Konstantin Gaengel
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building 18-92, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giovanna M Collu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building 18-92, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mei-Ling Chin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building 18-92, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jaskirat Singh
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building 18-92, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building 18-92, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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13
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Keijdener H, Konrad J, Hoffmann B, Gerardo-Nava J, Rütten S, Merkel R, Vázquez-Jiménez J, Brook GA, Jockenhoevel S, Mela P. A bench-top molding method for the production of cell-laden fibrin micro-fibers with longitudinal topography. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1198-1212. [PMID: 31408584 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered constructs have great potential in many intervention strategies. In order for these constructs to function optimally, they should ideally mimic the cellular alignment and orientation found in the tissues to be treated. Here we present a simple and reproducible method for the production of cell-laden pure fibrin micro-fibers with longitudinal topography. The micro-fibers were produced using a molding technique and longitudinal topography was induced by a single initial stretch. Using this method, fibers up to 1 m in length and with diameters of 0.2-3 mm could be produced. The micro-fibers were generated with embedded endothelial cells, smooth muscle cell/fibroblasts or Schwann cells. Polarized light and scanning electron microscopy imaging showed that the initial stretch was sufficient to induce longitudinal topography in the fibrin gel. Cells in the unstretched control micro-fibers elongated randomly in both the floating and encapsulated environments, whereas the cells in the stretched micro-fibers responded to the introduced topography by adopting a similar orientation. Proof of concept bottom-up tissue engineering (TE) constructs are shown, all displaying various anisotropic organization of cells within. This simple, economical, versatile and scalable approach for the production of highly orientated and cell-laden micro-fibers is easily transferrable to any TE laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Keijdener
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens Konrad
- Institute of Complex Systems 7: Biomechanics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Complex Systems 7: Biomechanics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - José Gerardo-Nava
- Institute of Neuropathology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Rütten
- Electron Microscopic Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Institute of Complex Systems 7: Biomechanics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Gary A Brook
- Institute of Neuropathology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Mela
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Tower-Gilchrist C, Zlatic SA, Yu D, Chang Q, Wu H, Lin X, Faundez V, Chen P. Adaptor protein-3 complex is required for Vangl2 trafficking and planar cell polarity of the inner ear. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2422-2434. [PMID: 31268833 PMCID: PMC6741063 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) regulates coordinated cellular polarity among neighboring cells to establish a polarity axis parallel to the plane of the tissue. Disruption in PCP results in a range of developmental anomalies and diseases. A key feature of PCP is the polarized and asymmetric localization of several membrane PCP proteins, which is essential to establish the polarity axis to orient cells coordinately. However, the machinery that regulates the asymmetric partition of PCP proteins remains largely unknown. In the present study, we show Van gogh-like 2 (Vangl2) in early and recycling endosomes as made evident by colocalization with diverse endosomal Rab proteins. Vangl2 biochemically interacts with adaptor protein-3 complex (AP-3). Using short hairpin RNA knockdown, we found that Vangl2 subcellular localization was modified in AP-3–depleted cells. Moreover, Vangl2 membrane localization within the cochlea is greatly reduced in AP-3–deficient mocha mice, which exhibit profound hearing loss. In inner ears from AP-3–deficient mocha mice, we observed PCP-dependent phenotypes, such as misorientation and deformation of hair cell stereociliary bundles and disorganization of hair cells characteristic of defects in convergent extension that is driven by PCP. These findings demonstrate a novel role of AP-3–mediated sorting mechanisms in regulating PCP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie A Zlatic
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Dehong Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital and Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital and Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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15
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Strutt H, Gamage J, Strutt D. Reciprocal action of Casein Kinase Iε on core planar polarity proteins regulates clustering and asymmetric localisation. eLife 2019; 8:45107. [PMID: 31090542 PMCID: PMC6542583 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved core planar polarity pathway is essential for coordinating polarised cell behaviours and the formation of polarised structures such as cilia and hairs. Core planar polarity proteins localise asymmetrically to opposite cell ends and form intercellular complexes that link the polarity of neighbouring cells. This asymmetric segregation is regulated by phosphorylation through poorly understood mechanisms. We show that loss of phosphorylation of the core protein Strabismus in the Drosophila pupal wing increases its stability and promotes its clustering at intercellular junctions, and that Prickle negatively regulates Strabismus phosphorylation. Additionally, loss of phosphorylation of Dishevelled - which normally localises to opposite cell edges to Strabismus - reduces its stability at junctions. Moreover, both phosphorylation events are independently mediated by Casein Kinase Iε. We conclude that Casein Kinase Iε phosphorylation acts as a switch, promoting Strabismus mobility and Dishevelled immobility, thus enhancing sorting of these proteins to opposite cell edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Gamage
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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16
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Garrido-Jimenez S, Roman AC, Carvajal-Gonzalez JM. Diminished Expression of Fat and Dachsous PCP Proteins Impaired Centriole Planar Polarization in Drosophila. Front Genet 2019; 10:328. [PMID: 31031805 PMCID: PMC6473044 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper ciliary basal body positioning within a cell is key for cilia functioning. Centriole and basal body positioning depends on signaling pathways such as the planar cell polarity pathway (PCP) governed by Frizzled (Fz-PCP). There have been described two PCP pathways controlled by different protein complexes, the Frizzled-PCP and the Fat-PCP pathway. Centriole planar polarization in non-dividing cells is a dynamic process that depends on the Fz-PCP pathway to properly occur during development from flies to humans. However, the function of the Ft-PCP pathway in centrioles polarization is elusive. Here, we present a descriptive initial analysis of centrioles polarization in Fat-PCP loss of function (LOF) conditions. We found that Fat (Ft) and Dachsous (Ds) LOF showed a marked centrioles polarization defect similar to what we have previously reported in Fz-PCP alterations. Altogether, our data suggest that centriole planar polarization in Drosophila wings depends on both Ft-PCP and Fz-PCP pathways. Further analyses in single and double mutant conditions will be required to address the functional connection between PCP and centriole polarization in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Garrido-Jimenez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Jose Maria Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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17
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Čapek D, Smutny M, Tichy AM, Morri M, Janovjak H, Heisenberg CP. Light-activated Frizzled7 reveals a permissive role of non-canonical wnt signaling in mesendoderm cell migration. eLife 2019; 8:42093. [PMID: 30648973 PMCID: PMC6365057 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-canonical Wnt signaling plays a central role for coordinated cell polarization and directed migration in metazoan development. While spatiotemporally restricted activation of non-canonical Wnt-signaling drives cell polarization in epithelial tissues, it remains unclear whether such instructive activity is also critical for directed mesenchymal cell migration. Here, we developed a light-activated version of the non-canonical Wnt receptor Frizzled 7 (Fz7) to analyze how restricted activation of non-canonical Wnt signaling affects directed anterior axial mesendoderm (prechordal plate, ppl) cell migration within the zebrafish gastrula. We found that Fz7 signaling is required for ppl cell protrusion formation and migration and that spatiotemporally restricted ectopic activation is capable of redirecting their migration. Finally, we show that uniform activation of Fz7 signaling in ppl cells fully rescues defective directed cell migration in fz7 mutant embryos. Together, our findings reveal that in contrast to the situation in epithelial cells, non-canonical Wnt signaling functions permissively rather than instructively in directed mesenchymal cell migration during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Čapek
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michael Smutny
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra-Madelaine Tichy
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Maurizio Morri
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Harald Janovjak
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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18
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Garrido-Jimenez S, Roman AC, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Carvajal-Gonzalez JM. Centriole planar polarity assessment in Drosophila wings. Development 2018; 145:dev.169326. [PMID: 30389850 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, planar polarization of ciliary basal bodies has been associated with actin polymerization that occurs downstream of the Frizzled-planar cell polarity (Fz-PCP) pathway. In Drosophila wing epithelial cells, which do not have cilia, centrioles also polarize in a Fz-PCP-dependent manner, although the relationship with actin polymerization remains unknown. By combining existing and new quantitative methods, we unexpectedly found that known PCP effectors linked to actin polymerization phenotypes affect neither final centriole polarization nor apical centriole distribution. But actin polymerization is required upstream of Fz-PCP to maintain the centrioles in restricted areas in the apical-most planes of those epithelial cells before and after the actin-based hair is formed. Furthermore, in the absence of proper core Fz-PCP signalling, actin polymerization is insufficient to drive this off-centred centriole migration. Altogether, the results reveal that there are at least two pathways controlling centriole positioning in Drosophila pupal wings - an upstream actin-dependent mechanism involved in centriole distribution that is PCP independent, and an unknown mechanism that links core Fz-PCP and centriole polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Garrido-Jimenez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Angel-Carlos Roman
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Avenida de Brasilia, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Alberto Alvarez-Barrientos
- Servicio de Técnicas Aplicadas a las Biociencias (STAB), Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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19
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Planar cell polarity signalling coordinates heart tube remodelling through tissue-scale polarisation of actomyosin activity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2161. [PMID: 29867082 PMCID: PMC5986786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a multiple-chambered heart from the linear heart tube is inherently linked to cardiac looping. Although many molecular factors regulating the process of cardiac chamber ballooning have been identified, the cellular mechanisms underlying the chamber formation remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that cardiac chambers remodel by cell neighbour exchange of cardiomyocytes guided by the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway triggered by two non-canonical Wnt ligands, Wnt5b and Wnt11. We find that PCP signalling coordinates the localisation of actomyosin activity, and thus the efficiency of cell neighbour exchange. On a tissue-scale, PCP signalling planar-polarises tissue tension by restricting the actomyosin contractility to the apical membranes of outflow tract cells. The tissue-scale polarisation of actomyosin contractility is required for cardiac looping that occurs concurrently with chamber ballooning. Taken together, our data reveal that instructive PCP signals couple cardiac chamber expansion with cardiac looping through the organ-scale polarisation of actomyosin-based tissue tension. The molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac chamber formation are not well understood. Here, the authors show that planar cell polarity signalling through Wnt5b and Wnt11 coordinates localised and tissue-scale polarised actomyosin contractility in the zebrafish heart, regulating cardiac chamber formation and looping.
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20
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Chien YH, Srinivasan S, Keller R, Kintner C. Mechanical Strain Determines Cilia Length, Motility, and Planar Position in the Left-Right Organizer. Dev Cell 2018; 45:316-330.e4. [PMID: 29738711 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Xenopus left-right organizer (LRO) breaks symmetry along the left-right axis of the early embryo by producing and sensing directed ciliary flow as a patterning cue. To carry out this process, the LRO contains different ciliated cell types that vary in cilia length, whether they are motile or sensory, and how they position their cilia along the anterior-posterior (A-P) planar axis. Here, we show that these different cilia features are specified in the prospective LRO during gastrulation, based on anisotropic mechanical strain that is oriented along the A-P axis, and graded in levels along the medial-lateral axis. Strain instructs ciliated cell differentiation by acting on a mesodermal prepattern present at blastula stages, involving foxj1. We propose that differential strain is a graded, developmental cue, linking the establishment of an A-P planar axis to cilia length, motility, and planar location during formation of the Xenopus LRO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Chien
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shyam Srinivasan
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Kavil Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ray Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Chris Kintner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Prickle is phosphorylated by Nemo and targeted for degradation to maintain Prickle/Spiny-legs isoform balance during planar cell polarity establishment. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007391. [PMID: 29758044 PMCID: PMC5967807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) instructs tissue patterning in a wide range of organisms from fruit flies to humans. PCP signaling coordinates cell behavior across tissues and is integrated by cells to couple cell fate identity with position in a developing tissue. In the fly eye, PCP signaling is required for the specification of R3 and R4 photoreceptors based upon their positioning relative to the dorso-ventral axis. The ‘core’ PCP pathway involves the asymmetric localization of two distinct membrane-bound complexes, one containing Frizzled (Fz, required in R3) and the other Van Gogh (Vang, required in R4). Inhibitory interactions between the cytosolic components of each complex reinforce asymmetric localization. Prickle (Pk) and Spiny-legs (Pk-Sple) are two antagonistic isoforms of the prickle (pk) gene and are cytoplasmic components of the Vang complex. The balance between their levels is critical for tissue patterning, with Pk-Sple being the major functional isoform in the eye. Here we uncover a post-translational role for Nemo kinase in limiting the amount of the minor isoform Pk. We identified Pk as a Nemo substrate in a genome-wide in vitro band-shift screen. In vivo, nemo genetically interacts with pkpk but not pksple and enhances PCP defects in the eye and leg. Nemo phosphorylation limits Pk levels and is required specifically in the R4 photoreceptor like the major isoform, Pk-Sple. Genetic interaction and biochemical data suggest that Nemo phosphorylation of Pk leads to its proteasomal degradation via the Cullin1/SkpA/Slmb complex. dTAK and Homeodomain interacting protein kinase (Hipk) may also act together with Nemo to target Pk for degradation, consistent with similar observations in mammalian studies. Our results therefore demonstrate a mechanism to maintain low levels of the minor Pk isoform, allowing PCP complexes to form correctly and specify cell fate. For functional tissues to form, individual cells must correctly orient themselves and function appropriately for their particular location in the body. The Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) complexes transmit one set of spatial cues by acting as signposts to mark direction across an epithelial layer. PCP signals can direct and coordinate cell differentiation, the behavior of groups of cells, or the orientation of individual cellular protrusions, depending on the tissue. PCP signals act as a polarization relay with two different complexes being positioned on opposite sides of each cell. This pattern of polarity is transmitted to neighboring cells and so extends across the tissue. In the fly eye, PCP signals control the differentiation of a pair of photoreceptors, R3 and R4, where the cell that is positioned closer to the dorso-ventral midline becomes R3. An excess of the PCP protein Prickle prevents the proper assembly of PCP complexes in the eye and so alters R3/R4 fate. Here we show that Nemo kinase is required in the R4 cell to phosphorylate Prickle and promote its degradation by the proteasome. Maintenance of low Prickle levels allows proper formation of PCP complexes, cell fate specification, and eye development.
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22
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Gao B, Ajima R, Yang W, Li C, Song H, Anderson MJ, Liu RR, Lewandoski MB, Yamaguchi TP, Yang Y. Coordinated directional outgrowth and pattern formation by integration of Wnt5a and Fgf signaling in planar cell polarity. Development 2018; 145:dev.163824. [PMID: 29615464 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis of a complex organism requires proper regulation of patterning and directional growth. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is emerging as a crucial evolutionarily conserved mechanism whereby directional information is conveyed. PCP is thought to be established by global cues, and recent studies have revealed an instructive role of a Wnt signaling gradient in epithelial tissues of both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, it remains unclear whether Wnt/PCP signaling is regulated in a coordinated manner with embryonic patterning during morphogenesis. Here, in mouse developing limbs, we find that apical ectoderm ridge-derived Fgfs required for limb patterning regulate PCP along the proximal-distal axis in a Wnt5a-dependent manner. We demonstrate with genetic evidence that the Wnt5a gradient acts as a global cue that is instructive in establishing PCP in the limb mesenchyme, and that Wnt5a also plays a permissive role to allow Fgf signaling to orient PCP. Our results indicate that limb morphogenesis is regulated by coordination of directional growth and patterning through integration of Wnt5a and Fgf signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China .,Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rieko Ajima
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Hai Song
- Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robert R Liu
- Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark B Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Developmental Genetics Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA .,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Upadhyay M, Kuna M, Tudor S, Martino Cortez Y, Rangan P. A switch in the mode of Wnt signaling orchestrates the formation of germline stem cell differentiation niche in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007154. [PMID: 29370168 PMCID: PMC5811049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline stem cell (GSC) self-renewal and differentiation into gametes is regulated by both intrinsic factors in the germ line as well as extrinsic factors from the surrounding somatic niche. dWnt4, in the escort cells of the adult somatic niche promotes GSC differentiation using the canonical β-catenin-dependent transcriptional pathway to regulate escort cell survival, adhesion to the germ line and downregulation of self-renewal signaling. Here, we show that in addition to the β-catenin-dependent canonical pathway, dWnt4 also uses downstream components of the Wnt non-canonical pathway to promote escort cell function earlier in development. We find that the downstream non-canonical components, RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42, are expressed at high levels and are active in escort cell precursors of the female larval gonad compared to the adult somatic niche. Consistent with this expression pattern, we find that the non-canonical pathway components function in the larval stages but not in adults to regulate GSC differentiation. In the larval gonad, dWnt4, RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42 are required to promote intermingling of escort cell precursors, a function that then promotes proper escort cell function in the adults. We find that dWnt4 acts by modulating the activity of RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42, but not their protein levels. Together, our results indicate that at different points of development, dWnt4 switches from using the non-canonical pathway components to using a β-catenin-dependent canonical pathway in the escort cells to facilitate the proper differentiation of GSCs. Germ line association with the somatic cells is critical for various aspects of germ cell biology, including migration, self-renewal and differentiation. In Drosophila females, soma–germ line association begins during embryogenesis and continues until the mature egg is formed. In the adult, the somatic escort cells promote differentiation of the germline stem cell daughter using Wnt signaling. dWnt4, a Wnt ligand, acts in an autocrine manner in these escort cells, using the canonical pathway to regulate survival, division and encapsulation of the stem cell daughter, a function critical for differentiation. Here, we show at an earlier stage, in the larvae, the same ligand uses components of Wnt non-canonical pathway, RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42, to regulate proper mingling of escort cell precursors between the germ cells. Thus, dWnt4 uses different modules of signaling at different points in development to promote cell movement and control cytoplasmic protrusions. As Wnts have been associated with cancers, understanding how Wnts modulate cell movement by switching on and off different modules may lead to insights into the etiology and progression of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitreyi Upadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Kuna
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Sara Tudor
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Yesenia Martino Cortez
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Prashanth Rangan
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Humphries AC, Mlodzik M. From instruction to output: Wnt/PCP signaling in development and cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 51:110-116. [PMID: 29289896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) provides positional information to direct tissue patterning and morphogenesis. While much of the molecular detail of the pathway has been delineated in Drosophila, ensuing studies have shown considerable conservation of both the components and mechanisms of signaling in vertebrates. A recognized feature of PCP is the asymmetric localization of components that translates a global directional cue into a polarized downstream output. Here we discuss recent advances in the PCP field, from the organization of these asymmetric complexes to their upstream directional regulation by Wnt ligands. We also discuss the impact of Wnt/PCP signaling in disease and more specifically an emerging role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Ceinwen Humphries
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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25
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Dobens LL, Shipman A, Axelrod JD. FijiWingsPolarity: An open source toolkit for semi-automated detection of cell polarity. Fly (Austin) 2017; 12:23-33. [PMID: 29189094 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2017.1409927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are defined by apical-basal and planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, the latter of which establishes an orthogonal plane of polarity in the epithelial sheet. PCP signaling is required for normal cell migration, differentiation, stem cell generation and tissue repair, and defects in PCP have been associated with developmental abnormalities, neuropathologies and cancers. While the molecular mechanism of PCP is incompletely understood, the deepest insights have come from Drosophila, where PCP is manifest in hairs and bristles across the adult cuticle and organization of the ommatidia in the eye. Fly wing cells are marked by actin-rich trichome structures produced at the distal edge of each cell in the developing wing epithelium and in a mature wing the trichomes orient collectively in the distal direction. Genetic screens have identified key PCP signaling pathway components that disrupt trichome orientation, which has been measured manually in a tedious and error prone process. Here we describe a set of image processing and pattern-recognition macros that can quantify trichome arrangements in micrographs and mark these directly by color, arrow or colored arrow to indicate trichome location, length and orientation. Nearest neighbor calculations are made to exploit local differences in orientation to better and more reliably detect and highlight local defects in trichome polarity. We demonstrate the use of these tools on trichomes in adult wing preps and on actin-rich developing trichomes in pupal wing epithelia stained with phalloidin. FijiWingsPolarity is freely available and will be of interest to a broad community of fly geneticists studying the effect of gene function on PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard L Dobens
- a Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences , University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Anna Shipman
- a Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences , University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- b Department of Pathology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
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26
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Leucine repeat adaptor protein 1 interacts with Dishevelled to regulate gastrulation cell movements in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1353. [PMID: 29116181 PMCID: PMC5677176 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrulation is a fundamental morphogenetic event that requires polarised cell behaviours for coordinated asymmetric cell movements. Wnt/PCP signalling plays a critical role in this process. Dishevelled is an important conserved scaffold protein that relays Wnt/PCP signals from membrane receptors to the modulation of cytoskeleton organisation. However, it remains unclear how its activity is regulated for the activation of downstream effectors. Here, we report that Lurap1 is a Dishevelled-interacting protein that regulates Wnt/PCP signalling in convergence and extension movements during vertebrate gastrulation. Its loss-of-function leads to enhanced Dishevelled membrane localisation and increased JNK activity. In maternal-zygotic lurap1 mutant zebrafish embryos, cell polarity and directional movement are disrupted. Time-lapse analyses indicate that Lurap1, Dishevelled, and JNK functionally interact to orchestrate polarised cellular protrusive activity, and Lurap1 is required for coordinated centriole/MTOC positioning in movement cells. These findings demonstrate that Lurap1 functions to regulate cellular polarisation and motile behaviours during gastrulation movements. Gastrulation is an early morphogenic event driven by coordinated asymmetric/polarised cell movements. Here, the authors show in zebrafish that Lurap1, a protein that interacts with Dishevelled, regulates Wnt and planar cell polarity, coordinating centriole positioning during convergence and extension.
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27
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Loza O, Heemskerk I, Gordon-Bar N, Amir-Zilberstein L, Jung Y, Sprinzak D. A synthetic planar cell polarity system reveals localized feedback on Fat4-Ds1 complexes. eLife 2017; 6:e24820. [PMID: 28826487 PMCID: PMC5576920 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical cadherins Fat and Dachsous (Ds) have been found to underlie planar cell polarity (PCP) in many tissues. Theoretical models suggest that polarity can arise from localized feedbacks on Fat-Ds complexes at the cell boundary. However, there is currently no direct evidence for the existence or mechanism of such feedbacks. To directly test the localized feedback model, we developed a synthetic biology platform based on mammalian cells expressing the human Fat4 and Ds1. We show that Fat4-Ds1 complexes accumulate on cell boundaries in a threshold-like manner and exhibit dramatically slower dynamics than unbound Fat4 and Ds1. This suggests a localized feedback mechanism based on enhanced stability of Fat4-Ds1 complexes. We also show that co-expression of Fat4 and Ds1 in the same cells is sufficient to induce polarization of Fat4-Ds1 complexes. Together, these results provide direct evidence that localized feedbacks on Fat4-Ds1 complexes can give rise to PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Loza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life ScienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Idse Heemskerk
- Department of BiosciencesRice UniversityHoustonUnited States
| | - Nadav Gordon-Bar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life ScienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Liat Amir-Zilberstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life ScienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Yunmin Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life ScienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - David Sprinzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life ScienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
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28
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Abstract
Wnt-Frizzled/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling establishes cell orientation within the epithelial plane, but whether Wnts are instructive or permissive is debated. Reporting in Developmental Cell, Minegishi et al. (2017) uncover an instructive link from Wnt5a/b gradients to PCP-factor-regulated polarized cilia positioning that is essential to mouse embryo left-right asymmetry establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1020, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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29
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Banerjee JJ, Aerne BL, Holder MV, Hauri S, Gstaiger M, Tapon N. Meru couples planar cell polarity with apical-basal polarity during asymmetric cell division. eLife 2017; 6:e25014. [PMID: 28665270 PMCID: PMC5493435 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity is a shared feature of most cells. In epithelia, apical-basal polarity often coexists, and sometimes intersects with planar cell polarity (PCP), which orients cells in the epithelial plane. From a limited set of core building blocks (e.g. the Par complexes for apical-basal polarity and the Frizzled/Dishevelled complex for PCP), a diverse array of polarized cells and tissues are generated. This suggests the existence of little-studied tissue-specific factors that rewire the core polarity modules to the appropriate conformation. In Drosophila sensory organ precursors (SOPs), the core PCP components initiate the planar polarization of apical-basal determinants, ensuring asymmetric division into daughter cells of different fates. We show that Meru, a RASSF9/RASSF10 homologue, is expressed specifically in SOPs, recruited to the posterior cortex by Frizzled/Dishevelled, and in turn polarizes the apical-basal polarity factor Bazooka (Par3). Thus, Meru belongs to a class of proteins that act cell/tissue-specifically to remodel the core polarity machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Banerjee
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit L Aerne
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maxine V Holder
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hauri
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Competence Center Personalized Medicine UZH/ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Competence Center Personalized Medicine UZH/ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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A Wnt5 Activity Asymmetry and Intercellular Signaling via PCP Proteins Polarize Node Cells for Left-Right Symmetry Breaking. Dev Cell 2017; 40:439-452.e4. [PMID: 28292423 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polarization of node cells along the anterior-posterior axis of mouse embryos is responsible for left-right symmetry breaking. How node cells become polarized has remained unknown, however. Wnt5a and Wnt5b are expressed posteriorly relative to the node, whereas genes for Sfrp inhibitors of Wnt signaling are expressed anteriorly. Here we show that polarization of node cells is impaired in Wnt5a-/-Wnt5b-/- and Sfrp mutant embryos, and also in the presence of a uniform distribution of Wnt5a or Sfrp1, suggesting that Wnt5 and Sfrp proteins act as instructive signals in this process. The absence of planar cell polarity (PCP) core proteins Prickle1 and Prickle2 in individual cells or local forced expression of Wnt5a perturbed polarization of neighboring wild-type cells. Our results suggest that opposing gradients of Wnt5a and Wnt5b and of their Sfrp inhibitors, together with intercellular signaling via PCP proteins, polarize node cells along the anterior-posterior axis for breaking of left-right symmetry.
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31
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Exner CR, Kim AY, Mardjuki SM, Harland RM. sall1 and sall4 repress pou5f3 family expression to allow neural patterning, differentiation, and morphogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2017; 425:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Multiciliated cells are epithelial cells that are in contact with bodily fluids and are required for the proper function of major organs including the brain, the respiratory system and the reproductive tracts. Their multiple motile cilia beat unidirectionally to remove particles of external origin from their surface and/or drive cells or fluids into the lumen of the organs. Multiciliated cells in the brain are produced once, almost exclusively during embryonic development, whereas in respiratory tracts and oviducts they regenerate throughout life. In this Review, we provide a cell-to-organ overview of multiciliated cells and highlight recent studies that have greatly increased our understanding of the mechanisms driving the development and function of these cells in vertebrates. We discuss cell fate determination and differentiation of multiciliated cells, and provide a comprehensive account of their locations and functions in mammals.
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33
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Qi J, Lee HJ, Saquet A, Cheng XN, Shao M, Zheng JJ, Shi DL. Autoinhibition of Dishevelled protein regulated by its extreme C terminus plays a distinct role in Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5898-5908. [PMID: 28223363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.772509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dishevelled (Dvl) is a key intracellular signaling molecule that mediates the activation of divergent Wnt pathways. It contains three highly conserved domains known as DIX, PDZ, and DEP, the functions of which have been well characterized in β-catenin-dependent canonical and β-catenin-independent noncanonical Wnt signaling. The C-terminal region is also highly conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. However, its function in regulating the activation of different Wnt signals remains unclear. We reported previously that Dvl conformational change triggered by the highly conserved PDZ-binding C terminus is important for the pathway specificity. Here we provide further evidence demonstrating that binding of the C terminus to the PDZ domain results in Dvl autoinhibition in the Wnt signaling pathways. Therefore, the forced binding of the C terminus to the PDZ domain reduces the activity of Dvl in noncanonical Wnt signaling, whereas obstruction of this interaction releases Dvl autoinhibition, impairs its functional interaction with LRP6 in canonical Wnt signaling, and increases its specificity in noncanonical Wnt signaling, which is closely correlated with an enhanced Dvl membrane localization. Our findings highlight the importance of the C terminus in keeping Dvl in an appropriate autoinhibited state, accessible for regulation by other partners to switch pathway specificity. Particularly, the C-terminally tagged Dvl fusion proteins that have been widely used to study the function and cellular localization of Dvl may not truly represent the wild-type Dvl because those proteins cannot be autoinhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qi
- From the School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China.,the Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China, and
| | - Ho-Jin Lee
- the Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678
| | - Audrey Saquet
- the Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Sorbonne Universités-Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR7622, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Xiao-Ning Cheng
- From the School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ming Shao
- From the School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jie J Zheng
- the Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, .,the Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095.,the Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - De-Li Shi
- From the School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China, .,the Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS)-Developmental Biology Laboratory, Sorbonne Universités-Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR7622, 75005 Paris, France
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34
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Weth A, Dippl C, Striedner Y, Tiemann-Boege I, Vereshchaga Y, Golenhofen N, Bartelt-Kirbach B, Baumgartner W. Water transport through the intestinal epithelial barrier under different osmotic conditions is dependent on LI-cadherin trans-interaction. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1285390. [PMID: 28452574 PMCID: PMC5501135 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1285390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the intestine water has to be reabsorbed from the chymus across the intestinal epithelium. The osmolarity within the lumen is subjected to high variations meaning that water transport often has to take place against osmotic gradients. It has been hypothesized that LI-cadherin is important in this process by keeping the intercellular cleft narrow facilitating the buildup of an osmotic gradient allowing water reabsorption. LI-cadherin is exceptional among the cadherin superfamily with respect to its localization along the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells being excluded from adherens junction. Furthermore it has 7 but not 5 extracellular cadherin repeats (EC1-EC7) and a small cytosolic domain. In this study we identified the peptide VAALD as an inhibitor of LI-cadherin trans-interaction by modeling the structure of LI-cadherin and comparison with the known adhesive interfaces of E-cadherin. This inhibitory peptide was used to measure LI-cadherin dependency of water transport through a monolayer of epithelial CACO2 cells under various osmotic conditions. If LI-cadherin trans-interaction was inhibited by use of the peptide, water transport from the luminal to the basolateral side was impaired and even reversed in the case of hypertonic conditions whereas no effect could be observed at isotonic conditions. These data are in line with a recently published model predicting LI-cadherin to keep the width of the lateral intercellular cleft small. In this narrow cleft a high osmolarity can be achieved due to ion pumps yielding a standing osmotic gradient allowing water absorption from the gut even if the faeces is highly hypertonic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Weth
- a Institute of Biomedical Mechatronics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz , Linz , Austria
| | - Carsten Dippl
- a Institute of Biomedical Mechatronics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz , Linz , Austria
| | - Yasmin Striedner
- b Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz , Linz , Austria
| | - Irene Tiemann-Boege
- b Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz , Linz , Austria
| | - Yana Vereshchaga
- a Institute of Biomedical Mechatronics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz , Linz , Austria
| | - Nikola Golenhofen
- c Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | | | - Werner Baumgartner
- a Institute of Biomedical Mechatronics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz , Linz , Austria
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35
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Weber U, Mlodzik M. APC/C Fzr/Cdh1-Dependent Regulation of Planar Cell Polarity Establishment via Nek2 Kinase Acting on Dishevelled. Dev Cell 2016; 40:53-66. [PMID: 28041906 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase, well known for its role in cell-cycle progression. However, it has been linked to additional functions, mainly in neuronal contexts, when using the co-activator Cdh1/Fzr. Here, our data indicate a post-mitotic requirement for the APC/CFzr/Cdh1 in epithelial cell patterning and planar cell polarity (PCP) in Drosophila. PCP signaling is critical for development by establishing cellular asymmetries and orientation within the plane of an epithelium, via differential localization of distinct complexes of core PCP factors. Loss of APC/C function leads to reduced levels of Dishevelled (Dsh), a core PCP factor. The effect of APC/C on Dsh is mediated by Nek2 kinase, which can phosphorylate Dsh and is a direct APC/CFzr/Cdh1 substrate. We have thus uncovered a pathway of regulation whereby APC/CFzr/Cdh1 negatively regulates Nek2, which negatively regulates Dsh, to ensure its proper stoichiometric requirement and localization during PCP establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Weber
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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36
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Houssin NS, Bharathan NK, Turner SD, Dickinson AJG. Role of JNK during buccopharyngeal membrane perforation, the last step of embryonic mouth formation. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:100-115. [PMID: 28032936 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The buccopharyngeal membrane is a thin layer of cells covering the embryonic mouth. The perforation of this structure creates an opening connecting the external and the digestive tube which is essential for oral cavity formation. In humans, persistence of the buccopharyngeal membrane can lead to orofacial defects such as choanal atresia, oral synechiaes, and cleft palate. Little is known about the causes of a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane and, importantly, how this structure ruptures. RESULTS We have determined, using antisense and pharmacological approaches, that Xenopus embryos deficient c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling have a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane. JNK deficient embryos have decreased cell division and increased cellular stress and apoptosis. However, altering these processes independently of JNK did not affect buccopharyngeal membrane perforation. JNK deficient embryos also have increased intercellular adhesion and defects in e-cadherin localization. Conversely, embryos with overactive JNK have epidermal fragility, increased E-cadherin internalization, and increased membrane localized clathrin. In the buccopharyngeal membrane, clathrin is colocalized with active JNK. Furthermore, inhibition of endocytosis results in a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane, mimicking the JNK deficient phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that JNK has a role in the disassembly adherens junctions by means of endocytosis that is required during buccopharyngeal membrane perforation. Developmental Dynamics 246:100-115, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie S Houssin
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Stephen D Turner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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37
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Yamashita S, Michiue T. Boundary propagation of planar cell polarity is robust against cell packing pattern. J Theor Biol 2016; 410:44-54. [PMID: 27647257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity is an important property of epithelial tissue. The boundary propagation model was proposed as the mechanism of PCP induction, while it has been doubted whether it can induce PCP on wide tissue. Using simulation, a set of proteins can be shown to induce PCP, but it does not explain why and how the set can induce PCP. In this study, we made theoretical model and simulation model to explore when and how the boundary propagation induce PCP. We incorporated multipolar cell in our model. Intracellular interactions have been thought to amplify polarity of a cell, but we propose instead that they are to keep a cell-cell interface polarized, and bipolarity of cell is obtained as a result. We show that the boundary propagation can propagate polarity as long as average size of local cell group is constant and levels of PCP proteins are balanced in every cell. Therefore, this model provide an explanation for PCP induction on a tissue with multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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38
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Carvajal-Gonzalez JM, Mulero-Navarro S, Smith M, Mlodzik M. A Novel Frizzled-Based Screening Tool Identifies Genetic Modifiers of Planar Cell Polarity in Drosophila Wings. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2016; 6:3963-3973. [PMID: 27729438 PMCID: PMC5144966 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.035535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Most mutant alleles in the Fz-PCP pathway genes were discovered in classic Drosophila screens looking for recessive loss-of-function (LOF) mutations. Nonetheless, although Fz-PCP signaling is sensitive to increased doses of PCP gene products, not many screens have been performed in the wing under genetically engineered Fz overexpression conditions, mostly because the Fz phenotypes were strong and/or not easy to score and quantify. Here, we present a screen based on an unexpected mild Frizzled gain-of-function (GOF) phenotype. The leakiness of a chimeric Frizzled protein designed to be accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) generated a reproducible Frizzled GOF phenotype in Drosophila wings. Using this genotype, we first screened a genome-wide collection of large deficiencies and found 16 strongly interacting genomic regions. Next, we narrowed down seven of those regions to finally test 116 candidate genes. We were, thus, able to identify eight new loci with a potential function in the PCP context. We further analyzed and confirmed krasavietz and its interactor short-stop as new genes acting during planar cell polarity establishment with a function related to actin and microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Maria Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sonia Mulero-Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Michael Smith
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029
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39
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Carvajal-Gonzalez JM, Mulero-Navarro S, Mlodzik M. Centriole positioning in epithelial cells and its intimate relationship with planar cell polarity. Bioessays 2016; 38:1234-1245. [PMID: 27774671 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP)-signaling and associated tissue polarization are evolutionarily conserved. A well documented feature of PCP-signaling in vertebrates is its link to centriole/cilia positioning, although the relationship of PCP and ciliogenesis is still debated. A recent report in Drosophila established that Frizzled (Fz)-PCP core signaling has an instructive input to polarized centriole positioning in non-ciliated Drosophila wing epithelia as a PCP read-out. Here, we review the impact of this observation in the context of recent descriptions of the relationship(s) of core Fz-PCP signaling and cilia/centriole positioning in epithelial and non-epithelial cells. All existing data are consistent with a model where Fz-PCP signaling functions upstream of centriole/cilia positioning, independent of ciliogenesis. The combined data sets indicate that the Fz-Dsh PCP complex is instructive for centriole/ciliary positioning via an actin-based mechanism. Thereby, centriole/cilia/centrosome positioning can be considered an evolutionarily conserved readout and common downstream effect of PCP-signaling from flies to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Maria Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sonia Mulero-Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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40
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Yang Y, Mlodzik M. Wnt-Frizzled/planar cell polarity signaling: cellular orientation by facing the wind (Wnt). Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 31:623-46. [PMID: 26566118 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of planar cell polarity (PCP) in epithelial and mesenchymal cells is a critical, evolutionarily conserved process during development and organogenesis. Analyses in Drosophila and several vertebrate model organisms have contributed a wealth of information on the regulation of PCP. A key conserved pathway regulating PCP, the so-called core Wnt-Frizzled PCP (Fz/PCP) signaling pathway, was initially identified through genetic studies of Drosophila. PCP studies in vertebrates, most notably mouse and zebrafish, have identified novel factors in PCP signaling and have also defined cellular features requiring PCP signaling input. These studies have shifted focus to the role of Van Gogh (Vang)/Vangl genes in this molecular system. This review focuses on new insights into the core Fz/Vangl/PCP pathway and recent advances in Drosophila and vertebrate PCP studies. We attempt to integrate these within the existing core Fz/Vangl/PCP signaling framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
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Lim BC, Matsumoto S, Yamamoto H, Mizuno H, Kikuta J, Ishii M, Kikuchi A. Prickle1 promotes focal adhesion disassembly in cooperation with the CLASP-LL5β complex in migrating cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3115-29. [PMID: 27378169 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prickle is known to be involved in planar cell polarity, including convergent extension and cell migration; however, the detailed mechanism by which Prickle regulates cellular functions is not well understood. Here, we show that Prickle1 regulates front-rear polarization and migration of gastric cancer MKN1 cells. Prickle1 preferentially accumulated at the cell retraction site in close proximity to paxillin at focal adhesions. Prickle1 dynamics correlated with those of paxillin during focal adhesion disassembly. Furthermore, Prickle1 was required for focal adhesion disassembly. CLASPs (of which there are two isoforms, CLASP1 and CLASP2, in mammals) and LL5β (also known as PHLDB2) have been reported to form a complex at cell edges and to control microtubule-dependent focal adhesion disassembly. Prickle1 was associated with CLASPs and LL5β, and was required for the LL5β-dependent accumulation of CLASPs at the cell edge. Knockdown of CLASPs and LL5β suppressed Prickle1-dependent cell polarization and migration. Prickle1 localized to the membrane through its farnesyl moiety, and the membrane localization was necessary for Prickle1 to regulate migration, to bind to CLASPs and LL5β, and to promote microtubule targeting of focal adhesions. Taken together, these results suggest that Prickle1 promotes focal adhesion disassembly during the retraction processes of cell polarization and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Cheng Lim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizuno
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Kelly LK, Wu J, Yanfeng WA, Mlodzik M. Frizzled-Induced Van Gogh Phosphorylation by CK1ε Promotes Asymmetric Localization of Core PCP Factors in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2016; 16:344-356. [PMID: 27346358 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are polarized along two axes. In addition to apical-basal polarity, they are often polarized within the plane of the epithelium, so-called Planar Cell Polarity (PCP). PCP depends upon Wnt/Frizzled (Fz) signaling factors, including Fz itself and Van Gogh (Vang/Vangl). We sought to understand how Vang interaction with other core PCP factors affects Vang function. We find that Fz induces Vang phosphorylation in a cell-autonomous manner. Vang phosphorylation occurs on conserved N-terminal serine/threonine residues, is mediated by CK1ε/Dco, and is critical for polarized membrane localization of Vang and other PCP proteins. This regulatory mechanism does not require Fz signaling through Dishevelled and thus represents a cell-autonomous upstream interaction between Fz and Vang. Furthermore, this signaling event appears to be related to Wnt5a-mediated Vangl2 phosphorylation during mouse limb patterning and may thus be a general mechanism underlying Wnt-regulated PCP establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Kelly
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wang A Yanfeng
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Veeman MT, McDonald JA. Dynamics of cell polarity in tissue morphogenesis: a comparative view from Drosophila and Ciona. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27303647 PMCID: PMC4892338 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8011.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues in developing embryos exhibit complex and dynamic rearrangements that shape forming organs, limbs, and body axes. Directed migration, mediolateral intercalation, lumen formation, and other rearrangements influence the topology and topography of developing tissues. These collective cell behaviors are distinct phenomena but all involve the fine-grained control of cell polarity. Here we review recent findings in the dynamics of polarized cell behavior in both the
Drosophila ovarian border cells and the
Ciona notochord. These studies reveal the remarkable reorganization of cell polarity during organ formation and underscore conserved mechanisms of developmental cell polarity including the Par/atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and planar cell polarity pathways. These two very different model systems demonstrate important commonalities but also key differences in how cell polarity is controlled in tissue morphogenesis. Together, these systems raise important, broader questions on how the developmental control of cell polarity contributes to morphogenesis of diverse tissues across the metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Veeman
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Jocelyn A McDonald
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
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Chen DY, Lipari KR, Dehghan Y, Streichan SJ, Bilder D. Symmetry Breaking in an Edgeless Epithelium by Fat2-Regulated Microtubule Polarity. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1125-33. [PMID: 27134170 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) information is a critical determinant of organ morphogenesis. While PCP in bounded epithelial sheets is increasingly well understood, how PCP is organized in tubular and acinar tissues is not. Drosophila egg chambers (follicles) are an acinus-like "edgeless epithelium" and exhibit a continuous, circumferential PCP that does not depend on pathways active in bounded epithelia; this follicle PCP directs formation of an ellipsoid rather than a spherical egg. Here, we apply an imaging algorithm to "unroll" the entire 3D tissue surface and comprehensively analyze PCP onset. This approach traces chiral symmetry breaking to plus-end polarity of microtubules in the germarium, well before follicles form and rotate. PCP germarial microtubules provide chiral information that predicts the direction of whole-tissue rotation as soon as independent follicles form. Concordant microtubule polarity, but not microtubule alignment, requires the atypical cadherin Fat2, which acts at an early stage to translate plus-end bias into coordinated actin-mediated collective cell migration. Because microtubules are not required for PCP or migration after follicle rotation initiates, while dynamic actin and extracellular matrix are, polarized microtubules lie at the beginning of a handoff mechanism that passes early chiral PCP of the cytoskeleton to a supracellular planar polarized extracellular matrix and elongates the organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Katherine R Lipari
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Yalda Dehghan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Sebastian J Streichan
- Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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Positioning of centrioles is a conserved readout of Frizzled planar cell polarity signalling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11135. [PMID: 27021213 PMCID: PMC4820615 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling is a well-conserved developmental pathway regulating cellular orientation during development. An evolutionarily conserved pathway readout is not established and, moreover, it is thought that PCP mediated cellular responses are tissue-specific. A key PCP function in vertebrates is to regulate coordinated centriole/cilia positioning, a function that has not been associated with PCP in Drosophila. Here we report instructive input of Frizzled-PCP (Fz/PCP) signalling into polarized centriole positioning in Drosophila wings. We show that centrioles are polarized in pupal wing cells as a readout of PCP signalling, with both gain and loss-of-function Fz/PCP signalling affecting centriole polarization. Importantly, loss or gain of centrioles does not affect Fz/PCP establishment, implicating centriolar positioning as a conserved PCP-readout, likely downstream of PCP-regulated actin polymerization. Together with vertebrate data, these results suggest a unifying model of centriole/cilia positioning as a common downstream effect of PCP signalling from flies to mammals. Planar cell polarity (PCP) contributes to cellular orientation during development but how this is regulated in Drosophila is unclear. Here, the authors identify Frizzled-PCP signalling as regulating polarised centriole positioning in the wing disc.
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46
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The Dishevelled Protein Family: Still Rather a Mystery After Over 20 Years of Molecular Studies. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 117:75-91. [PMID: 26969973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dishevelled (Dsh) is a key component of Wnt-signaling pathways and possibly also has other functional requirements. Dsh appears to be a key factor to interpret Wnt signals coming via the Wnt-receptor family, the Frizzled proteins, from the plasma membrane and route them into the correct intracellular pathways. However, how Dsh is regulated to relay signal flow to specific and distinct cellular responses upon interaction with the same Wnt-receptor family remains very poorly understood.
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Muñoz-Soriano V, Santos D, Durupt FC, Casani S, Paricio N. Scabrous overexpression in the eye affects R3/R4 cell fate specification and inhibits notch signaling. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:166-74. [PMID: 26505171 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Planar cell polarity (PCP) in the Drosophila eye is generated when immature ommatidial preclusters acquire opposite chirality in the dorsal and ventral halves of the eye imaginal disc and rotate 90 ° toward the equator. The scabrous (sca) gene is involved in R8 differentiation and in the correct spacing of ommatidial clusters in eye imaginal discs, but it was also suggested to be required during ommatidial rotation. However, no clear relationships between sca and other genes involved in the process were established. RESULTS To explore the role of Sca in PCP establishment, we performed an RNAi-based modifier genetic screen using the rough eye phenotype of sca-overexpressing flies. We found that sca overexpression mainly affects R3/R4 cell specification as it was reported in Notch mutants. Of the 86 modifiers identified in the screen, genes encoding components of Notch signaling and proteins involved in intracellular transport were of particular interest. CONCLUSIONS These and other results obtained with a reporter line of Notch activity indicate that sca overexpression antagonizes Notch signaling in the Drosophila eye, and are inconsistent with Sca being an ommatidial rotation-specific factor. We also found that microtubule motors and other proteins involved in intracellular transport are related with Sca function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Muñoz-Soriano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjasot, Spain.,Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Burjasot, Spain
| | - Diego Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjasot, Spain
| | - Fabrice C Durupt
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Burjasot, Spain
| | - Sandra Casani
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjasot, Spain
| | - Nuria Paricio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjasot, Spain.,Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Burjasot, Spain
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Abstract
Wnt signaling plays key roles in many aspects of development. In this review, we will briefly describe the components of signaling pathways induced by Wnt ligands and then describe the current state of research as this applies to aspects of development and disease as it relates to skeletal muscle and bone. We will conclude with a discussion of the parallels and differences in Wnt signaling in these two contexts and how these pathways are being (or could potentially be) targeted for therapeutic treatment of musculoskeletal diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rudnicki
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Bart O Williams
- Center for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Metastasis, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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49
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Chien YH, Keller R, Kintner C, Shook DR. Mechanical strain determines the axis of planar polarity in ciliated epithelia. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2774-2784. [PMID: 26441348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelia containing multiciliated cells align beating cilia along a common planar axis specified by the conserved planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Specification of the planar axis is also thought to require a long-range cue to align the axis globally, but the nature of this cue in ciliated and other epithelia remains poorly understood. We examined this issue using the Xenopus larval skin, where ciliary flow aligns to the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis. We first show that a planar axis initially arises in the developing skin during gastrulation, based on the appearance of polarized apical microtubules and cell junctions with increased levels of stable PCP components. This axis also arises in severely ventralized embryos, despite their deficient embryonic patterning. Because ventralized embryos still gastrulate, producing a mechanical force that strains the developing skin along the A-P axis, we asked whether this strain alone drives global planar patterning. Isolated skin explanted before gastrulation lacks strain and fails to acquire a global planar axis but responds to exogenous strain by undergoing cell elongation, forming polarized apical microtubules, and aligning stable components of the PCP pathway orthogonal to the axis of strain. The planar axis in embryos can be redirected by applying exogenous strain during a critical period around gastrulation. Finally, we provide evidence that apical microtubules and the PCP pathway interact to align the planar axis. These results indicate that oriented tissue strain generated by the gastrulating mesoderm plays a major role in determining the global axis of planar polarity of the developing skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Chien
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ray Keller
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Chris Kintner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - David R Shook
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Graves J, Markman S, Alegranti Y, Gechtler J, Johnson RI, Cagan R, Ben-Menahem D. The LH/CG receptor activates canonical signaling pathway when expressed in Drosophila. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 413:145-56. [PMID: 26112185 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their ligands provide precise tissue regulation and are therefore often restricted to specific animal phyla. For example, the gonadotropins and their receptors are crucial for vertebrate reproduction but absent from invertebrates. In mammals, LHR mainly couples to the PKA signaling pathway, and CREB is the major transcription factor of this pathway. Here we present the results of expressing elements of the human gonadotropin system in Drosophila. Specifically, we generated transgenic Drosophila expressing the human LH/CG receptor (denoted as LHR), a constitutively active form of LHR, and an hCG analog. We demonstrate activation-dependent signaling by LHR to direct Drosophila phenotypes including lethality and specific midline defects; these phenotypes were due to LHR activation of PKA/CREB pathway activity. That the LHR can act in an invertebrate demonstrates the conservation of factors required for GPCR function among phylogenetically distant organisms. This novel gonadotropin model may assist the identification of new modulators of mammalian fertility by exploiting the powerful genetic and pharmacological tools available in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Graves
- Dept. of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New-York, NY, USA
| | - Svetlana Markman
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yair Alegranti
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jenia Gechtler
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ruth I Johnson
- Dept. of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New-York, NY, USA
| | - Ross Cagan
- Dept. of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New-York, NY, USA
| | - David Ben-Menahem
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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