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Scodellaro C, Pina RR, Ferreira FC, Sanjuan-Alberte P, Fernandes TG. Unlocking the Potential of Stem Cell Microenvironments In Vitro. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:289. [PMID: 38534563 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine has recently witnessed groundbreaking advancements that hold immense promise for treating a wide range of diseases and injuries. At the forefront of this revolutionary progress are stem cells. Stem cells typically reside in specialized environments in vivo, known as microenvironments or niches, which play critical roles in regulating stem cell behavior and determining their fate. Therefore, understanding the complex microenvironments that surround stem cells is crucial for advancing treatment options in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications. Several research articles have made significant contributions to this field by exploring the interactions between stem cells and their surrounding niches, investigating the influence of biomechanical and biochemical cues, and developing innovative strategies for tissue regeneration. This review highlights the key findings and contributions of these studies, shedding light on the diverse applications that may arise from the understanding of stem cell microenvironments, thus harnessing the power of these microenvironments to transform the landscape of medicine and offer new avenues for regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Scodellaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raquel R Pina
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paola Sanjuan-Alberte
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago G Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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So WY, Johnson B, Gordon PB, Bishop KS, Gong H, Burr HA, Staunton JR, Handler C, Sood R, Scarcelli G, Tanner K. Macrophage mediated mesoscale brain mechanical homeostasis mechanically imaged via optical tweezers and Brillouin microscopy in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.27.573380. [PMID: 38234798 PMCID: PMC10793422 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.27.573380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Tissues are active materials where epithelial turnover, immune surveillance, and remodeling of stromal cells such as macrophages all regulate form and function. Scattering modalities such as Brillouin microscopy (BM) can non-invasively access mechanical signatures at GHz. However, our traditional understanding of tissue material properties is derived mainly from modalities which probe mechanical properties at different frequencies. Thus, reconciling measurements amongst these modalities remains an active area. Here, we compare optical tweezer active microrheology (OT-AMR) and Brillouin microscopy (BM) to longitudinally map brain development in the larval zebrafish. We determine that each measurement is able to detect a mechanical signature linked to functional units of the brain. We demonstrate that the corrected BM-Longitudinal modulus using a density factor correlates well with OT-AMR storage modulus at lower frequencies. We also show that the brain tissue mechanical properties are dependent on both the neuronal architecture and the presence of macrophages. Moreover, the BM technique is able to delineate the contributions to mechanical properties of the macrophage from that due to colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) mediated stromal remodeling. Here, our data suggest that macrophage remodeling is instrumental in the maintenance of tissue mechanical homeostasis during development. Moreover, the strong agreement between the OT-AM and BM further demonstrates that scattering-based technique is sensitive to both large and minute structural modification in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Young So
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | - Bailey Johnson
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | | | - Kevin S. Bishop
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | - Hyeyeon Gong
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
- University of Maryland - College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hannah A Burr
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | | | | | - Raman Sood
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, MD, USA
| | | | - Kandice Tanner
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
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3
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Murugan NJ, Cariba S, Abeygunawardena S, Rouleau N, Payne SL. Biophysical control of plasticity and patterning in regeneration and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 81:9. [PMID: 38099951 PMCID: PMC10724343 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Cells and tissues display a remarkable range of plasticity and tissue-patterning activities that are emergent of complex signaling dynamics within their microenvironments. These properties, which when operating normally guide embryogenesis and regeneration, become highly disordered in diseases such as cancer. While morphogens and other molecular factors help determine the shapes of tissues and their patterned cellular organization, the parallel contributions of biophysical control mechanisms must be considered to accurately predict and model important processes such as growth, maturation, injury, repair, and senescence. We now know that mechanical, optical, electric, and electromagnetic signals are integral to cellular plasticity and tissue patterning. Because biophysical modalities underly interactions between cells and their extracellular matrices, including cell cycle, metabolism, migration, and differentiation, their applications as tuning dials for regenerative and anti-cancer therapies are being rapidly exploited. Despite this, the importance of cellular communication through biophysical signaling remains disproportionately underrepresented in the literature. Here, we provide a review of biophysical signaling modalities and known mechanisms that initiate, modulate, or inhibit plasticity and tissue patterning in models of regeneration and cancer. We also discuss current approaches in biomedical engineering that harness biophysical control mechanisms to model, characterize, diagnose, and treat disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha J Murugan
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Solsa Cariba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Rouleau
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Samantha L Payne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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4
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Tabatabaee S, Hatami M, Mostajeran H, Baheiraei N. Modeling of the PHEMA-gelatin scaffold enriched with graphene oxide utilizing finite element method for bone tissue engineering. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2023; 26:499-507. [PMID: 35472279 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2066975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The development of computer-aided facilities has contributed to the optimization of tissue engineering techniques due to the reduction in necessary practical assessments and the removal of animal or human-related ethical issues. Herein, a bone scaffold based on poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), gelatin and graphene oxide (GO), was simulated by SOLIDWORKS and ABAQUS under a normal compression force using finite element method (FEM). Concerning the mechanotransduction impact, GO could support the stability of the structure and reduce the possibility of the failure resulting in the integrity and durability of the scaffold efficiency which would be beneficial for osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tabatabaee
- Department of Bio-Computing, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Hatami
- Department of Bio-Computing, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mostajeran
- Department of Bio-Computing, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Baheiraei
- Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Division, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Tabatabaee S, Baheiraei N, Salehnia M. Fabrication and characterization of PHEMA–gelatin scaffold enriched with graphene oxide for bone tissue engineering. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:216. [PMID: 35397609 PMCID: PMC8994334 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Growing investigations demonstrate that graphene oxide (GO) has an undeniable impact on repairing damaged bone tissue. Moreover, it has been stated in the literatures that poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and gelatin could provide a biocompatible structure.
Methods
In this research, we fabricated a scaffold using freeze-drying method comprised of PHEMA and gelatin, combined with GO. The validation of the successful fabrication of the scaffolds was performed utilizing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction assay (XRD). The microstructure of the scaffolds was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structural properties of the scaffolds including mechanical strength, hydrophilicity, electrical conductivity, and degradation rate were also evaluated. Human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the prepared scaffolds. The osteogenic potential of the GO-containing scaffolds was studied by measuring the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity after 7, 14, and 21 days cell culturing.
Results
SEM assay showed a porous interconnected scaffold with approximate pore size of 50–300 μm, appropriate for bone regeneration. The increase in GO concentration from 0.25 to 0.75% w/v exhibited a significant improvement in scaffolds compressive modulus from 9.03 ± 0.36 to 42.82 ± 1.63 MPa. Conventional four-probe analysis confirmed the electrical conductivity of the scaffolds in the semiconductor range. The degradation rate of the samples appeared to be in compliance with bone healing process. The scaffolds exhibited no cytotoxicity using MTT assay against hBM-MSCs. ALP analysis indicated that the PHEMA–Gel–GO scaffolds could efficiently cause the differentiation of hBM-MSCs into osteoblasts after 21 days, even without the addition of the osteogenic differentiation medium.
Conclusion
Based on the results of this research, it can be stated that the PHEMA–Gel–GO composition is a promising platform for bone tissue engineering.
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Almonacid Suarez AM, Zhou Q, van Rijn P, Harmsen MC. Directional topography gradients drive optimum alignment and differentiation of human myoblasts. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:2234-2245. [PMID: 31677226 PMCID: PMC6973069 DOI: 10.1002/term.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering of skeletal muscle aims to replicate the parallel alignment of myotubes on the native tissue. Directional topography gradients allow the study of the influence of topography on cellular orientation, proliferation, and differentiation, resulting in yield cues and clues to develop a proper in vitro environment for muscle tissue engineering. In this study, we used a polydimethylsiloxane-based substrate containing an aligned topography gradient with sinusoidal features ranging from wavelength (λ) = 1,520 nm and amplitude (A) =176 nm to λ = 9,934 nm and A = 2,168 nm. With this topography gradient, we evaluated the effect of topography on human myoblasts distribution, dominant orientation, cell area, nuclei coverage, cell area per number of nuclei, and nuclei area of myotubes. We showed that human myoblasts aligned and differentiated irrespective of the topography section. In addition, aligned human myotubes showed functionality and maturity by contracting spontaneously and nuclei peripheral organization resembling natural myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Almonacid Suarez
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Harmsen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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7
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Norahan MH, Amroon M, Ghahremanzadeh R, Rabiee N, Baheiraei N. Reduced graphene oxide: osteogenic potential for bone tissue engineering. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:720-725. [PMID: 31573541 PMCID: PMC8676151 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen (Col) type I, as the major component of the bone extracellular matrix has been broadly studied for bone tissue engineering. However,inferior mechanical properties limit its usage for load bearing applications. In this research, freeze dried Col scaffolds are coated with graphene oxide (GO) through a covalent bond of the amine Col with the graphene carboxyl groups. The prepared scaffolds were then reduced using a chemical agent. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited a porous structure for the synthesized scaffolds with an approximate pore size of 100-220 ± 12 µm, which is in the suitable range for bone tissue engineering application. Reducing the GO coating improved the compressive modulus of the Col from 250 to 970 kPa. Apatite formation was also indicated by immersing the scaffolds in simulated body fluid after five days. The cytocompatibility of the scaffolds, using human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, was confirmed with MTT analysis. Alkaline phosphatase assay revealed that reducing the Col-GO scaffolds can effectively activate the differentiation of hBM-MSCs into osteoblasts after 14 days, even without the addition of an osteogenic differentiation medium. The results of this study highlight that GO and its reduced form have considerable potential as bone substitutes for orthopaedic and dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Amroon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ramin Ghahremanzadeh
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna research institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Baheiraei
- Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences Division, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Bourgine PE, Fritsch K, Pigeot S, Takizawa H, Kunz L, Kokkaliaris KD, Coutu DL, Manz MG, Martin I, Schroeder T. Fate Distribution and Regulatory Role of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Engineered Hematopoietic Bone Organs. iScience 2019; 19:504-513. [PMID: 31442666 PMCID: PMC6710718 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of humanized ectopic ossicles (hOss) in mice has been proposed as an advanced translational and fundamental model to study the human hematopoietic system. The approach relies on the presence of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) supporting the engraftment of transplanted human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the functional distribution of hMSCs within the humanized microenvironment remains to be investigated. Here, we combined genetic tools and quantitative confocal microscopy to engineer and subsequently analyze hMSCs′ fate and distribution in hOss. Implanted hMSCs reconstituted a humanized environment including osteocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and stromal cells associated with vessels. By imaging full hOss, we identified rare physical interactions between hMSCs and human CD45+/CD34+/CD90+ cells, supporting a functional contact-triggered regulatory role of hMSCs. Our study highlights the importance of compiling quantitative information from humanized organs, to decode the interactions between the hematopoietic and the stromal compartments. Mesenchymal cells can generate human bone organs with tailored molecular signature Mesenchymal cells reconstitute a human niche environment capable of regulating HSPCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Bourgine
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, BMC B11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristin Fritsch
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Pigeot
- Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hitoshi Takizawa
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Leo Kunz
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Konstantinos D Kokkaliaris
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel L Coutu
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Manz
- Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ivan Martin
- Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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9
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Soft culture substrates favor stem-like cellular phenotype and facilitate reprogramming of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) through mechanotransduction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9086. [PMID: 31235788 PMCID: PMC6591285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biophysical cues influence many aspects of cell behavior. Stiffness of the extracellular matrix is probed by cells and transduced into biochemical signals through mechanotransduction protein networks, strongly influencing stem cell behavior. Cellular stemness is intimately related with mechanical properties of the cell, like intracellular contractility and stiffness, which in turn are influenced by the microenvironment. Pluripotency is associated with soft and low-contractility cells. Hence, we postulated that soft cell culture substrates, presumably inducing low cellular contractility and stiffness, increase the reprogramming efficiency of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We demonstrate that soft substrates (1.5 or 15 kPa polydimethylsiloxane – PDMS) caused modulation of several cellular features of MSCs into a phenotype closer to pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). MSCs cultured on soft substrates presented more relaxed nuclei, lower maturation of focal adhesions and F-actin assembling, more euchromatic and less heterochromatic nuclear DNA regions, and increased expression of pluripotency-related genes. These changes correlate with the reprogramming of MSCs, with a positive impact on the kinetics, robustness of colony formation and reprogramming efficiency. Additionally, substrate stiffness influences several phenotypic features of iPS cells and colonies, and data indicates that soft substrates favor full iPSC reprogramming.
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10
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Divieti Pajevic P, Krause DS. Osteocyte regulation of bone and blood. Bone 2019; 119:13-18. [PMID: 29458123 PMCID: PMC6095825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This past decade has witnessed a renewed interest in the function and biology of matrix-embedded osteocytes and these cells have emerged as master regulators of bone homeostasis. They secrete two very powerful proteins, sclerostin, a Wnt-inhibitor, that suppresses bone formation, and receptor-activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL), a cytokine required for osteoclastogenesis. Neutralizing antibodies against these proteins are currently used for the treatment of osteoporosis. Recent studies however, ascribed yet another function to osteocytes: the control of hematopoiesis and the HSPC niche, directly and through secreted factors. In the absence of osteocytes there is an increase in HSC mobilization and abnormal lymphopoiesis whereas in the absence of Gsα signaling in these cells there is an increase of myeloid cells. How exactly osteocytes control hematopoiesis or the HSPC niche is still not completely understood. In this review we summarize the actions of osteocytes in bone and then analyze the effects of these cells on hematopoiesis. Future directions and gaps in current knowledge are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela S Krause
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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11
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Rezaee N, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Haghighipour N. Effect of equiaxial cyclic strain on cardiomyogenic induction in mesenchymal stem cells. Prog Biomater 2018; 7:279-288. [PMID: 30367393 PMCID: PMC6304178 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-018-0102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of stem cells and functionality of target cells are regulated by microenvironmental stimuli to which the cells are exposed. Chemical agents such as growth factors and physical parameters including mechanical loadings are among major stimuli. In this study, equiaxial cyclic strain with two amplitudes was applied on rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rAMSCs) with or without 5-azacytidine. The mRNA expression of cardiac-related genes was investigated through RT-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method. Moreover, morphological features and the actin structure of the cells were studied. Results were indications of significant increase in mRNA expression among four target genes, which marked the increase in two principal cardiac markers of GATA4 and α-cardiac actin, and lesser increase in two other genes (NKX2-5, βMHC) in all experimental groups treated chemically and/or mechanically. Such effect was maximal when both treatments were applied describing the synergistic effect of combined stimuli. All treatments caused significant increase in cell area and cell shape index. The well spreading of cells was accompanied by enhanced actin structure, especially among samples subjected to mechanical stimulus. Both effects were among required features for functional muscle cells such as cardiac cells. It was concluded that the cyclic equiaxial strain enhanced cardiomyogenic induction among rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and such effect was strengthened when it was accompanied by application of chemical factor. Results can be considered among strategies for cardiomyogenic differentiation and can be employed in cardiac tissue engineering for production of functional cardiomyocytes to repair of damaged myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Rezaee
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tafazzoli-Shadpour
- Cardiovascular Engineering Lab, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Haghighipour
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, P.O. Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Bourgine PE, Klein T, Paczulla AM, Shimizu T, Kunz L, Kokkaliaris KD, Coutu DL, Lengerke C, Skoda R, Schroeder T, Martin I. In vitro biomimetic engineering of a human hematopoietic niche with functional properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5688-E5695. [PMID: 29866839 PMCID: PMC6016789 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805440115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In adults, human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. Our understanding of human hematopoiesis and the associated niche biology remains limited, due to human material accessibility and limits of existing in vitro culture models. The establishment of an in vitro BM system would offer an experimentally accessible and tunable platform to study human hematopoiesis. Here, we develop a 3D engineered human BM analog by recapitulating some of the hematopoietic niche elements. This includes a bone-like scaffold, functionalized by human stromal and osteoblastic cells and by the extracellular matrix they deposited during perfusion culture in bioreactors. The resulting tissue exhibited compositional and structural features of human BM while supporting the maintenance of HSPCs. This was associated with a compartmentalization of phenotypes in the bioreactor system, where committed blood cells are released into the liquid phase and HSPCs preferentially reside within the engineered BM tissue, establishing physical interactions with the stromal compartment. Finally, we demonstrate the possibility to perturb HSPCs' behavior within our 3D niches by molecular customization or injury simulation. The developed system enables the design of advanced, tunable in vitro BM proxies for the study of human hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Bourgine
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thibaut Klein
- Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna M Paczulla
- Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Takafumi Shimizu
- Experimental Hematology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leo Kunz
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Konstantinos D Kokkaliaris
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel L Coutu
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Radek Skoda
- Experimental Hematology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Ivan Martin
- Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
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13
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Tanner K. Perspective: The role of mechanobiology in the etiology of brain metastasis. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:031801. [PMID: 31069312 PMCID: PMC6324204 DOI: 10.1063/1.5024394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor latency and dormancy are obstacles to effective cancer treatment. In brain
metastases, emergence of a lesion can occur at varying intervals from diagnosis
and in some cases following successful treatment of the primary tumor. Genetic
factors that drive brain metastases have been identified, such as those involved
in cell adhesion, signaling, extravasation, and metabolism. From this wealth of
knowledge, vexing questions still remain; why is there a difference in strategy
to facilitate outgrowth and why is there a difference in latency? One missing
link may be the role of tissue biophysics of the brain microenvironment in
infiltrating cells. Here, I discuss the mechanical cues that may influence
disseminated tumor cells in the brain, as a function of age and disease. I
further discuss in vitro and in vivo
preclinical models such as 3D culture systems and zebrafish to study the role of
the mechanical environment in brain metastasis in an effort of providing novel
targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandice Tanner
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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14
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Slepička P, Siegel J, Lyutakov O, Slepičková Kasálková N, Kolská Z, Bačáková L, Švorčík V. Polymer nanostructures for bioapplications induced by laser treatment. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:839-855. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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15
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Three-Dimensional Graphene-RGD Peptide Nanoisland Composites That Enhance the Osteogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030669. [PMID: 29495519 PMCID: PMC5877530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene derivatives have immense potential in stem cell research. Here, we report a three-dimensional graphene/arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide nanoisland composite effective in guiding the osteogenesis of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). Amine-modified silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) were uniformly coated onto an indium tin oxide electrode (ITO), followed by graphene oxide (GO) encapsulation and electrochemical deposition of gold nanoparticles. A RGD–MAP–C peptide, with a triple-branched repeating RGD sequence and a terminal cysteine, was self-assembled onto the gold nanoparticles, generating the final three-dimensional graphene–RGD peptide nanoisland composite. We generated substrates with various gold nanoparticle–RGD peptide cluster densities, and found that the platform with the maximal number of clusters was most suitable for ADSC adhesion and spreading. Remarkably, the same platform was also highly efficient at guiding ADSC osteogenesis compared with other substrates, based on gene expression (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2), enzyme activity (ALP), and calcium deposition. ADSCs induced to differentiate into osteoblasts showed higher calcium accumulations after 14–21 days than when grown on typical GO-SiNP complexes, suggesting that the platform can accelerate ADSC osteoblastic differentiation. The results demonstrate that a three-dimensional graphene–RGD peptide nanoisland composite can efficiently derive osteoblasts from mesenchymal stem cells.
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16
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Engineered stem cell niche matrices for rotator cuff tendon regenerative engineering. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174789. [PMID: 28369135 PMCID: PMC5378368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotator cuff (RC) tears represent a large proportion of musculoskeletal injuries attended to at the clinic and thereby make RC repair surgeries one of the most widely performed musculoskeletal procedures. Despite the high incidence rate of RC tears, operative treatments have provided minimal functional gains and suffer from high re-tear rates. The hypocellular nature of tendon tissue poses a limited capacity for regeneration. In recent years, great strides have been made in the area of tendonogenesis and differentiation towards tendon cells due to a greater understanding of the tendon stem cell niche, development of advanced materials, improved scaffold fabrication techniques, and delineation of the phenotype development process. Though in vitro models for tendonogenesis have shown promising results, in vivo models have been less successful. The present work investigates structured matrices mimicking the tendon microenvironment as cell delivery vehicles in a rat RC tear model. RC injuries augmented with a matrix delivering rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) showed enhanced regeneration over suture repair alone or repair with augmentation, at 6 and 12-weeks post-surgery. The local delivery of rMSCs led to increased mechanical properties and improved tissue morphology. We hypothesize that the mesenchymal stem cells function to modulate the local immune and bioactivity environment through autocrine/paracrine and/or cell homing mechanisms. This study provides evidence for improved tendon healing with biomimetic matrices and delivered MSCs with the potential for translation to larger, clinical animal models. The enhanced regenerative healing response with stem cell delivering biomimetic matrices may represent a new treatment paradigm for massive RC tendon tears.
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Shotorbani BB, Alizadeh E, Salehi R, Barzegar A. Adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells to biomimetic polymers: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 71:1192-1200. [PMID: 27987676 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for cell therapy due to the self-renewal, multi-potency, ethically approved state and suitability for autologous transplantation. However, key issue for isolation and manipulation of MSCs is adhesion in ex-vivo culture systems. Biomaterials engineered for mimicking natural extracellular matrix (ECM) conditions which support stem cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation represent a main area of research in tissue engineering. Some of them successfully enhanced cells adhesion and proliferation because of their biocompatibility, biomimetic texture, and chemistry. However, it is still in its infancy, therefore intensification and optimization of in vitro, in vivo, and preclinical studies is needed to clarify efficacies as well as applicability of those bioengineered constructs. The aim of this review is to discuss mechanisms related to the in-vitro adhesion of MSCs, surfaces biochemical, biophysical, and other factors (of cell's natural and artificial micro-environment) which could affect it and a review of previous research attempting for its bio-chemo-optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; The Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Research Center (UCSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Roya Salehi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; The Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Research Center (UCSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegar
- Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences (RIFS), University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Alihemmati Z, Vahidi B, Haghighipour N, Salehi M. Computational simulation of static/cyclic cell stimulations to investigate mechanical modulation of an individual mesenchymal stem cell using confocal microscopy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 70:494-504. [PMID: 27770921 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been found that cells react to mechanical stimuli, while the type and magnitude of these cells are different in various physiological and pathological conditions. These stimuli may affect cell behaviors via mechanotransduction mechanisms. The aim of this study is to evaluate mechanical responses of a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) to a pressure loading using finite elements method (FEM) to clarify procedures of MSC mechanotransduction. The model is constructed based on an experimental set up in which statics and cyclic compressive loads are implemented on a model constructed from a confocal microscopy 3D image of a stem cell. Both of the applied compressive loads are considered in the physiological loading regimes. Moreover, a viscohyperelastic material model was assumed for the cell through which the finite elements simulation anticipates cell behavior based on strain and stress distributions in its components. As a result, high strain and stress values were captured from the viscohyperelastic model because of fluidic behavior of cytosol when compared with the obtained results through the hyperelastic models. It can be concluded that the generated strain produced by cyclic pressure is almost 8% higher than that caused by the static load and the von Mises stress distribution is significantly increased to about 150kPa through the cyclic loading. In total, the results does not only trace the efficacy of an individual 3D model of MSC using biomechanical experiments of cell modulation, but these results provide knowledge in interpretations from cell geometry. The current study was performed to determine a realistic aspect of cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakieh Alihemmati
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Vahidi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Salehi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Roura S, Gálvez-Montón C, Bayes-Genis A. Fibrin, the preferred scaffold for cell transplantation after myocardial infarction? An old molecule with a new life. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2304-2313. [PMID: 27061269 DOI: 10.1002/term.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin is a topical haemostat, sealant and tissue glue, which consists of concentrated fibrinogen and thrombin. It has broad medical and research uses. Recently, several studies have shown that engineered patches comprising mixtures of biological or synthetic materials and progenitor cells showed therapeutic promise for regenerating damaged tissues. In that context, fibrin maintains cell adherence at the site of injury, where cells are required for tissue repair, and offers a nurturing environment that protects implanted cells without interfering with their expected benefit. Here we review the past, present and future uses of fibrin, with a focus on its use as a scaffold material for cardiac repair. Fibrin patches filled with regenerative cells can be placed over the scarring myocardium; this methodology avoids many of the drawbacks of conventional cell-infusion systems. Advantages of using fibrin also include extraction from the patient's blood, an easy readjustment and implantation procedure, increase in viability and early proliferation of delivered cells, and benefits even with the patch alone. In line with this, we discuss the numerous preclinical studies that have used fibrin-cell patches, the practical issues inherent in their generation, and the necessary process of scaling-up from animal models to patients. In the light of the data presented, fibrin stands out as a valuable biomaterial for delivering cells to damaged tissue and for promoting beneficial effects. However, before the fibrin scaffold can be translated from bench to bedside, many issues must be explored further, including suboptimal survival and limited migration of the implanted cells to underlying ischaemic myocardium. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Roura
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Programme, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Gálvez-Montón
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Programme, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Regeneration (ICREC) Research Programme, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Cardiology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Correia C, Serra M, Espinha N, Sousa M, Brito C, Burkert K, Zheng Y, Hescheler J, Carrondo MJT, Sarić T, Alves PM. Combining hypoxia and bioreactor hydrodynamics boosts induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation towards cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 10:786-801. [PMID: 25022569 PMCID: PMC4225049 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for patient-specific disease modeling, drug screening and cell therapy. However, existing protocols for CM differentiation of iPSCs besides being highly dependent on the application of expensive growth factors show low reproducibility and scalability. The aim of this work was to develop a robust and scalable strategy for mass production of iPSC-derived CMs by designing a bioreactor protocol that ensures a hypoxic and mechanical environment. Murine iPSCs were cultivated as aggregates in either stirred tank or WAVE bioreactors. The effect of dissolved oxygen and mechanical forces, promoted by different hydrodynamic environments, on CM differentiation was evaluated. Combining a hypoxia culture (4 % O2 tension) with an intermittent agitation profile in stirred tank bioreactors resulted in an improvement of about 1000-fold in CM yields when compared to normoxic (20 % O2 tension) and continuously agitated cultures. Additionally, we showed for the first time that wave-induced agitation enables the differentiation of iPSCs towards CMs at faster kinetics and with higher yields (60 CMs/input iPSC). In an 11-day differentiation protocol, clinically relevant numbers of CMs (2.3 × 10(9) CMs/1 L) were produced, and CMs exhibited typical cardiac sarcomeric structures, calcium transients, electrophysiological profiles and drug responsiveness. This work describes significant advances towards scalable cardiomyocyte differentiation of murine iPSC, paving the way for the implementation of this strategy for mass production of their human counterparts and their use for cardiac repair and cardiovascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Correia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
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21
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Rodda AE, Meagher L, Nisbet DR, Forsythe JS. Specific control of cell–material interactions: Targeting cell receptors using ligand-functionalized polymer substrates. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Pryzhkova MV, Aria I, Cheng Q, Harris GM, Zan X, Gharib M, Jabbarzadeh E. Carbon nanotube-based substrates for modulation of human pluripotent stem cell fate. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5098-109. [PMID: 24690530 PMCID: PMC4943838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the biological response of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) cultured on a carbon nanotube (CNT) array-based substrate with the long term goal to direct hPSC germ layer specification for a wide variety of tissue engineering applications. CNT arrays were fabricated using a chemical vapor deposition system allowing for control over surface roughness and mechanical stiffness. Our results demonstrated that hPSCs readily attach to hydrophilized and extracellular matrix coated CNT arrays. hPSCs cultured as colonies in conditions supporting self-renewal demonstrated the morphology and marker expression of undifferentiated hPSCs. Conditions inducing spontaneous differentiation lead to hPSC commitment to all three embryonic germ layers as assessed by immunostaining and RT-PCR analysis. Strikingly, the physical characteristics of CNT arrays favored mesodermal specification of hPSCs. This is contradictory to the behavior of hPSCs on traditional tissue culture plastic which promotes the development of ectoderm. Altogether, these results demonstrate the potential of CNT arrays to be used in the generation of new platforms that allow for precise control of hPSC differentiation by tuning the characteristics of their physical microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Pryzhkova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Indrat Aria
- Graduate Aeronautics Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, CA 91125, USA
| | - Qingsu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Greg M Harris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Xingjie Zan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Morteza Gharib
- Graduate Aeronautics Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ehsan Jabbarzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA.
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23
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Hsiao C, Tomai M, Glynn J, Palecek SP. Effects of 3D microwell culture on initial fate specification in human embryonic stem cells. AIChE J 2014; 60:1225-1235. [PMID: 25505348 DOI: 10.1002/aic.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that 3D culture systems influence human embryonic stem cell (hESC) phenotypes and fate choices. However, the effect that these microenvironmental changes have on signaling pathways governing hESC behaviors is not well understood. Here, we have used a 3D microwell array to investigate differences in activation of developmental pathways between 2D and 3D cultures of both undifferentiated hESCs and hESCs undergoing initial differentiation in embryoid bodies (EBs). We observed increased induction into mesoderm and endoderm and differences in expression of genes from multiple signaling pathways that regulate development, including Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β superfamily, Notch and FGF during EB-mediated differentiation, in 3D microwells as compared with the 2D substrates. In undifferentiated hESCs, we also observed differences in epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotypes and the TGFβ/BMP pathway between cultures in 3D and 2D. These results illustrate that 3D culture influences multiple pathways that may regulate the differentiation trajectories of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheston Hsiao
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
| | - Matthew Tomai
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
| | - Jeremy Glynn
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
| | - Sean P. Palecek
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
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24
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Role of Three-Dimensional Matrix Stiffness in Regulating the Response of Human Neural Cells to Toxins. Cell Mol Bioeng 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-014-0326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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25
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Lü D, Luo C, Zhang C, Li Z, Long M. Differential regulation of morphology and stemness of mouse embryonic stem cells by substrate stiffness and topography. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3945-55. [PMID: 24529627 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of stem cell pluripotency or stemness is crucial to embryonic development and differentiation. The mechanical or physical microenvironment of stem cells, which includes extracellular matrix stiffness and topography, regulates cell morphology and stemness. Although a growing body of evidence has shown the importance of these factors in stem cell differentiation, the impact of these biophysical or biomechanical regulators remains insufficiently characterized. In the present study, we applied a micro-fabricated polyacrylamide hydrogel substrate with two elasticities and three topographies to systematically test the morphology, proliferation, and stemness of mESCs. The independent or combined impact of the two factors on specific cell functions was analyzed. Cells are able to grow effectively on both polystyrene and polyacrylamide substrates in the absence of feeder cells. Substrate stiffness is predominant in preserving stemness by enhancing Oct-4 and Nanog expression on a soft polyacrylamide substrate. Topography is also a critical factor for manipulating stemness via the formation of a relatively flattened colony on a groove or pillar substrate and a spheroid colony on a hexagonal substrate. Although topography is less effective on soft substrates, it plays a role in retaining cell stemness on stiff, hexagonal or pillar-shaped substrates. mESCs also form, in a timely manner, a 3D structure on groove or hexagonal substrates. These results further the understanding of stem cell morphology and stemness in a microenvironment that mimics physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyuan Lü
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunhua Luo
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhan Li
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering and Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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26
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Li W, Wang J, Ren J, Qu X. 3D graphene oxide-polymer hydrogel: near-infrared light-triggered active scaffold for reversible cell capture and on-demand release. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:6737-6743. [PMID: 24123218 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An active cell scaffold based on a graphene-polymer hydrogel has been successfully fabricated. The macroporous hydrogel can efficiently capture cells not only through the bioadhesive ligand RGD but also through on-demand release of cells with an NIR light stimulus. The latter process shows better dynamic control over cells than traditional passive-hydrogel-based cell depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
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27
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Srivastava N, James J, Narayan KS. Morphology and electrostatics play active role in neuronal differentiation processes on flexible conducting substrates. Organogenesis 2013; 10:1-5. [PMID: 24281142 DOI: 10.4161/org.27213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary discusses and summarizes the key highlights of our recently reported work entitled "Neuronal Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Neuronal Progenitors Can Be Regulated by Stretchable Conducting Polymers." The prospect of controlling the mechanical-rigidity and the surface conductance properties offers a unique combination for tailoring the growth and differentiation of neuronal cells. We emphasize the utility of transparent elastomeric substrates with coatings of electrically conducting polymer to realize the desired substrate-characteristics for cellular development processes. Our study showed that neuronal differentiation from ES cells is highly influenced by the specific substrates on which they are growing. Thus, our results provide a better strategy for regulated neuronal differentiation by using such functional conducting surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishit Srivastava
- Molecular Electronics Laboratory; Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit; Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research; Bangalore, India
| | - Jackson James
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory; Neurobiology Division; Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology; Trivandrum, India
| | - K S Narayan
- Molecular Electronics Laboratory; Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit; Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research; Bangalore, India
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28
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Geuss LR, Suggs LJ. Making cardiomyocytes: How mechanical stimulation can influence differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1089-96. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Geuss
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712
| | - Laura J. Suggs
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712
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29
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Álvarez Z, Mateos-Timoneda MA, Hyroššová P, Castaño O, Planell JA, Perales JC, Engel E, Alcántara S. The effect of the composition of PLA films and lactate release on glial and neuronal maturation and the maintenance of the neuronal progenitor niche. Biomaterials 2013; 34:2221-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Borjigin M, Eskridge C, Niamat R, Strouse B, Bialk P, Kmiec EB. Electrospun fiber membranes enable proliferation of genetically modified cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:855-64. [PMID: 23467983 PMCID: PMC3587395 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s40117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL) and its blended composites (chitosan, gelatin, and lecithin) are well-established biomaterials that can enrich cell growth and enable tissue engineering. However, their application in the recovery and proliferation of genetically modified cells has not been studied. In the study reported here, we fabricated PCL-biomaterial blended fiber membranes, characterized them using physicochemical techniques, and used them as templates for the growth of genetically modified HCT116-19 colon cancer cells. Our data show that the blended polymers are highly miscible and form homogenous electrospun fiber membranes of uniform texture. The aligned PCL nanofibers support robust cell growth, yielding a 2.5-fold higher proliferation rate than cells plated on standard plastic plate surfaces. PCL-lecithin fiber membranes yielded a 2.7-fold higher rate of proliferation, while PCL-chitosan supported a more modest growth rate (1.5-fold higher). Surprisingly, PCL-gelatin did not enhance cell proliferation when compared to the rate of cell growth on plastic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandula Borjigin
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA
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31
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Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene sheets and carbon nanotubes possess unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties that present new opportunities for tissue engineering, a key field for the development of biological alternatives that repair or replace whole or a portion of tissue. Carbon nanomaterials can also provide a similar microenvironment as like a biological extracellular matrix in terms of chemical composition and physical structure, making them a potential candidate for the development of artificial scaffolds. In this review, we summarize recent research advances in the effects of carbon nanomaterial-based substrates on cellular behaviors, including cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation into osteo- or neural- lineages. The development of 3D scaffolds based on carbon nanomaterials (or their composites with polymers and inorganic components) is introduced, and the potential of these constructs in tissue engineering, including toxicity issues, is discussed. Future perspectives and emerging challenges are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Hee Ku
- Department of Materials, Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Nawroth JC, Parker KK. Design standards for engineered tissues. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:632-7. [PMID: 23267860 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional technologies are required to meet specific, quantitative standards of safety and performance. In tissue engineering, similar standards will have to be developed to enable routine clinical use and customized tissue fabrication. In this essay, we discuss a framework of concepts leading towards general design standards for tissue-engineering, focusing in particular on systematic design strategies, control of cell behavior, physiological scaling, fabrication modes and functional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna C Nawroth
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Skardal A, Mack D, Atala A, Soker S. Substrate elasticity controls cell proliferation, surface marker expression and motile phenotype in amniotic fluid-derived stem cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2012; 17:307-16. [PMID: 23122714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The physical cues presented to stem cells by the substrate on or in which they exist have been shown to play a crucial role in regulation of their behavior. Until recently, most research has focused on the effects of substrate elasticity on differentiation capability rather than maintenance of long-term proliferation and plasticity. The main goal of the present study is to study the interaction of amniotic fluid-derived stem (AFS) cells with growth substrata of different elasticity, which may extend their application potentials. Here, we investigate the effects of elastic modulus (E'), on AFS cell proliferation, morphology, cell surface marker expression, and autocrine stimulation of cell migration. AFS cells cultured on substrates of different E' exhibited significant changes in proliferation and morphology. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased expression of cell surface markers associated with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (CD44, CD90, CD105, and N-cadherin) in cells cultured on softer substrates. Additionally, AFS cells cultured on softer substrates induced autocrine stimulation of migration. Therefore, tailoring the elastic modulus of biomaterials to specific stiffness values is an effective method to control stem cell properties, which may modulate the effectiveness of their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Skardal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, NC 27157, USA
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Abstract
The fates of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including survival, self-renewal, and differentiation, are regulated by chemical and mechanical cues presented in the three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment. Most PSC studies have been performed on two-dimensional substrates. However, 3D culture systems have demonstrated the importance of intercellular interactions in regulating PSC self-renewal and differentiation. Microwell culture systems have been developed to generate homogenous PSC colonies of defined sizes and shapes and to study how colony morphology affects cell fate. Using microwells, researchers have demonstrated that PSCs remain in a self-renewing undifferentiated state as a result of autocrine and paracrine signaling. Other studies have shown that microwell regulation of embryoid body size affects lineage commitment during differentiation via cell-cell contact and expression of soluble signals. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the design and utilization of 3D microwell platforms for studying intercellular regulation of PSC cell fate decisions and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Kolehmainen K, Willerth SM. Preparation of 3D fibrin scaffolds for stem cell culture applications. J Vis Exp 2012:e3641. [PMID: 22415575 DOI: 10.3791/3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are found in naturally occurring 3D microenvironments in vivo, which are often referred to as the stem cell niche. Culturing stem cells inside of 3D biomaterial scaffolds provides a way to accurately mimic these microenvironments, providing an advantage over traditional 2D culture methods using polystyrene as well as a method for engineering replacement tissues. While 2D tissue culture polystrene has been used for the majority of cell culture experiments, 3D biomaterial scaffolds can more closely replicate the microenvironments found in vivo by enabling more accurate establishment of cell polarity in the environment and possessing biochemical and mechanical properties similar to soft tissue. A variety of naturally derived and synthetic biomaterial scaffolds have been investigated as 3D environments for supporting stem cell growth. While synthetic scaffolds can be synthesized to have a greater range of mechanical and chemical properties and often have greater reproducibility, natural biomaterials are often composed of proteins and polysaccharides found in the extracelluar matrix and as a result contain binding sites for cell adhesion and readily support cell culture. Fibrin scaffolds, produced by polymerizing the protein fibrinogen obtained from plasma, have been widely investigated for a variety of tissue engineering applications both in vitro and in vivo. Such scaffolds can be modified using a variety of methods to incorporate controlled release systems for delivering therapeutic factors. Previous work has shown that such scaffolds can be used to successfully culture embryonic stem cells and this scaffold-based culture system can be used to screen the effects of various growth factors on the differentiation of the stem cells seeded inside. This protocol details the process of polymerizing fibrin scaffolds from fibrinogen solutions using the enzymatic activity of thrombin. The process takes 2 days to complete, including an overnight dialysis step for the fibrinogen solution to remove citrates that inhibit polymerization. These detailed methods rely on fibrinogen concentrations determined to be optimal for embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell culture. Other groups have further investigated fibrin scaffolds for a wide range of cell types and applications - demonstrating the versatility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Shields Bahney
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Theodore Miclau
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, USA,Address for correspondence: Dr. Theodore Miclau, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General Hospital, 2550 23rd Street, Building 9, 2nd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94119, USA. E-mail:
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Mattotti M, Alvarez Z, Ortega JA, Planell JA, Engel E, Alcántara S. Inducing functional radial glia-like progenitors from cortical astrocyte cultures using micropatterned PMMA. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1759-70. [PMID: 22136716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radial glia cells (RGC) are multipotent progenitors that generate neurons and glia during CNS development, and which also served as substrate for neuronal migration. After a lesion, reactive glia are the main contributor to CNS regenerative blockage, although some reactive astrocytes are also able to de-differentiate in situ into radial glia-like cells (RGLC), providing beneficial effects in terms of CNS recovery. Thus, the identification of substrate properties that potentiate the ability of astrocytes to transform into RGLC in response to a lesion might help in the development of implantable devices that improve endogenous CNS regeneration. Here we demonstrate that functional RGLC can be induced from in vitro matured astrocytes by using a precisely-sized micropatterned PMMA grooved scaffold, without added soluble or substrate adsorbed biochemical factors. RGLC were extremely organized and aligned on 2 μm line patterned PMMA and, like their embryonic counterparts, express nestin, the neuron-glial progenitor marker Pax6, and also proliferate, generate different intermediate progenitors and support and direct axonal growth and neuronal migration. Our results suggest that the introduction of line patterns in the size range of the RGC processes in implantable scaffolds might mimic the topography of the embryonic neural stem cell niche, driving endogenous astrocytes into an RGLC phenotype, and thus favoring the regenerative response in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mattotti
- Dpt. Material Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia-UPC, Barcelona, Spain
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Feinberg AW. Engineered tissue grafts: opportunities and challenges in regenerative medicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 4:207-20. [PMID: 22012681 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human body has limited regenerative capacity in most of the major tissues and organs. This fact has spurred the field of regenerative medicine, promising to repair damage following traumatic injury or disease. Multiple therapeutic strategies are being explored including small molecules, gene delivery, and stem cells; however, tissue engineering remains a primary approach to achieving regeneration. Organ transplantation demonstrates that damaged tissues can be replaced, but technology to regenerate complex organs de novo is not yet available. Instead, tissue engineering can augment the body's own regenerative ability by replacing tissue sections and enhancing the regenerative cascade. As a consequence of these opportunities, it is timely to review the criteria and current status of engineered tissue grafts designed as patches to replace or regenerate damaged or diseased tissue and restore organ function. This topic will be explored starting from the biomaterials and cells incorporated into the engineered graft, the environment into which the graft is implanted and the integration of the engineered graft with the host. Common issues will be addressed that are relevant to regeneration in multiple tissue and organ systems. Specific examples will focus on engineered grafts for myocardial and corneal repair to illustrate the tissue-specific challenges and opportunities and highlight the innovation needed as the field moves forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Feinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Wang Y, Yao M, Zhou J, Zheng W, Zhou C, Dong D, Liu Y, Teng Z, Jiang Y, Wei G, Cui X. The promotion of neural progenitor cells proliferation by aligned and randomly oriented collagen nanofibers through β1 integrin/MAPK signaling pathway. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6737-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kitambi SS, Chandrasekar G. Stem cells: a model for screening, discovery and development of drugs. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 4:51-9. [PMID: 24198530 PMCID: PMC3781757 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of normal and cancerous stem cells and the recent advances made in isolation and culture of stem cells have rapidly gained attention in the field of drug discovery and regenerative medicine. The prospect of performing screens aimed at proliferation, directed differentiation, and toxicity and efficacy studies using stem cells offers a reliable platform for the drug discovery process. Advances made in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from normal or diseased tissue serves as a platform to perform drug screens aimed at developing cell-based therapies against conditions like Parkinson’s disease and diabetes. This review discusses the application of stem cells and cancer stem cells in drug screening and their role in complementing, reducing, and replacing animal testing. In addition to this, target identification and major advances in the field of personalized medicine using induced pluripotent cells are also discussed.
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Wang LD, Wagers AJ. Dynamic niches in the origination and differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:643-55. [PMID: 21886187 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent, self-renewing progenitors that generate all mature blood cells. HSC function is tightly controlled to maintain haematopoietic homeostasis, and this regulation relies on specialized cells and factors that constitute the haematopoietic 'niche', or microenvironment. Recent discoveries, aided in part by technological advances in in vivo imaging, have engendered a new appreciation for the dynamic nature of the niche, identifying novel cellular and acellular niche components and uncovering fluctuations in the relative importance of these components over time. These new insights significantly improve our understanding of haematopoiesis and raise fundamental questions about what truly constitutes a stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo D Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 7 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. Leo.Wang@ childrens.harvard.edu
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Aboody K, Capela A, Niazi N, Stern JH, Temple S. Translating stem cell studies to the clinic for CNS repair: current state of the art and the need for a Rosetta stone. Neuron 2011; 70:597-613. [PMID: 21609819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery twenty years ago and prospective isolation a decade later, neural stem cells (NSCs), their progenitors, and differentiated cell derivatives along with other stem-cell based strategies have advanced steadily toward clinical trials, spurred by the immense need to find reparative therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injury. Current phase I/II trials using stem cells in the CNS are the vanguard for the widely anticipated next generation of regenerative therapies and as such are pioneering the stem cell therapy process. While translation has typically been the purview of industry, academic researchers are increasingly driven to bring their findings toward treatments and face challenges in knowledge gap and resource access that are accentuated by the unique financial, manufacturing, scientific, and regulatory aspects of cell therapy. Solutions are envisioned that both address the significant unmet medical need and lead to increased funding for basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Aboody
- Department of Neurosciences and Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope National Medical Center & Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Nadeau JH, Subramaniam S. Systems biology--old wine in a new bottle or is the bottle changing the wine? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 2:1-2. [PMID: 20836006 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Nadeau
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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High-throughput indentational elasticity measurements of hydrogel extracellular matrix substrates. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2009; 95:063701. [PMCID: PMC2738736 DOI: 10.1063/1.3197013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Much interest surrounds the effect of extracellular matrix (ECM) elasticity on cell behavior. Here we present a rapid method for measuring the elasticity of synthetic ECM substrates based on indentation of the substrate with a ferromagnetic sphere and optical tracking of the resulting deformation. We find that this method yields order-of-magnitude agreement with atomic force microscopy elasticity measurements, but that the degree of this agreement depends strongly on sphere density and gel elasticity. In its regime of greatest accuracy, we envision that this method may be used for high-throughput characterization of ECM substrates in cell biological studies.
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