1
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Miyazako H, Kawamura R, Hoshino T. Surface-limited reactions for spatial control of kinesin-microtubule motility assays using indirect irradiation of an electron beam. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:064105. [PMID: 36510626 PMCID: PMC9741523 DOI: 10.1063/5.0124921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gliding of microtubules (MTs) on kinesins has been applied to lab-on-a-chip devices, which enable autonomous transportation and detection of biomolecules in the field of bioengineering. For rapid fabrication and evaluation of the kinesin-MT based devices, optical control techniques have been developed for control of kinesin activity and density; however, use of caged molecules lacks spatial controllability for long-term experiments, and direct irradiations of UV light onto kinesin-coated surfaces are inherently damaging to MTs due to their depth limit since the heights of the kinesin-MT systems are at the tens of a nanometer scale. Considering surface electric fields in electrolytic solutions are shielded at the nanometer scale due to Debye shielding, in this study, we show that fine spatial control of kinesin density and activity is enabled using surface-limited electrochemical reactions induced by indirect irradiations of an electron beam (EB). An EB is indirectly irradiated onto the kinesins through a 100-nm-thick silicon nitride membrane, and the electrons scattered in the membrane can cause localized electrochemical effects to the kinesins. We show that these localized electrochemical effects cause both ablation of kinesins and motility control of kinesin activity by changing the EB acceleration voltage. In particular, the latter is achieved without complete ablation of MTs, though the MTs are indirectly irradiated by the EB. As a demonstration of on-demand control of gliding MTs, we show the accumulation of the MTs on a target area by scanning the EB. The proposed accumulation technique will lead to rapid prototyping of microdevices based on MT-kinesin motility assay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Miyazako
- Department of Information Physics and Computing, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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2
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Effects of defective motors on the active transport in biosensors powered by biomolecular motors. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 203:114011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Kang'iri SM, Nitta T. Motility resilience of molecular shuttles against defective motors. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2022; 21:439-444. [PMID: 35471882 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2022.3170562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Myosin and kinesin are biomolecular motors found in living cells. By propelling their associated cytoskeletal filaments, these biomolecular motors facilitate force generation and material transport in the cells. When extracted, the biomolecular motors are promising candidates for in vitro applications such as biosensor devices, on account of their high operating efficiency and nanoscale size. However, during integration into these devices, some of the motors become defective due to unfavorable adhesion to the substrate surface. These defective motors inhibit the motility of the cytoskeletal filaments which make up the molecular shuttles used in the devices. Difficulties in controlling the fraction of active and defective motors in experiments discourage systematic studies concerning the resilience of the molecular shuttle motility against the impedance of defective motors. Here, we used mathematical modelling to systematically examine the resilience of the propulsion by these molecular shuttles against the impedance of the defective motors. The model showed that the fraction of active motors on the substrate is the essential factor determining the resilience of the molecular shuttle motility. Approximately 40% of active kinesin or 80% of active myosin motors are required to constitute continuous gliding of molecular shuttles in their respective substrates. The simplicity of the mathematical model in describing motility behavior offers utility in elucidating the mechanisms of the motility resilience of molecular shuttles.
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4
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Linking path and filament persistence lengths of microtubules gliding over kinesin. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3081. [PMID: 35197505 PMCID: PMC8866476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules and kinesin motor proteins are involved in intracellular transports in living cells. Such intracellular material transport systems can be reconstructed for utilisation in synthetic environments, and they are called molecular shuttles driven by kinesin motors. The performance of the molecular shuttles depends on the nature of their trajectories, which can be characterized by the path persistence length of microtubules. It has been theoretically predicted that the path persistence length should be equal to the filament persistence length of the microtubules, where the filament persistence length is a measure of microtubule flexural stiffness. However, previous experiments have shown that there is a significant discrepancy between the path and filament persistence lengths. Here, we showed how this discrepancy arises by using computer simulation. By simulating molecular shuttle movements under external forces, the discrepancy between the path and filament persistence lengths was reproduced as observed in experiments. Our close investigations of molecular shuttle movements revealed that the part of the microtubules bent due to the external force was extended more than it was assumed in the theory. By considering the extended length, we could elucidate the discrepancy. The insights obtained here are expected to lead to better control of molecular shuttle movements.
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5
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VanDelinder V, Bachand GD. Characterizing the Number of Kinesin Motors Bound to Microtubules in the Gliding Motility Assay Using FLIC Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2430:93-104. [PMID: 35476327 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1983-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular transport by kinesin motors moving along their associated cytoskeletal filaments, microtubules, is essential to many biological processes. This active transport system can be reconstituted in vitro with the surface-adhered motors transporting the microtubules across a planar surface. In this geometry, the kinesin-microtubule system has been used to study active self-assembly, to power microdevices, and to perform analyte detection. Fundamental to these applications is the ability to characterize the interactions between the surface tethered motors and microtubules. Fluorescence Interference Contrast (FLIC) microscopy can illuminate the height of the microtubule above a surface, which, at sufficiently low surface densities of kinesin, also reveals the number, locations, and dynamics of the bound motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia VanDelinder
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, Mexico
| | - George D Bachand
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, Mexico.
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6
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Webster-Wood VA, Akkus O, Gurkan UA, Chiel HJ, Quinn RD. Organismal Engineering: Towards a Robotic Taxonomic Key for Devices Using Organic Materials. Sci Robot 2021; 2. [PMID: 31360812 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aap9281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Can we create robots with the behavioral flexibility and robustness of animals? Engineers often use bio-inspiration to mimic animals. Recent advances in tissue engineering now allow the use of components from animals. By integrating organic and synthetic components, researchers are moving towards the development of engineered organisms whose structural framework, actuation, sensing, and control are partially or completely organic. This review discusses recent exciting work demonstrating how organic components can be used for all facets of robot development. Based on this analysis, we propose a Robotic Taxonomic Key to guide the field towards a unified lexicon for device description.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozan Akkus
- Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Dept. of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Umut A Gurkan
- Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Dept. of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hillel J Chiel
- Dept. of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Dept. of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Roger D Quinn
- Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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7
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Watson JL, Aich S, Oller-Salvia B, Drabek AA, Blacklow SC, Chin J, Derivery E. High-efficacy subcellular micropatterning of proteins using fibrinogen anchors. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211662. [PMID: 33416860 PMCID: PMC7802367 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202009063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein micropatterning allows proteins to be precisely deposited onto a substrate of choice and is now routinely used in cell biology and in vitro reconstitution. However, drawbacks of current technology are that micropatterning efficiency can be variable between proteins and that proteins may lose activity on the micropatterns. Here, we describe a general method to enable micropatterning of virtually any protein at high specificity and homogeneity while maintaining its activity. Our method is based on an anchor that micropatterns well, fibrinogen, which we functionalized to bind to common purification tags. This enhances micropatterning on various substrates, facilitates multiplexed micropatterning, and dramatically improves the on-pattern activity of fragile proteins like molecular motors. Furthermore, it enhances the micropatterning of hard-to-micropattern cells. Last, this method enables subcellular micropatterning, whereby complex micropatterns simultaneously control cell shape and the distribution of transmembrane receptors within that cell. Altogether, these results open new avenues for cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Watson
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samya Aich
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andrew A. Drabek
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Stephen C. Blacklow
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Jason Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emmanuel Derivery
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK,Correspondence to Emmanuel Derivery:
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8
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Tsitkov S, Song Y, Rodriguez JB, Zhang Y, Hess H. Kinesin-Recruiting Microtubules Exhibit Collective Gliding Motion while Forming Motor Trails. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16547-16557. [PMID: 33054177 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules gliding on surfaces coated with kinesin motors are minimalist experimental systems for studying collective behavior. Collective behavior in these systems arises from interactions between filaments, for example, from steric interactions, depletion forces, or cross-links. To maximize the utilization of system components and the production of work, it is desirable to achieve mutualistic interactions leading to the congregations of both types of agents, that is, cytoskeletal filaments and molecular motors. To this end, we used a microtubule-kinesin system, where motors reversibly bind to the surface via an interaction between a hexahistidine (His6) tag on the motor and a Ni(II)-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) moiety on the surface. The surface density of binding sites for kinesin motors was increased relative to our earlier work, driving the motors from the solution to the surface. Characterization of the motor-surface interactions in the absence of microtubules yielded kinetic parameters consistent with previous data and revealed the capacity of the surface to support two-dimensional motor diffusion. The motor density gradually fell over 2 h, presumably due to the stripping of Ni(II) from the NTA moieties on the surface. Microtubules gliding on these reversibly bound motors were unable to cross each other and at high enough densities began to align and form long, dense bundles. The kinesin motors accumulated in trails surrounding the microtubule bundles and participated in microtubule transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Tsitkov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yuchen Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Juan B Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Henry Hess
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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9
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VanDelinder V, Sickafoose I, Imam ZI, Ko R, Bachand GD. The effects of osmolytes on in vitro kinesin-microtubule motility assays. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42810-42815. [PMID: 35514903 PMCID: PMC9057942 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08148e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The gliding motility of microtubule filaments has been used to study the biophysical properties of kinesin motors, as well as being used in a variety of nanotechnological applications. While microtubules are generally stabilized in vitro with paclitaxel (Taxol®), osmolytes such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are also able to inhibit depolymerization over extended periods of time. High concentrations of TMAO have also been reported to reversibly inhibit kinesin motility of paclitaxel-stabilized microtubules. Here, we examined the effects of the osmolytes PEG, TMAO, and glycerol on stabilizing microtubules during gliding motility on kinesin-coated substrates. As previously observed, microtubule depolymerization was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner by the addition of the different osmolytes. Kinesin-driven motility also exhibited concentration dependent effects with the addition of the osmolytes, specifically reducing the velocity, increasing rates of pinning, and altering trajectories of the microtubules. These data suggest that there is a delicate balance between the ability of osmolytes to stabilize microtubules without inhibiting motility. Overall, these findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of how osmolytes affect the dynamics of microtubules and kinesin motors, and their interactions in crowded environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia VanDelinder
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Ian Sickafoose
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Zachary I Imam
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Randy Ko
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM USA
| | - George D Bachand
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM USA
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10
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Martinez H, Martinez NJD, Guo J, Lujan VR, Depoy J, Brumbach MT, Brinker CJ, Bachand GD. Effects of Surface Chemistry and Topology on the Kinesin-Driven Motility of Microtubule Shuttles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7908-7918. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Martinez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | | | - Jimin Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Victoria R. Lujan
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jessica Depoy
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | | | - C. Jeffrey Brinker
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - George D. Bachand
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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11
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Keya JJ, Kabir AMR, Kakugo A. Synchronous operation of biomolecular engines. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:401-409. [PMID: 32125657 PMCID: PMC7242543 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular motor systems are the smallest natural machines with an ability to convert chemical energy into mechanical work with remarkably high efficiency. Such attractive features enabled biomolecular motors to become classic tools in soft matter research over the past decade. For designing suitably engineered biomimetic systems, the biomolecular motors can potentially be used as molecular engines that can transform energy and ensure great advantages for the construction of bio-nanodevices and molecular robots. From the optimization of their prolonged lifetime to coordinate them into highly complex and ordered structures, enormous efforts have been devoted to make them useful in the synthetic environment. Synchronous operation of the biomolecular engines is one of the key criteria to coordinate them into certain different patterns, which depends on the local interaction of biomolecular motors. Utilizing chemical and physical stimuli, synchronization of biomolecular motor systems has become possible, which allows them to coordinate into different higher ordered patterns with different modes of functionality. Recently, programmed synchronous operation of the biomolecular engines has also been demonstrated, using a smart biomaterial to build up swarms reminiscent of nature. Here, we review the recent progress in the synchronized operation of biomolecular motors in engineered systems to explicitly program their interaction and further their applications. Such developments in the coordination of biomolecular motors have opened a broad way to explore the construction of future autonomous molecular machines and robots based on synchronization of biomolecular engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakia Jannat Keya
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | | | - Akira Kakugo
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
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12
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Zhou Q, Chen J, Luan Y, Vainikka PA, Thallmair S, Marrink SJ, Feringa BL, van Rijn P. Unidirectional rotating molecular motors dynamically interact with adsorbed proteins to direct the fate of mesenchymal stem cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay2756. [PMID: 32064345 PMCID: PMC6989133 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial rotary molecular motors convert energy into controlled motion and drive a system out of equilibrium with molecular precision. The molecular motion is harnessed to mediate the adsorbed protein layer and then ultimately to direct the fate of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). When influenced by the rotary motion of light-driven molecular motors grafted on surfaces, the adsorbed protein layer primes hBM-MSCs to differentiate into osteoblasts, while without rotation, multipotency is better maintained. We have shown that the signaling effects of the molecular motion are mediated by the adsorbed cell-instructing protein layer, influencing the focal adhesion-cytoskeleton actin transduction pathway and regulating the protein and gene expression of hBM-MSCs. This unique molecular-based platform paves the way for implementation of dynamic interfaces for stem cell control and provides an opportunity for novel dynamic biomaterial engineering for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Zhou
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Periodontology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering—FB40, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science—FB41, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jiawen Chen
- Center for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yafei Luan
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering—FB40, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science—FB41, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Petteri A. Vainikka
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Thallmair
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Siewert J. Marrink
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Center for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering—FB40, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science—FB41, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadiel Saper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Henry Hess
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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14
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Martinez H, VanDelinder V, Imam ZI, Spoerke ED, Bachand GD. How non-bonding domains affect the active assembly of microtubule spools. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11562-11568. [PMID: 31168545 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural defects can determine and influence various properties of materials, and many technologies rely on the manipulation of defects (e.g., semiconductor industries). In biological systems, management of defects/errors (e.g. DNA repair) is critical to an organism's survival, which has inspired the design of artificial nanomachines that mimic nature's ability to detect defects and repair damage. Biological motors have captured considerable attention in developing such capabilities due to their ability to convert energy into directed motion in response to environmental stimuli, which maximizes their ability for detection and repair. The objective of the present study was to develop an understanding of how the presence of non-bonding domains, here considered as a "defect", in microtubule (MT) building blocks affect the kinesin-driven, active assembly of MT spools. The assembly/joining of micron-scale bonding (i.e., biotin-containing) and non-bonding (i.e., no biotin) MTs resulted in segmented MT building blocks consisting of alternating bonding and non-bonding domains. Here, the introduction of these MT building blocks into a kinesin gliding motility assay along with streptavidin-coated quantum dots resulted in the active assembly of spools with altered morphology but retained functionality. Moreover, it was noted that non-bonding domains were autonomously and preferentially released from the spools over time, representing a mechanism by which defects may be removed from these structures. Overall, our findings demonstrate that this active assembly system has an intrinsic ability for quality control, which can be potentially expanded to a wide range of applications such as self-regulation and healing of active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Martinez
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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15
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Yucknovsky A, Mondal S, Burnstine-Townley A, Foqara M, Amdursky N. Use of Photoacids and Photobases To Control Dynamic Self-Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solutions. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3804-3810. [PMID: 31124686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic self-assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) for the formation of aggregates takes place out of thermodynamic equilibrium and is sustained by external energy supply. Herein, we present light energy driven dynamic self-assembly process of AuNPs, decorated with pH sensitive ligands. The process is being controlled by the use of photoacids and photobases that undergo excited state proton or hydroxide transfer, respectively, due to their large p Ka change between their ground and excited electronic states. The unique design is underlined by record subsecond conversion rates between the assembled and disassembled AuNPs states, and the ability to control the process using only light of different wavelengths. Measurements in both aqueous and nonaqueous solutions resulted in different self-assembly mechanisms, hence showing the wide versatility of photoacids and photobases for dynamic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yucknovsky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
| | - Somen Mondal
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
| | - Alex Burnstine-Townley
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
| | - Mohammad Foqara
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
| | - Nadav Amdursky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry , Technion - Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
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16
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Kinesin motor density and dynamics in gliding microtubule motility. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7206. [PMID: 31076627 PMCID: PMC6510761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin motors and their associated filaments, microtubules, are essential to many biological processes. The motor and filament system can be reconstituted in vitro with the surface-adhered motors transporting the filaments along the surface. In this format, the system has been used to study active self-assembly and to power microdevices or perform analyte detection. However, fundamental properties of the system, such as the spacing of the kinesin motors bound to the microtubule and the dynamics of binding, remain poorly understood. We show that Fluorescence Interference Contrast (FLIC) microscopy can illuminate the exact height of the microtubule, which for a sufficiently low surface density of kinesin, reveals the locations of the bound motors. We examine the spacing of the kinesin motors on the microtubules at various kinesin surface densities and compare the results with theory. FLIC reveals that the system is highly dynamic, with kinesin binding and unbinding along the length of the microtubule as it is transported along the surface.
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17
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Amrutha AS, Sunil Kumar KR, Tamaoki N. Azobenzene‐Based Photoswitches Facilitating Reversible Regulation of Kinesin and Myosin Motor Systems for Nanotechnological Applications. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammathnadu S. Amrutha
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido University Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
| | - K. R. Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic ScienceHokkaido University Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
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18
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Pearce SP, Heil M, Jensen OE, Jones GW, Prokop A. Curvature-Sensitive Kinesin Binding Can Explain Microtubule Ring Formation and Reveals Chaotic Dynamics in a Mathematical Model. Bull Math Biol 2018; 80:3002-3022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-0505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Inaba H, Yamamoto T, Kabir AMR, Kakugo A, Sada K, Matsuura K. Molecular Encapsulation Inside Microtubules Based on Tau-Derived Peptides. Chemistry 2018; 24:14958-14967. [PMID: 30088680 PMCID: PMC6220817 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal filaments that serve as attractive scaffolds for developing nanomaterials and nanodevices because of their unique structural properties. The functionalization of the outer surface of microtubules has been established for this purpose. However, no attempts have been made to encapsulate molecules inside microtubules with 15 nm inner diameter. The encapsulation of various molecular cargos inside microtubules constitutes a new concept for nanodevice and nanocarrier applications of microtubules. Here, we developed peptide motifs for binding to the inner surface of microtubules, based on a repeat domain of the microtubule‐associated protein Tau. One of the four Tau‐derived peptides, 2N, binds to a taxol binding pocket of β‐tubulin located inside microtubules by preincubation with tubulin dimer and subsequent polymerization of the peptide‐tubulin complex. By conjugation of 2N to gold nanoparticles, encapsulation of gold nanoparticles inside microtubules was achieved. The methodology for molecular encapsulation inside microtubules by the Tau‐derived peptide is expected to advance the development of microtubule‐based nanomaterials and nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan.,Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Arif Md Rashedul Kabir
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.,Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sada
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.,Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan.,Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Koyama-Minami 4-101, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
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20
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Menezes HM, Islam MJ, Takahashi M, Tamaoki N. Driving and photo-regulation of myosin-actin motors at molecular and macroscopic levels by photo-responsive high energy molecules. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:8894-8903. [PMID: 28902195 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01293d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We employed an azobenzene based non-nucleoside triphosphate, AzoTP, in a myosin-actin motile system and demonstrated its efficiency as an energy molecule to drive and photo-regulate the myosin-actin motile function at the macroscopic level along with an in vitro motility assay. The AzoTP in its trans state induced shortening of a glycerinated muscle fibre whilst a cis isomer had no significant effect. Direct photoirradiation of a cis-AzoTP infused muscle fibre induced shortening triggered by a locally photo-generated trans-AzoTP in the muscle fibre. Furthermore, we designed and synthesized three new derivatives of AzoTPs that served as substrates for myosin by driving and photo-regulating the myosin-actin motile function at the molecular as well as the macroscopic level with varied efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley M Menezes
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.
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21
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VanDelinder V, Adams PG, Bachand GD. Mechanical splitting of microtubules into protofilament bundles by surface-bound kinesin-1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39408. [PMID: 28000714 PMCID: PMC5175155 DOI: 10.1038/srep39408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental biophysics of gliding microtubule (MT) motility by surface-tethered kinesin-1 motor proteins has been widely studied, as well as applied to capture and transport analytes in bioanalytical microdevices. In these systems, phenomena such as molecular wear and fracture into shorter MTs have been reported due the mechanical forces applied on the MT during transport. In the present work, we show that MTs can be split longitudinally into protofilament bundles (PFBs) by the work performed by surface-bound kinesin motors. We examine the properties of these PFBs using several techniques (e.g., fluorescence microscopy, SEM, AFM), and show that the PFBs continue to be mobile on the surface and display very high curvature compared to MT. Further, higher surface density of kinesin motors and shorter kinesin-surface tethers promote PFB formation, whereas modifying MT with GMPCPP or higher paclitaxel concentrations did not affect PFB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia VanDelinder
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, MS 1303, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Peter G Adams
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - George D Bachand
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, MS 1303, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
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22
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Hatori K, Iwase T, Wada R. Switching of actin-myosin motors by voltage-induced pH bias in vitro. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 603:64-71. [PMID: 27210738 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ATP-driven motor proteins, which function in cell motility and organelle transport, have potential applications as bio-inspired micro-devices; however, their control remains unsatisfactory. Here, we show rapid-velocity control of actin filaments interacting with myosin motors using voltage applied to Pt electrodes in an in vitro motility system, by which immediate increases and decreases in velocity were induced beside the cathode and anode, respectively. Indicator dye revealed pH changes after voltage application, and alternate voltage switching allowed actin filaments to cyclically alter their velocity in response to these changes. This principle provides a basis for on-demand control of not only motor proteins but also pH-sensitive events at a microscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyuki Hatori
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Iwase
- Department of Bio-Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Reito Wada
- Department of Biomedical Information Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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23
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Mahajan KD, Ruan G, Dorcéna CJ, Vieira G, Nabar G, Bouxsein NF, Chalmers JJ, Bachand GD, Sooryakumar R, Winter JO. Steering microtubule shuttle transport with dynamically controlled magnetic fields. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:8641-8649. [PMID: 27049749 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08529b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale control of matter is critical to the design of integrated nanosystems. Here, we describe a method to dynamically control directionality of microtubule (MT) motion using programmable magnetic fields. MTs are combined with magnetic quantum dots (i.e., MagDots) that are manipulated by external magnetic fields provided by magnetic nanowires. MT shuttles thus undergo both ATP-driven and externally-directed motion with a fluorescence component that permits simultaneous visualization of shuttle motion. This technology is used to alter the trajectory of MTs in motion and to pin MT motion. Such an approach could be used to evaluate the MT-kinesin transport system and could serve as the basis for improved lab-on-a-chip technologies based on MT transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Mahajan
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 151 West Woodruff Avenue and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G Ruan
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 151 West Woodruff Avenue and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 200697, China
| | - C J Dorcéna
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 151 West Woodruff Avenue and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G Vieira
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G Nabar
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 151 West Woodruff Avenue and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - N F Bouxsein
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - J J Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 151 West Woodruff Avenue and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G D Bachand
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - R Sooryakumar
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J O Winter
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 151 West Woodruff Avenue and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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24
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VanDelinder V, Brener S, Bachand GD. Mechanisms Underlying the Active Self-Assembly of Microtubule Rings and Spools. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1048-56. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia VanDelinder
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box
5800, MS 1303, Albuquerque, New
Mexico 87111, United States
| | - Stephanie Brener
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box
5800, MS 1303, Albuquerque, New
Mexico 87111, United States
| | - George D. Bachand
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box
5800, MS 1303, Albuquerque, New
Mexico 87111, United States
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25
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Ishigure Y, Nitta T. Simulating an Actomyosin in Vitro Motility Assay: Toward the Rational Design of Actomyosin-Based Microtransporters. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:641-8. [PMID: 26087497 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2443373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a simulation study of an actomyosin in vitro motility assay. In vitro motility assays have served as an essential element facilitating the application of actomyosin in nanotechnology; such applications include biosensors and biocomputation. Although actomyosin in vitro motility assays have been extensively investigated, some ambiguities remain, as a result of the limited spatio-temporal resolution and unavoidable uncertainties associated with the experimental process. These ambiguities hamper the rational design of nanodevices for practical applications. Here, with the aim of moving toward a rational design process, we developed a 3D computer simulation method of an actomyosin in vitro motility assay, based on a Brownian dynamics simulation. The simulation explicitly included the ATP hydrolysis cycle of myosin. The simulation was validated by the reproduction of previous experimental results. More importantly, the simulation provided new insights that are difficult to obtain experimentally, including data on the number of myosin motors actually binding to actin filaments, the mechanism responsible for the guiding of actin filaments by chemical edges, and the effect of the processivity of motor proteins on the guiding probabilities. The simulations presented here will be useful in interpreting experimental results, and also in designing future nanodevices integrated with myosin motors.
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26
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Bachand GD, Spoerke ED, Stevens MJ. Microtubule-based nanomaterials: Exploiting nature's dynamic biopolymers. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1065-73. [PMID: 25728349 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For more than a decade now, biomolecular systems have served as an inspiration for the development of synthetic nanomaterials and systems that are capable of reproducing many of unique and emergent behaviors of living systems. One intriguing element of such systems may be found in a specialized class of proteins known as biomolecular motors that are capable of performing useful work across multiple length scales through the efficient conversion of chemical energy. Microtubule (MT) filaments may be considered within this context as their dynamic assembly and disassembly dissipate energy, and perform work within the cell. MTs are one of three cytoskeletal filaments in eukaryotic cells, and play critical roles in a range of cellular processes including mitosis and vesicular trafficking. Based on their function, physical attributes, and unique dynamics, MTs also serve as a powerful archetype of a supramolecular filament that underlies and drives multiscale emergent behaviors. In this review, we briefly summarize recent efforts to generate hybrid and composite nanomaterials using MTs as biomolecular scaffolds, as well as computational and synthetic approaches to develop synthetic one-dimensional nanostructures that display the enviable attributes of the natural filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Bachand
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, 87185-1303, New Mexico.
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27
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Lard M, ten Siethoff L, Generosi J, Persson M, Linke H, Månsson A. Nanowire-imposed geometrical control in studies of actomyosin motor function. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:289-97. [PMID: 25823040 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2412036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, molecular motor gliding assays with actin and myosin from muscle have been realized on semiconductor nanowires coated with Al2O3. This opens for unique nanotechnological applications and novel fundamental studies of actomyosin motor function. Here, we provide a comparison of myosin-driven actin filament motility on Al2O3 to both nitrocellulose and trimethylchlorosilane derivatized surfaces. We also show that actomyosin motility on the less than 200 nm wide tips of arrays of Al2O3-coated nanowires can be used to control the number, and density, of myosin-actin attachment points. Results obtained using nanowire arrays with different inter-wire spacing are consistent with the idea that the actin filament sliding velocity is determined both by the total number and the average density of attached myosin heads along the actin filament. Further, the results are consistent with buckling of long myosin-free segments of the filaments as a factor underlying reduced velocity. On the other hand, the findings do not support a mechanistic role in decreasing velocity, of increased nearest neighbor distance between available myosin heads. Our results open up for more advanced studies that may use nanowire-based structures for fundamental investigations of molecular motors, including the possibility to create a nanowire-templated bottom-up assembly of 3D, muscle-like structures.
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28
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Wada S, Kabir AMR, Kawamura R, Ito M, Inoue D, Sada K, Kakugo A. Controlling the Bias of Rotational Motion of Ring-Shaped Microtubule Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2014; 16:374-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm501573v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryuzo Kawamura
- Department
of Chemistry, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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29
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Edamatsu M. Identification of biotin carboxyl carrier protein in Tetrahymena and its application in in vitro motility systems of outer arm dynein. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 105:150-4. [PMID: 25107377 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Axonemal dynein plays a central role in ciliary beating. Recently, a functional expression system of axonemal dynein was established in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena. This study identifies biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) in Tetrahymena and demonstrates its application in in vitro motility systems of outer arm dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Edamatsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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