1
|
Erickson JR, Walker SE, Arenas Gomez CM, Echeverri K. Sall4 regulates downstream patterning genes during limb regeneration. Dev Biol 2024; 515:151-159. [PMID: 39067503 PMCID: PMC11325254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Many salamanders can completely regenerate a fully functional limb. Limb regeneration is a carefully coordinated process involving several defined stages. One key event during the regeneration process is the patterning of the blastema to inform cells of what they must differentiate into. Although it is known that many genes involved in the initial development of the limb are re-used during regeneration, the exact molecular circuitry involved in this process is not fully understood. Several large-scale transcriptional profiling studies of axolotl limb regeneration have identified many transcription factors that are up-regulated after limb amputation. Sall4 is a transcription factor that has been identified to play essential roles in maintaining cells in an undifferentiated state during development and also plays a unique role in limb development. Inactivation of Sall4 during limb bud development results in defects in anterior-posterior patterning of the limb. Sall4 has been found to be up-regulated during limb regeneration in both Xenopus and salamanders, but to date it function has been untested. We confirmed that Sall4 is up-regulated during limb regeneration in the axolotl using qRT-PCR and identified that it is present in the skin cells and also in cells within the blastema. Using CRISPR technology we microinjected gRNAs specific for Sall4 complexed with cas9 protein into the blastema to specifically knockout Sall4 in blastema cells only. This resulted in limb regenerate defects, including missing digits, fusion of digit elements, and defects in the radius and ulna. This suggests that during regeneration Sall4 may play a similar role in regulating the specification of anterior-proximal skeletal elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Erickson
- Department of Genetics, Dell Biology and Development, Stell Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S E Walker
- Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Chicago, Eugene Bell Center for Regeneration Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - C M Arenas Gomez
- Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Chicago, Eugene Bell Center for Regeneration Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - K Echeverri
- Department of Genetics, Dell Biology and Development, Stell Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Chicago, Eugene Bell Center for Regeneration Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mueller RL, Cressler CE, Schwartz RS, Chong RA, Butler M. Metamorphosis Imposes Variable Constraints on Genome Expansion through Effects on Development. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad015. [PMID: 37143961 PMCID: PMC10153748 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome size varies ∼100,000-fold across eukaryotes and has long been hypothesized to be influenced by metamorphosis in animals. Transposable element accumulation has been identified as a major driver of increase, but the nature of constraints limiting the size of genomes has remained unclear, even as traits such as cell size and rate of development co-vary strongly with genome size. Salamanders, which possess diverse metamorphic and non-metamorphic life histories, join the lungfish in having the largest vertebrate genomes-3 to 40 times that of humans-as well as the largest range of variation in genome size. We tested 13 biologically-inspired hypotheses exploring how the form of metamorphosis imposes varying constraints on genome expansion in a broadly representative phylogeny containing 118 species of salamanders. We show that metamorphosis during which animals undergo the most extensive and synchronous remodeling imposes the most severe constraint against genome expansion, with the severity of constraint decreasing with reduced extent and synchronicity of remodeling. More generally, our work demonstrates the potential for broader interpretation of phylogenetic comparative analysis in exploring the balance of multiple evolutionary pressures shaping phenotypic evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - C E Cressler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - R S Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - R A Chong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - M Butler
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Triana P, Sarmiento MDC, Rodriguez-Laguna L, Martinez-Glez V, Lopez-Gutierrez JC. Undergrowth Of First Toe In PiK3CA-Related Overgrowth Spectrum (PROS). Ann Vasc Surg 2023; 88:233-238. [PMID: 35878698 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2022.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PIK3CA-related overgrowth syndrome (PROS) include a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by segmental overgrowth secondary to somatic mosaic activating variants in PIK3CA. Segmental undergrowth is more uncommon and has been less studied but pathogenic variants in PIK3CA have also been found. With this in mind, we have noticed a group of patients with PROS that present an undergrowth component associated with their focal overgrowth. METHODS Retrospective review of patients with PROS presenting overgrowth of the lower limb and undergrowth of the ipsilateral first toe was performed. RESULTS Six patients were included, 4 female and 2 male with a median age of 16.8 years. All patients presented a PROS phenotype with overgrowth of the lower limb and undergrowth of ipsilateral first toe. A PIK3CA pathogenic variant was confirmed in all patients. Patients underwent multiple treatments, currently all are receiving alpelisib with a mean duration of 15.8 months (1-39) and partial response in lipomatosis and vascular anomalies but no response in overgrowth and undergrowth so far. CONCLUSIONS Pathogenic variants in the same gene can create different phenotypes depending on the time and place of the mutation. There is little information regarding opposing phenotpyes in the same patient with PROS. The presence of undergrowth in our series might be explained by genetic, embryogenic, maternal, or placental factors but needs to be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Triana
- Pediatric surgery, La Paz Children's Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Lara Rodriguez-Laguna
- Vascular Malformations Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, INGEMM-IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Martinez-Glez
- Vascular Malformations Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics, INGEMM-IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain; CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vujovic F, Hunter N, Farahani RM. Cellular self-organization: An overdrive in Cambrian diversity? Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200033. [PMID: 35900058 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During the early Cambrian period metazoan life forms diverged at an accelerated rate to occupy multiple ecological niches on earth. A variety of explanations have been proposed to address this major evolutionary phenomenon termed the "Cambrian explosion." While most hypotheses address environmental, developmental, and ecological factors that facilitated evolutionary innovations, the biological basis for accelerated emergence of species diversity in the Cambrian period remains largely conjectural. Herein, we posit that morphogenesis by self-organization enables the uncoupling of genomic mutational landscape from phenotypic diversification. Evidence is provided for a two-tiered interpretation of genomic changes in metazoan animals wherein mutations not only impact upon function of individual cells, but also alter the self-organization outcome during developmental morphogenesis. We provide evidence that the morphological impacts of mutations on self-organization could remain repressed if associated with an unmet negative energetic cost. We posit that accelerated morphological diversification in transition to the Cambrian period has occurred by emergence of dormant (i.e., reserved) morphological novelties whose molecular underpinnings were seeded in the Precambrian period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Vujovic
- IDR/Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neil Hunter
- IDR/Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ramin M Farahani
- IDR/Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sermeus Y, Vangheel J, Geris L, Smeets B, Tylzanowski P. Mechanical Regulation of Limb Bud Formation. Cells 2022; 11:420. [PMID: 35159230 PMCID: PMC8834596 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early limb bud development has been of considerable interest for the study of embryological development and especially morphogenesis. The focus has long been on biochemical signalling and less on cell biomechanics and mechanobiology. However, their importance cannot be understated since tissue shape changes are ultimately controlled by active forces and bulk tissue rheological properties that in turn depend on cell-cell interactions as well as extracellular matrix composition. Moreover, the feedback between gene regulation and the biomechanical environment is still poorly understood. In recent years, novel experimental techniques and computational models have reinvigorated research on this biomechanical and mechanobiological side of embryological development. In this review, we consider three stages of early limb development, namely: outgrowth, elongation, and condensation. For each of these stages, we summarize basic biological regulation and examine the role of cellular and tissue mechanics in the morphogenetic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvenn Sermeus
- MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.S.); (J.V.); (B.S.)
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Jef Vangheel
- MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.S.); (J.V.); (B.S.)
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- SBE, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Smeets
- MeBioS, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (Y.S.); (J.V.); (B.S.)
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- SBE, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rolfe RA, Shea CA, Murphy P. Geometric analysis of chondrogenic self-organisation of embryonic limb bud cells in micromass culture. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:49-62. [PMID: 34988666 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal control of chondrogenesis generates precise, species-specific patterns of skeletal structures in the developing vertebrate limb. The pattern-template is laid down when mesenchymal cells at the core of the early limb bud condense and undergo chondrogenic differentiation. Although the mechanisms involved in organising such complex patterns are not fully understood, the interplay between BMP and Wnt signalling pathways is fundamental. Primary embryonic limb bud cells grown under high-density micromass culture conditions spontaneously create a simple cartilage nodule pattern, presenting a model to investigate pattern generation. We describe a novel analytical approach to quantify geometric properties and spatial relationships between chondrogenic condensations, utilizing the micromass model. We follow the emergence of pattern in live cultures with nodules forming at regular distances, growing and changing shape over time. Gene expression profiling supports rapid chondrogenesis and transition to hypertrophy, mimicking the process of endochondral ossification within the limb bud. Manipulating the signalling environment through addition of BMP or Wnt ligands, as well as the BMP pathway antagonist Noggin, altered the differentiation profile and nodule pattern. BMP2 addition increased chondrogenesis while WNT3A or Noggin had the opposite effect, but with distinct pattern outcomes. Titrating these pro- and anti-chondrogenic factors and examining the resulting patterns support the hypothesis that regularly spaced cartilage nodules formed by primary limb bud cells in micromass culture are influenced by the balance of Wnt and BMP signalling under a Turing-like mechanism. This study demonstrates an approach for investigating the mechanisms governing chondrogenic spatial organization using simple micromass culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Rolfe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Claire A Shea
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
MILLAN CLARO LUISFELIPE, MÁRQUEZ FLÓREZ KALENIA, DUQUE-DAZA CARLOSA, GARZÓN-ALVARADO DIEGOA. THREE-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF EARLY UPPER LIMB DEVELOPMENT. J MECH MED BIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s021951942250004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Limb development begins during embryogenesis when a series of biochemical interactions are triggered between a particular region of the mesoderm and the ectoderm. These processes affect the morphogenesis and growth of bones, joints, and all the other constituent elements of limbs; nevertheless, how the biochemical regulation affects mesenchymal condensation is not entirely clear. In this study, a three-dimensional computational model is designed to predict the appearance and location of the mesenchymal condensation in the stylopod and zeugopod; the biochemical events were described with reaction–diffusion equations that were solved using the finite elements method. The result of the gene expression in our model was consistent with the one reported in literature; the obtained patterns of Fgf8, Fgf10, and Wnt3a can predict the shape of the mesenchymal condensation of early upper limb development; the simple diffusive patterns of molecules were suitable to explain the areas where sox9 is expressed. Furthermore, our results suggest that the expression of Tgf-[Formula: see text] in the upper limb could be due to the inhibition of retinoic acid. These results suggest the importance of building computational scenarios where pathologies may be comprehensively examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - CARLOS A. DUQUE-DAZA
- Numerical Methods and Modeling Research Group (GNUM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - DIEGO A. GARZÓN-ALVARADO
- Numerical Methods and Modeling Research Group (GNUM), Biotechnology Institute (IBUN), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|