1
|
Morla-Folch J, Ranzenigo A, Fayad ZA, Teunissen AJP. Nanotherapeutic Heterogeneity: Sources, Effects, and Solutions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307502. [PMID: 38050951 PMCID: PMC11045328 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have revolutionized medicine by enabling control over drugs' pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and biocompatibility. However, most nanotherapeutic batches are highly heterogeneous, meaning they comprise nanoparticles that vary in size, shape, charge, composition, and ligand functionalization. Similarly, individual nanotherapeutics often have heterogeneously distributed components, ligands, and charges. This review discusses nanotherapeutic heterogeneity's sources and effects on experimental readouts and therapeutic efficacy. Among other topics, it demonstrates that heterogeneity exists in nearly all nanotherapeutic types, examines how nanotherapeutic heterogeneity arises, and discusses how heterogeneity impacts nanomaterials' in vitro and in vivo behavior. How nanotherapeutic heterogeneity skews experimental readouts and complicates their optimization and clinical translation is also shown. Lastly, strategies for limiting nanotherapeutic heterogeneity are reviewed and recommendations for developing more reproducible and effective nanotherapeutics provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Morla-Folch
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Anna Ranzenigo
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Zahi Adel Fayad
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Abraham Jozef Petrus Teunissen
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ezeh CK, Dibua MEU. Anti-biofilm, drug delivery and cytotoxicity properties of dendrimers. ADMET AND DMPK 2024; 12:239-267. [PMID: 38720923 PMCID: PMC11075165 DOI: 10.5599/admet.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Treatments using antimicrobial agents have faced many difficulties as a result of biofilm formation by pathogenic microorganisms. The biofilm matrix formed by these microorganisms prevents antimicrobial agents from penetrating the interior where they can exact their activity effectively. Additionally, extracellular polymeric molecules associated with biofilm surfaces can absorb antimicrobial compounds, lowering their bioavailability. This problem has resulted in the quest for alternative treatment protocols, and the development of nanomaterials and devices through nanotechnology has recently been on the rise. Research approach The literature on dendrimers was searched for in databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Key results As a nanomaterial, dendrimers have found useful applications as a drug delivery vehicle for antimicrobial agents against biofilm-mediated infections to circumvent these defense mechanisms. The distinctive properties of dendrimers, such as multi-valency, biocompatibility, high water solubility, non-immunogenicity, and biofilm matrix-/cell membrane fusogenicity (ability to merge with intracellular membrane or other proteins), significantly increase the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and reduce the likelihood of recurring infections. Conclusion This review outlines the current state of dendrimer carriers for biofilm treatments, provides examples of their real-world uses, and examines potential drawbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian K. Ezeh
- University of Nigeria, Department of Microbiology, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Guo Y, Shen M, Wang Y, Shi X. Hyperbranched Polymer-Based Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300188. [PMID: 37300444 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several immunotherapeutic strategies are extensively studied and entered clinical investigation, suggesting their potential to lead a new generation of cancer therapy. Particularly, a cancer vaccine that combines tumor-associated antigens and immune adjuvants with a nanocarrier holds huge promise for inducing specific antitumor immune responses. Hyperbranched polymers, such as dendrimers and branched polyethylenimine (PEI) possessing abundant positively charged amine groups and inherent proton sponge effect are ideal carriers of antigens. Much effort is devoted to design dendrimer/branched PEI-based cancer vaccines. Herein, the recent advances in the design of dendrimer/branched PEI-based cancer vaccines for immunotherapy are reviewed. The future perspectives with regard to the development of dendrimer/branched PEI-based cancer vaccines are also briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yunqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ou L, Tan X, Qiao S, Wu J, Su Y, Xie W, Jin N, He J, Luo R, Lai X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Zhao F, Liu J, Kang Y, Shao L. Graphene-Based Material-Mediated Immunomodulation in Tissue Engineering and Regeneration: Mechanism and Significance. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18669-18687. [PMID: 37768738 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine hold promise for improving or even restoring the function of damaged organs. Graphene-based materials (GBMs) have become a key player in biomaterials applied to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. A series of cellular and molecular events, which affect the outcome of tissue regeneration, occur after GBMs are implanted into the body. The immunomodulatory function of GBMs is considered to be a key factor influencing tissue regeneration. This review introduces the applications of GBMs in bone, neural, skin, and cardiovascular tissue engineering, emphasizing that the immunomodulatory functions of GBMs significantly improve tissue regeneration. This review focuses on summarizing and discussing the mechanisms by which GBMs mediate the sequential regulation of the innate immune cell inflammatory response. During the process of tissue healing, multiple immune responses, such as the inflammatory response, foreign body reaction, tissue fibrosis, and biodegradation of GBMs, are interrelated and influential. We discuss the regulation of these immune responses by GBMs, as well as the immune cells and related immunomodulatory mechanisms involved. Finally, we summarize the limitations in the immunomodulatory strategies of GBMs and ideas for optimizing GBM applications in tissue engineering. This review demonstrates the significance and related mechanism of the immunomodulatory function of GBM application in tissue engineering; more importantly, it contributes insights into the design of GBMs to enhance wound healing and tissue regeneration in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ou
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xiner Tan
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shijia Qiao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Junrong Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yuan Su
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Stomatology Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528399, China
| | - Wenqiang Xie
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Nianqiang Jin
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jiankang He
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Ruhui Luo
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xuan Lai
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Fujian Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yiyuan Kang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Effects of Cationic Dendrimers and Their Complexes with microRNAs on Immunocompetent Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010148. [PMID: 36678776 PMCID: PMC9862986 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Short regulatory oligonucleotides are considered prospective tools for immunotherapy. However, they require an adequate carrier to deliver potential therapeutics into immune cells. Herein, we explore the potential of polycationic dendrimers as carriers for microRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors. As an oligonucleotide cargo, we use a synthetic mimic and an inhibitor of miR-155, an important factor in the development and functioning of immunocompetent cells. Dendrimers bind microRNAs into low-cytotoxic polyelectrolyte complexes that are efficiently uptaken by immunocompetent cells. We have shown these complexes to affect the number of T-regulatory cells, CD14+ and CD19+ cell subpopulations in non-activated mononuclear cells. The treatment affected the expression of HLA-DR on T-cells and PD-1 expression on T- and B-lymphocytes. It also affected the production of IL-4 and IL-10, but not the perforin and granzyme B production. Our findings suggest the potential of dendrimer-mediated microRNA-155 treatment for immunotherapy, though the activity of microRNA-dendrimer constructions on distinct immune cell subsets can be further improved.
Collapse
|
6
|
Exploring dendrimer-based drug delivery systems and their potential applications in cancer immunotherapy. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
7
|
Tao L, Chao Z, Jingyu J, Xigao C. Nano zinc oxide decorated latex drainage: A promising antibacterial material prevent retrograde infection associated with drainage. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:795-804. [PMID: 35834398 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221114382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Surgical site infections (SSI) represent a considerable burden for healthcare systems. Studies show retrograde infection of the drainage tube is an important cause of surgical site infection. To this end, Surgeons work in various ways to reduce the incidence of retrograde infections. Fast progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology is revolutionizing the field of medicine to improve the quality of life due to the myriad of applications stemming from their unique properties, including the antibacterial activity against pathogens. Herein, we investigate the antibacterial properties of a novel nanomaterial composed of nano zinc oxide-decorated latex drainages. These materials were produced by the hydrothermal method and characterized through field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and DLS (Dynamic light scattering techniques). Then inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements showed that nano zinc oxide on the surface of the latex drainages showed a gradient release process. The antimicrobial activity of nano zinc oxide -decorated latex drainage was evaluated against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the main bacteriological agent in the retrograde infection associated with drainage. The results showed that slices and rods nano zinc oxide (SAR-ZnO) drainage tubes had the best antibacterial properties both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the cell viability assay demonstrated that nano zinc oxide-decorated latex drainages exerted good biocompatibility. Therefore, SAR-ZnO drainage tubes can be a perfect nanomaterial against the retrograde infection associated with drainage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, 196534The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics, 196534Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhang Chao
- Department of Orthopedics, 196534The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics, 196534Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jia Jingyu
- Department of Orthopedics, 196534The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics, 196534Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Cheng Xigao
- Department of Orthopedics, 196534The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Orthopedics of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Minimally Invasive Orthopedics, 196534Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Interaction of Graphene Oxide Modified with Linear and Branched PEG with Monocytes Isolated from Human Blood. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010126. [PMID: 35010076 PMCID: PMC8746718 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple graphene-based therapeutics have recently been developed, however potential risks related to the interaction between nanomaterials and immune cells are still poorly understood. Therefore, studying the impact of graphene oxide on various populations of immune cells is of importance. In this work, we aimed to investigate the effects of PEGylated graphene oxide on monocytes isolated from human peripheral blood. Graphene oxide nanoparticles with lateral sizes of 100–200 nm and 1–5 μm were modified with linear and branched PEG (GO-PEG). Size, elemental composition, and structure of the resulting nanoparticles were characterized. We confirmed that PEG was successfully attached to the graphene oxide surface. The influence of GO-PEG on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines, phagocytosis, and viability of monocytes was studied. Uptake of GO-PEG by monocytes depends on PEG structure (linear or branched). Branched PEG decreased the number of GO-PEG nanoparticles per monocyte. The viability of monocytes was not altered by co-cultivation with GO-PEG. GO-PEG decreased the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli in a concentration-dependent manner. ROS formation by monocytes was determined by measuring luminol-, lucigenin-, and dichlorodihydrofluorescein-dependent luminescence. GO-PEG decreased luminescent signal probably due to inactivation of ROS, such as hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. Some types of GO-PEG stimulated secretion of IL-10 by monocytes, but this effect did not correlate with their size or PEG structure.
Collapse
|