1
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Yao Y, Xie W, Chen D, Han Y, Yuan Z, Zhang H, Weng Q. Seasonal expressions of VEGF and its receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 in the prostate of the wild ground squirrels (<em>Spermophilus dauricus</em>). Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 33764018 PMCID: PMC8033528 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a vital male accessory reproductive gonad, the prostate requires vascular endothelial growth factors for promoting its growth and development. In this study, we investigated the localizations and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors including VEGF-receptor1 (VEFGR1) and VEGF-receptor2 (VEGFR2) in the prostate of the wild ground squirrels during the breeding and the non-breeding seasons. The values of total prostate weight and volume in the breeding season were higher than those in the non-breeding season. Histological observations showed that the exocrine lumens of the prostate expanded in the breeding season and contracted in the non-breeding season. The mRNA expression levels of VEGF and VEGFR2 in the prostate were higher in the breeding season than those in the non-breeding season, but the mRNA expression level of VEGFR1 had no significant change between the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Immunohistochemical results revealed that VEGF, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 were presented in epithelial and stromal cells during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. In addition, the microvessels of the prostate were widely distributed and the number of microvessels increased obviously in the breeding season, while decreased sharply in the non-breeding season. These results suggested that expression levels of VEGF and VEGFR2 might be correlated with seasonal changes in morphology and functions of the prostate, and VEGF might serve as pivotal regulators to affect seasonal changes in the prostate functions of the wild male ground squirrels via an autocrine/paracrine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Yao
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Wenqian Xie
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Di Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Yingying Han
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Zhengrong Yuan
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Haolin Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
| | - Qiang Weng
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing.
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2
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Corbin JM, Georgescu C, Wren JD, Xu C, Asch AS, Ruiz-Echevarría MJ. Seed-mediated RNA interference of androgen signaling and survival networks induces cell death in prostate cancer cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:337-351. [PMID: 33850637 PMCID: PMC8022159 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to anti-androgen therapy in prostate cancer (PCa) is often driven by genetic and epigenetic aberrations in the androgen receptor (AR) and coregulators that maintain androgen signaling activity. We show that specific small RNAs downregulate expression of multiple essential and androgen receptor-coregulatory genes, leading to potent androgen signaling inhibition and PCa cell death. Expression of different short hairpin/small interfering RNAs (sh-/siRNAs) designed to target TMEFF2 preferentially reduce viability of PCa but not benign cells, and growth of murine xenografts. Surprisingly, this effect is independent of TMEFF2 expression. Transcriptomic and sh/siRNA seed sequence studies indicate that expression of these toxic shRNAs lead to downregulation of androgen receptor-coregulatory and essential genes through mRNA 3′ UTR sequence complementarity to the seed sequence of the toxic shRNAs. These findings reveal a form of the “death induced by survival gene elimination” mechanism in PCa cells that mainly targets AR signaling, and that we have termed androgen network death induced by survival gene elimination (AN-DISE). Our data suggest that AN-DISE may be a novel therapeutic strategy for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Corbin
- Stephenson Cancer Center, 800 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Pathology, Biomedical Sciences building, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Constantin Georgescu
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Chao Xu
- Stephenson Cancer Center, 800 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 801 N.E. 13 Street, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Adam S Asch
- Stephenson Cancer Center, 800 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Maria J Ruiz-Echevarría
- Stephenson Cancer Center, 800 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Pathology, Biomedical Sciences building, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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3
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Barbosa GO, Biancardi MF, Carvalho HF. Heparan sulfate fine‐tunes stromal‐epithelial communication in the prostate gland. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:618-628. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme O. Barbosa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Manoel F. Biancardi
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences Federal University of Goiás Goiânia Brazil
| | - Hernandes F. Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
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4
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Maldarine JS, Sanches BDA, Cabral ÁS, Lima MLD, Guerra LHA, Baraldi CMB, Calmon MF, Rahal P, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Prenatal exposure to finasteride promotes sex-specific changes in gerbil prostate development. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1719-1729. [PMID: 31248476 DOI: 10.1071/rd19106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Finasteride is a drug that is widely used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, hair loss and even as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of prostatic adenocarcinoma. However, its use is known to cause several side effects in adults and it can also cause changes in the embryonic development of the male prostate, which is a cause for concern given the possibility of the accumulation of finasteride in the environment. Nevertheless, no studies have investigated the effects of finasteride on the development of the prostate in females, which occurs in several species of mammals. To evaluate the effects of intrauterine exposure to finasteride (500μgkg-1 day-1) on postnatal prostate development in the Mongolian gerbil in the present study, we used immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, serological analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques. Differences were observed in the effects of finasteride on periductal smooth muscle and cell proliferation between the sexes, as well as intersex differences in the presence of the androgen receptor, which was elevated in males, and the oestrogen receptor ERα, which was increased in females. Together, the data indicate that the female prostate has its own hormone dynamics and that there are sex-specific differences in the way in which the female prostate reacts to prenatal exposure to finasteride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Avenue, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Avenue, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ágata S Cabral
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria L D Lima
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz H A Guerra
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina M B Baraldi
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília F Calmon
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Genome Studies, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Góes
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Avenue, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; and Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Cristóvão Colombo Street, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and Corresponding author.
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5
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Abstract
Therapy resistance is a significant challenge for prostate cancer treatment in clinic. Although targeted therapies such as androgen deprivation and androgen receptor (AR) inhibition are effective initially, tumor cells eventually evade these strategies through multiple mechanisms. Lineage reprogramming in response to hormone therapy represents a key mechanism that is increasingly observed. The studies in this area have revealed specific combinations of alterations present in adenocarcinomas that provide cells with the ability to transdifferentiate and perpetuate AR-independent tumor growth after androgen-based therapies. Interestingly, several master regulators have been identified that drive plasticity, some of which also play key roles during development and differentiation of the cell lineages in the normal prostate. Thus, further study of each AR-independent tumor type and understanding underlying mechanisms are warranted to develop combinational therapies that combat lineage plasticity in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Blee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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6
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Maldarine JS, Sanches BDA, Santos VA, Cabral ÁS, Lima MLD, Bedolo CM, Calmon MF, Rahal P, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Postnatal exposure to finasteride causes different effects on the prostate of male and female gerbils. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1341-1352. [PMID: 32100915 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of prostate function depend on a fine balance between oestrogen and androgen levels. Finasteride inhibits 5α-reductase, which is responsible for the conversion of testosterone into its most active form, dihydrotestosterone. Enzymes that metabolize these hormones have a highly relevant role in both the normal prostate metabolism and in the occurrence of pathological conditions. There are few studies on the impact of finasteride on male prostate development and fewer studies on the female prostate and possible intersexual differences. Therefore, we treated male and female gerbils from 7 to 14 days in postnatal life with a high dose of finasteride (500 μg/kg/day); the prostate complexes were then removed and submitted to immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and three-dimensional reconstruction. In addition, hormonal serum dosages were administered. Treatment with finasteride resulted in an increased thickness of the periductal smooth musculature in the prostate of both male and female gerbils, such as well as a reduction in the thickness of developing prostate alveoli in both sexes. In addition, intersexual differences were observed as increased epithelial proliferation and decreases in the number of developing alveoli in females. Together, the data indicate that postnatal exposure to finasteride causes greater changes in the female gerbil prostate than in the male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand RusseLl Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand RusseLl Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitória A Santos
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Ágata S Cabral
- Laboratory of Genome Studies, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Maria L D Lima
- Laboratory of Genome Studies, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Carolina M Bedolo
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Marília F Calmon
- Laboratory of Genome Studies, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Laboratory of Genome Studies, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Góes
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand RusseLl Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
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7
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Seasonal expressions of prostaglandin E synthases and receptors in the prostate of the wild ground squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus). Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 148:106412. [PMID: 31927132 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prostate gland is a male accessory reproductive gland, whose vitality and function are under tight regulation of different hormones. Prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) is one of the major products generated by the actions of cyclooxygenases (COX) and prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES) on arachidonic acid, and is involved in a number of physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we investigated the seasonal immunolocalizations and expressions of COX-1, COX-2 and PTGES, as well as PGE2 receptors (PTGERs) subtypes 1-4 (EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4) in the prostate of the wild ground squirrel. Histological examination observed enlarged prostatic lumens in the breeding season and significantly shrunken lumens in the nonbreeding season. COX-1, COX-2, PTGES and PTGERs were mainly localized in epithelial and stromal cells in the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. The mRNA expression levels of Cox-1, Cox-2, Ptges, Ptger2 (encoding EP2) and Ptger4 (encoding EP4) were higher in the prostate of the breeding season than in the nonbreeding season. The relative mRNA levels of Cox-1, Cox-2, Ptges, Ptger2 and Ptger4 were positively correlated with prostatic weights. In addition, both the prostatic and plasma concentrations of PGE2 were significantly higher in the breeding season compared to the nonbreeding season. These results suggested that PGE2 synthesis and signaling might play an important autocrine or paracrine role in the regulation of seasonal changes in the prostatic function of the wild ground squirrel.
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8
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Sanches BDA, Carvalho HF, Maldarine JS, Biancardi MF, Santos FCA, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Differences between male and female prostates in terms of physiology, sensitivity to chemicals and pathogenesis-A review in a rodent model. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:27-35. [PMID: 31393043 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The prostate is a gland that is not exclusively present in males, being also found in females of several mammalian species, including humans. There is evidence that the prostate in both sexes is affected by the same pathologies such as prostatitis, benign alterations and even cancer. In view of the difficulties of manipulating the prostate gland, the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), a rodent species with high incidence of functional prostates in females, is widely used in studies of the female prostate. However, despite knowing much about the similarities between the female and male prostate, little emphasis has been placed on the differences between them. This review investigates the intersex differences in prostate development, physiology and pathogenesis. The female prostate develops earlier than in males and studies indicate that it is more sensitive to oestrogens than the male prostate, as well as being more sensitive to exposure to xenoestrogens, such as Bisphenol A and methylparaben, with a higher susceptibility to benign lesions in the adult and senile prostate than in males. In addition, the female prostate is impacted by pregnancy and the oestrous cycle, and is also dependent on progesterone. The peculiarities of the female prostate raise concerns about the risk of it undergoing neglected changes as a result of environmental chemicals, since safe dosages are established exclusively for the male prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Bertrand Russel Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Cristóvão Colombo St., 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Bertrand Russel Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Cristóvão Colombo St., 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Bertrand Russel Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Cristóvão Colombo St., 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel F Biancardi
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Cristóvão Colombo St., 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia II, Goiânia, Goiás, 74001970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C A Santos
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Cristóvão Colombo St., 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia II, Goiânia, Goiás, 74001970, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Bertrand Russel Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Cristóvão Colombo St., 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Bertrand Russel Av., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Cristóvão Colombo St., 2265, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Han R, Zhang L, Gan W, Fu K, Jiang K, Ding J, Wu J, Han X, Li D. piRNA-DQ722010 contributes to prostate hyperplasia of the male offspring mice after the maternal exposed to microcystin-leucine arginine. Prostate 2019; 79:798-812. [PMID: 30900311 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) could disrupt prostate development and cause prostate hyperplasia. But whether and how maternal and before-weaning MC-LR exposure causes prostate hyperplasia in male offspring by changing expression profile of P-element-induced wimpy (PIWI)-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) have not yet been reported. METHODS From the 12th day in the embryonic period to the 21st day after offspring birth, three groups of pregnant mice that were randomly assigned were exposed to 0, 10, and 50 μg/L of MC-LR through drinking water followed by the analyses of their male offspring. Abortion rate and litter size of maternal mice were recorded. The prostate histopathology was observed. Differential expressed piRNAs of prostate were screened by piRNA microarray analysis. Murine prostate cancer cell line (RM-1) was used for further mechanism study. Luciferase report assay was used to determine the relationship between piRNA-DQ722010 and polypeptide 3 (Pik3r3). RESULTS The downregulated expression of piRNA-DQ722010 was the most significant in piRNA microarray analysis in 10 μg/L MC-LR treated group, while Pik3r3 was significantly upregulated, consistent with the results that a distinct prostatic epithelial hyperplasia was observed and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protien kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway was activated. Pik3r3 was verified as the target gene of piRNA-DQ722010. In addition, we found MC-LR decreased the expression of PIWI-like RNA-mediated gene silencing 2 (Piwil2) and 4 (Piwil4) both in vivo and in vitro, and both Piwil4 and Piwil2 could regulate the expression of DQ722010. CONCLUSION MC-LR caused downregulation of piRNA-DQ722010 and PIWI proteins, while piRNA-DQ722010 downregulation promoted activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway inducing prostate hyperplasia by upregulating the expression of Pik3r3. In contrast, piRNA-DQ722010 downregulation may be attributed to PIWI proteins downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruitong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weidong Gan
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Fu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Huang C, Wang Y, Qi H, Han Y, Yuan Z, Weng Q, Zhang H. Seasonal expression of 5α-reductases and androgen receptor in the prostate gland of the wild ground squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 226:11-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Hannezo E, Scheele CLGJ, Moad M, Drogo N, Heer R, Sampogna RV, van Rheenen J, Simons BD. A Unifying Theory of Branching Morphogenesis. Cell 2017; 171:242-255.e27. [PMID: 28938116 PMCID: PMC5610190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The morphogenesis of branched organs remains a subject of abiding interest. Although much is known about the underlying signaling pathways, it remains unclear how macroscopic features of branched organs, including their size, network topology, and spatial patterning, are encoded. Here, we show that, in mouse mammary gland, kidney, and human prostate, these features can be explained quantitatively within a single unifying framework of branching and annihilating random walks. Based on quantitative analyses of large-scale organ reconstructions and proliferation kinetics measurements, we propose that morphogenesis follows from the proliferative activity of equipotent tips that stochastically branch and randomly explore their environment but compete neutrally for space, becoming proliferatively inactive when in proximity with neighboring ducts. These results show that complex branched epithelial structures develop as a self-organized process, reliant upon a strikingly simple but generic rule, without recourse to a rigid and deterministic sequence of genetically programmed events. Branching morphogenesis follows conserved statistical rules in multiple organs Ductal tips grow and branch as default state and stop dividing in high-density regions Model reproduces quantitatively organ properties in a parameter-free manner Shows that complex organ formation proceeds in a stochastic, self-organized manner
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Hannezo
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK; The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; The Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
| | - Colinda L G J Scheele
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Moad
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Nicholas Drogo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AD, UK
| | - Rosemary V Sampogna
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CT, the Netherlands.
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK; The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; The Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.
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12
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Gold E, Zellhuber-McMillan S, Risbridger G, Marino FE. Regional localization of activin-β A , activin-β C , follistatin, proliferation, and apoptosis in adult and developing mouse prostate ducts. Gene Expr Patterns 2017; 23-24:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Wilson C, Leiblich A, Goberdhan DCI, Hamdy F. The Drosophila Accessory Gland as a Model for Prostate Cancer and Other Pathologies. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 121:339-375. [PMID: 28057306 PMCID: PMC5224695 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human prostate is a gland of the male reproductive tract, which together with the seminal vesicles, is responsible for most seminal fluid production. It is a common site of cancer, and unlike other glands, it typically enlarges in aging men. In flies, the male accessory glands make many major seminal fluid components. Like their human equivalents, they secrete proteins from several conserved families, including proteases, lectins, and cysteine-rich secretory proteins, some of which interact with sperm and affect fertility. A key protein, sex peptide, is not conserved in vertebrates but plays a central role in mediating long-term effects on females after mating. Although postmitotic, one epithelial cell type in the accessory glands, the secondary cell, continues to grow in adults. It secretes microvesicles called exosomes from the endosomal multivesicular body, which, after mating, fuse with sperm. They also appear to affect female postmating behavior. Remarkably, the human prostate epithelium also secretes exosomes, which fuse to sperm in vitro to modulate their activity. Exosomes from prostate and other cancer cells are increasingly proposed to play fundamental roles in modulating the tumor microenvironment and in metastasis. Here we review a diverse accessory gland literature, which highlights functional analogies between the male reproductive glands of flies and humans, and a critical role for extracellular vesicles in allowing seminal fluid to promote male interests within the female. We postulate that secondary cells and prostate epithelial cells use common mechanisms to control growth, secretion, and signaling, which are relevant to prostate and other cancers, and can be genetically dissected in the uniquely tractable fly model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wilson
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - A Leiblich
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - F Hamdy
- University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Sakuda K, Muragishi R, Yoshinaga K. Histochemical evaluation of postnatal lectin-binding sites in the mouse prostate. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2016; 92:61-6. [PMID: 27319301 DOI: 10.2535/ofaj.92.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The prostate is a male accessory genital gland that plays an essential role in reproductive function. To understand the cytological characteristics of differentiating prostatic cells, we used lectin histochemistry combined with immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution of lectin-binding sites on prostatic cells during postnatal development in the mouse. During postnatal development, Hippeastrum Hybrid Lectin (HHL) lectin reacted consistently with the luminal cells of all prostatic lobes (regions), whereas the Ricinus Communis Agglutinin I (RCA-I) and Soybean Agglutinin (SBA) lectins showed remarkable differences with age, region, and cell type. We found that the lectin-binding pattern in differentiating prostatic cells acquired adult characteristics around 3 weeks after birth. The results indicate that prostatic cell differentiation during postnatal development in mice is characterized by the presence of cell- and region-specific lectin-binding sites in the prostate, suggesting that there may also be cellular and regional differences in their function. Furthermore, some lectins (HHL, RCA-I, and SBA) could provide useful markers for research into cell differentiation and for the pathological evaluation of prostatic diseases or in the diagnosis of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Sakuda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto University
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15
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Differential Response to Medical Therapy for Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-015-0295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Tilli TM, Bellahcène A, Castronovo V, Gimba ERP. Changes in the transcriptional profile in response to overexpression of the osteopontin-c splice isoform in ovarian (OvCar-3) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:433. [PMID: 24928374 PMCID: PMC4075779 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Especially in human tumor cells, the osteopontin (OPN) primary transcript is subject to alternative splicing, generating three isoforms termed OPNa, OPNb and OPNc. We previously demonstrated that the OPNc splice variant activates several aspects of the progression of ovarian and prostate cancers. The goal of the present study was to develop cell line models to determine the impact of OPNc overexpression on main cancer signaling pathways and thus obtain insights into the mechanisms of OPNc pro-tumorigenic roles. Methods Human ovarian and prostate cancer cell lines, OvCar-3 and PC-3 cells, respectively, were stably transfected to overexpress OPNc. Transcriptomic profiling was performed on these cells and compared to controls, to identify OPNc overexpression-dependent changes in gene expression levels and pathways by qRT-PCR analyses. Results Among 84 genes tested by using a multiplex real-time PCR Cancer Pathway Array approach, 34 and 16, respectively, were differentially expressed between OvCar-3 and PC-3 OPNc-overexpressing cells in relation to control clones. Differentially expressed genes are included in all main hallmarks of cancer, and several interacting proteins have been identified using an interactome network analysis. Based on marked up-regulation of Vegfa transcript in response to OPNc overexpression, we partially validated the array data by demonstrating that conditioned medium (CM) secreted from OvCar-3 and PC-3 OPNc-overexpressing cells significantly induced endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation and migration, compared to CM secreted from control cells. Conclusions Overall, the present study elucidated transcriptional changes of OvCar-3 and PC-3 cancer cell lines in response to OPNc overexpression, which provides an assessment for predicting the molecular mechanisms by which this splice variant promotes tumor progression features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Etel R P Gimba
- Coordenação de Pesquisa, Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCa)/Programa de Pós Graduação Stricto Sensu em Oncologia do INCa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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17
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LEE HYERIM, HWANG KYUNGA, CHOI KYUNGCHUL. The estrogen receptor signaling pathway activated by phthalates is linked with transforming growth factor-β in the progression of LNCaP prostate cancer models. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:595-602. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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18
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Lee S, Yang G, Mulligan W, Gipp J, Bushman W. Ventral prostate fibrosis in the Akita mouse is associated with macrophage and fibrocyte infiltration. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:939053. [PMID: 25019092 PMCID: PMC4074948 DOI: 10.1155/2014/939053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A higher incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among diabetic men is unexplained. Recently, prostate inflammation and fibrosis have been implicated as major contributing factors to bladder outlet obstruction and LUTS. We characterized the inflammatory cell infiltrate and collagen content of the anterior, dorsal, and ventral lobes of 18-week-old DBA2J.Ins2-Akita mice (Akita) and age-matched control mice. We performed hematoxylin and eosin staining to score tissue injury and inflammation, picrosirius red staining to quantitate collagen content, and immunostaining to identify monocytes/macrophages and infiltrating fibrocytes. We observed significantly greater numbers of monocytes/macrophages and fibrocytes specifically in the ventral prostate of the Akita mice and found that this was associated with significant greater collagen content specifically in the ventral prostate of the Akita mice. These observations support the inference that diabetes elicits monocyte/macrophage infiltration and collagen accumulation in the prostate and suggest that further study of Akita mice may inform translational studies of diabetes in the genesis prostatic inflammation, prostatic fibrosis, and LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53717, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53717, USA
| | - William Mulligan
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53717, USA
| | - Jerry Gipp
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53717, USA
| | - Wade Bushman
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53717, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53717, USA
- *Wade Bushman:
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Prostate stem cells in the development of benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer: emerging role and concepts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:107954. [PMID: 23936768 PMCID: PMC3722776 DOI: 10.1155/2013/107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Benign Prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) are the most common prostatic disorders affecting elderly men. Multiple factors including hormonal imbalance, disruption of cell proliferation, apoptosis, chronic inflammation, and aging are thought to be responsible for the pathophysiology of these diseases. Both BPH and PCa are considered to be arisen from aberrant proliferation of prostate stem cells. Recent studies on BPH and PCa have provided significant evidence for the origin of these diseases from stem cells that share characteristics with normal prostate stem cells. Aberrant changes in prostate stem cell regulatory factors may contribute to the development of BPH or PCa. Understanding these regulatory factors may provide insight into the mechanisms that convert quiescent adult prostate cells into proliferating compartments and lead to BPH or carcinoma. Ultimately, the knowledge of the unique prostate stem or stem-like cells in the pathogenesis and development of hyperplasia will facilitate the development of new therapeutic targets for BPH and PCa. In this review, we address recent progress towards understanding the putative role and complexities of stem cells in the development of BPH and PCa.
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