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Xu J, Wang D, Yang J, He J, Yang T, Zhao X, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Efficient Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Acidic Wastewater by a Green β-CDs-Functionalized Nanosponge. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404002. [PMID: 39194487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from acidic wastewater is crucial to sustainable development, industrial processes, and human health. In this research, β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (β-CD/PVA-SA NSs) have been proposed as potential adsorbents for europium (Eu), dysprosium (Dy), and gadolinium (Gd) recovery. The nanosponges are synthesized by cross-linking β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) functionalized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA). Experimental results indicate that β-CD/PVA-SA NSs exhibit favorable selectivity for Eu, Dy, and Gd, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 222, 217, and 204 mg/g, respectively, in addition to stability and cyclicity. β-CD/PVA-SA NSs maintain selective adsorption effects towards RE ions that are present in acidic mine drainage (AMD), thereby highlighting their potential for practical applications. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) simulations have unveiled the fundamental interactions between the functional groups anchored in β-CD/PVA-SA NSs and the REEs, providing vital insights into their adsorption mechanism. Hence, the utilization of β-CD/PVA-SA NSs has the potential to advance initiatives in remediating acidic water pollution and facilitating the sustainable recycling of RE resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Jianmei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Junnan He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Tong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Shenzhen Kewode Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518028, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
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Moreno-González R, Cánovas CR, Millán-Becerro R, León R, Olías M. High-resolution temporal monitoring of rare earth elements in acidic drainages from an abandoned sulphide mine (iberian pyrite belt, Spain). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140297. [PMID: 37783356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REE) are strategic elements due to their economic importance. However, the studies dedicated to the distribution and behaviour of REE in aquatic systems have been scarce until a few decades ago. This work studies the seasonal variations of REE concentrations in acid mine drainage (AMD) affected water courses and the factors controlling their mobility under different hydrological conditions. To address this issue, a high-resolution sampling was performed for two years in selected sampling sites. REE concentrations were very high (median values of 2.7-3.4 mg/L, maximum of 7.0 mg/L). These values are several orders of magnitude higher than those found in natural waters, highlighting the importance of AMD processes on the release of REE to the hydrosphere. No good correlations were found between pH and REE concentration, while REE correlated positively (r Spearman coefficient of 0.78-0.94) with EC and negatively (r -0.88 to -0.90) with discharge in AMD-affected streams. A conservative behaviour of REE was observed due to the strongly acidic conditions observed in the study area. The waters also showed an enrichment in MREEs over LREEs and HREEs (mean values of GdN/LaN>1.8 and YbN/GdN < 0.7), typical of AMD waters. An asymmetry in the content of LREE and HREE was observed in AMD samples studied, which could be explained by the preferential dissolution of LREE or HREE-enriched minerals within each waste heaps. Multivariate analysis suggests the influence of Mn-rich minerals existent in the study area as a potential source of LREE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Moreno-González
- Department of Earth Sciences, Drone Service, Institute for Marine Research (INMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, S/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Carlos Ruiz Cánovas
- Department of Earth Sciences & Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment. University of Huelva, Campus "El Carmen", E-21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - Ricardo Millán-Becerro
- Department of Earth Sciences & Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment. University of Huelva, Campus "El Carmen", E-21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Department of Earth Sciences & Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment. University of Huelva, Campus "El Carmen", E-21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - Manuel Olías
- Department of Earth Sciences & Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment. University of Huelva, Campus "El Carmen", E-21071, Huelva, Spain
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A Thermodynamic Model for Nd(III)–Sulfate Interaction at High Ionic Strengths and Elevated Temperatures: Applications to Rare Earth Element Extraction. J SOLUTION CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-022-01245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Atalah J, Espina G, Blamey L, Muñoz-Ibacache SA, Blamey JM. Advantages of Using Extremophilic Bacteria for the Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Its Potential for Rare Earth Element Recovery. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:855077. [PMID: 35387087 PMCID: PMC8977859 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.855077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exceptional potential for application that metallic nanoparticles (MeNPs) have shown, has steadily increased their demand in many different scientific and technological areas, including the biomedical and pharmaceutical industry, bioremediation, chemical synthesis, among others. To face the current challenge for transitioning toward more sustainable and ecological production methods, bacterial biosynthesis of MeNPs, especially from extremophilic microorganisms, emerges as a suitable alternative with intrinsic added benefits like improved stability and biocompatibility. Currently, biogenic nanoparticles of different relevant metals have been successfully achieved using different bacterial strains. However, information about biogenic nanoparticles from rare earth elements (REEs) is very scarce, in spite of their great importance and potential. This mini review discusses the current understanding of metallic nanoparticle biosynthesis by extremophilic bacteria, highlighting the relevance of searching for bacterial species that are able to biosynthesize RRE nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jenny M. Blamey
- Fundación Biociencia, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Izydorczyk G, Mikula K, Skrzypczak D, Moustakas K, Witek-Krowiak A, Chojnacka K. Potential environmental pollution from copper metallurgy and methods of management. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111050. [PMID: 33753074 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the latest overview of the environmental impact of wastes from the non-ferrous metallurgical industry. Ashes, slags and dusts - by-products from mining and metal processing - are sources of toxic metals, such as Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Al, as well as particulate matter. Physical, chemical and biological processes transform industrial wastes and cause water, soil and air pollution. Improperly protected heaps are subject to wind erosion and rain water leaching. Heavy metals and particulate matter are transported over long distances, contaminating the soil, living areas, watercourses, while in combination with mist they create smog. Water erosion releases heavy metals, which are leached into groundwater or surface runoff. This paper focuses on the range of pollution emissions from non-ferrous metallurgy wastes, hazards, mechanisms of their formation and fallouts, on the current state of technology and technological risk reduction solutions. The impact of pollution on human health and the biosphere, and methods of waste reduction in this industry sector are also presented. A sustainable and modern mining industry is the first step to cleaner production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Izydorczyk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Mikula
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dawid Skrzypczak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zographou Campus, GR-15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
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Sarmadi N, Gharabaghi M, Tamadoni Saray M, Darestani M, Garman D, Koshy P, S Mofarah S, Sorrell CC. Highly Mesoporous Hybrid Transition Metal Oxide Nanowires for Enhanced Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements from Wastewater. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:175-184. [PMID: 33337147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Removal of rare earth elements (REEs) from industrial wastewater is a continual challenge. To date, several approaches to the synthesis of nanoadsorbants for this application have been reported, although these are characterized by insufficient adsorption capacity and limitations in cycling stability. The present work reports the fabrication and performance of hierarchical hybrid transition metal oxide (TMO) nanowires deposited on carbon fibers. An ordered assembly of hybrid TMO nanowires exhibits an outstanding adsorbance of 1000 mg·g-1 of REEs with 93% recyclability. This superior performance is attributed to the unique mesoporous architecture of the nanowires, which exhibits a high surface area of 122 cm3·g-1. Further, rapid adsorption/desorption of the REEs reveals minimal morphological alteration and hence high structural stability of these hybrid TMO nanowires after multiple cycles. The ready accessibility of the adsorption sites at crystallite boundaries and the surfaces as well as rapid adsorption of the REEs on the mesoporous nanostructure facilitate considerable adsorption capacity, improved structural stability, and extended cyclability, all of which suggest the potential for this material in REE extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Sarmadi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mahdi Gharabaghi
- School of Mining Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Tamadoni Saray
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Mariam Darestani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - David Garman
- School of Freshwater Science, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States
| | - Pramod Koshy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sajjad S Mofarah
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Charles C Sorrell
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Mining and Restoration Monitoring of Rare Earth Element (REE) Exploitation by New Remote Sensing Indicators in Southern Jiangxi, China. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12213558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are widely used in various industries. The open-pit mining and chemical extraction of REEs in the weathered crust in southern Jiangxi, China, since the 1970s have provoked severe damages to the environment. After 2010, different restorations have been implemented by various enterprises, which seem to have a spatial variability in both management techniques and efficiency from one mine to another. A number of vegetation indices, e.g., normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI), can be used for this kind of monitoring and assessment but lack sensitivity to subtle differences. For this reason, the main objective of this study was to explore the possibility to develop new, mining-tailored remote sensing indicators to monitor the impacts of REE mining on the environment and to assess the effectiveness of its related restoration using multitemporal Landsat data from 1988 to 2019. The new indicators, termed mining and restoration assessment indicators (MRAIs), were developed based on the strong contrast of spectral reflectance, albedo, land surface temperature (LST) and tasseled cap brightness (TCB) of REE mines between mining and postmining restoration management. These indicators were tested against vegetation indices such as NDVI, EVI, SAVI and generalized difference vegetation index (GDVI), and found to be more sensitive. Of similar sensitivity to each other, one of the new indicators was employed to conduct the restoration assessment of the mined areas. Six typically managed mines with different restoration degrees and management approaches were selected as hotspots for a comparative analysis to highlight their temporal trajectories using the selected MRAI. The results show that REE mining had experienced a rapid expansion in 1988–2010 with a total mined area of about 66.29 km2 in the observed counties. With implementation of the post-2010 restoration measures, an improvement of varying degrees in vegetation cover in most mines was distinguished and quantified. Hence, this study with the newly developed indicators provides a relevant approach for assessing the sustainable exploitation and management of REE resources in the study area.
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Royer-Lavallée A, Neculita C, Coudert L. Removal and potential recovery of rare earth elements from mine water. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Mismanagement of mine waste rock can mobilize acidity, metal (loid)s, and other contaminants, and thereby negatively affect downstream environments. Hence, strategic long-term planning is required to prevent and mitigate deleterious environmental impacts. Technical frameworks to support waste-rock management have existed for decades and typically combine static and kinetic testing, field-scale experiments, and sometimes reactive-transport models. Yet, the design and implementation of robust long-term solutions remains challenging to date, due to site-specificity in the generated waste rock and local weathering conditions, physicochemical heterogeneity in large-scale systems, and the intricate coupling between chemical kinetics and mass- and heat-transfer processes. This work reviews recent advances in our understanding of the hydrogeochemical behavior of mine waste rock, including improved laboratory testing procedures, innovative analytical techniques, multi-scale field investigations, and reactive-transport modeling. Remaining knowledge-gaps pertaining to the processes involved in mine waste weathering and their parameterization are identified. Practical and sustainable waste-rock management decisions can to a large extent be informed by evidence-based simplification of complex waste-rock systems and through targeted quantification of a limited number of physicochemical parameters. Future research on the key (bio)geochemical processes and transport dynamics in waste-rock piles is essential to further optimize management and minimize potential negative environmental impacts.
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González RM, Cánovas CR, Olías M, Macías F. Rare earth elements in a historical mining district (south-west Spain): Hydrogeochemical behaviour and seasonal variability. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126742. [PMID: 32464754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work deals with the distribution of rare earth elements (REE) in the abandoned Tharsis mines under different hydrological conditions. High concentrations of REE were observed; mean value of 1747 μg/L. The highest concentrations of REE were recorded during the dry period (DP, mean of 2220 μg/L) due to high evaporation and strong water-rock interactions. However, some sampling points showed the highest REE concentrations during the wet period (WP) due to the washing out of large dumps during intense rainfall. The concentration of REE shows a positive correlation with electrical conductivity (EC) and a negative correlation with pH because more acidic conditions enhance dissolution of minerals. However, the highest concentrations of REE occurred in samples with intermediate levels of metal pollution and EC values. The highest correlations of middle REE (MREE) and heavy REE (HREE) occurred with elements related to hydrothermal mineralisation of Mn and Ni, associated with sulphide deposits. The normalised patterns of the AMD sources showed an enrichment of MREE over light REE (LREE) and HREE in all samples. The use of REE patterns as geochemical tracers confirmed the conservative behaviour of REE in the fluvial network, that is, they are not affected by the precipitation of mineral phases. The quantification of REE released from AMD sources to water bodies reveals that, although the highest concentrations occur during the DP, the main load of REE occurs during the WP, due to the highest discharges, with 6.62 kg/day of LREE, 1.12 kg/day of MREE, and 0.54 kg/day of HREE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Moreno González
- Department of Earth Sciences Research & Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen' s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - Carlos Ruiz Cánovas
- Department of Earth Sciences Research & Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen' s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Manuel Olías
- Department of Earth Sciences Research & Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen' s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - Francisco Macías
- Department of Earth Sciences Research & Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus 'El Carmen' s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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A Comprehensive Review of Rare Earth Elements Recovery from Coal-Related Materials. MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10050451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have been published in recent years focusing on the recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from coal-related materials, including coal, coal refuse, coal mine drainage, and coal combustion byproducts particularly fly ash. The scientific basis and technology development have been supported by coal geologists and extractive metallurgists, and through these efforts, the concept has progressed from feasibility assessment to pilot-scale production over the last five years. Physical beneficiation, acid leaching, ion-exchange leaching, bio-leaching, thermal treatment, alkali treatment, solvent extraction, and other recovery technologies have been evaluated with varying degrees of success depending on the feedstock properties. In general, physical beneficiation can be a suitable low-cost option for preliminary upgrading; however, most studies showed exceedingly low recovery values unless ultrafine grinding was first performed. This finding is largely attributed to the combination of small RE-bearing mineral particle size and complex REE mineralogy in coal-based resources. Alternatively, direct chemical extraction by acid was able to produce moderate recovery values, and the inclusion of leaching additives, alkaline pretreatment, and/or thermal pretreatment considerably improved the process performance. The studies reviewed in this article revealed two major pilot plants where these processes have been successfully deployed along with suitable solution purification technologies to continuously produce high-grade mixed rare earth products (as high as +95%) from coal-based resources. This article presents a systematic review of the recovery methods, testing outcomes, and separation mechanisms that are involved in REE extraction from coal-related materials. The most recent findings regarding the modes of occurrence of REEs in coal-related materials are also included.
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Yang Y, Chen S, Wang B, Wen X, Li H, Zeng RJ. Effect of ferric ions on the anaerobic bio-dissolution of jarosites by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136334. [PMID: 32050370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of jarosites are produced during zinc hydrometallurgy and bioleaching, as well as in acid sulfate soils and acid mine drainage environments. As such, understanding the behavior of jarosite dissolution is important for analyzing the iron cycle process and promoting the control and treatment of jarosites. In general, soluble ferric ions and jarosites coexist in acid environments; however, the relationship between soluble ferric ions and jarosites under anaerobic reductive conditions is still not well understood. In this study, the effect of adding Fe3+ on the promotion of the bio-dissolution of jarosites using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is investigated. With the addition of 12 mM Fe3+, the efficiency and maximum rate of jarosite bio-dissolution were found to reach 84.1% and 2.66 mmol/(L·d), respectively. The addition of Fe3+ at concentrations higher than 12 mM did not further improve the jarosite bio-dissolution. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying these improvements include: (i) the reduction of the zeta potential due to the compression of the diffusion layer of the electric double layer by Fe3+; (ii) bacteria growth enhancement and the stabilization of the pH of cultures via the reduction of soluble Fe3+. Based on these observations, this study serves to promote the development of jarosite bio-dissolution using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and challenges the idea that soluble Fe3+ suppresses the bio-dissolution reaction of solid Fe3+ substances such as jarosite when soluble ferric ions and jarosite coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xinyu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Hanke Li
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Raymond Jianxiong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Centre of Wastewater Resource Recovery, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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