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Ivić S, Jeromel A, Kozina B, Prusina T, Budić-Leto I, Boban A, Vasilj V, Jagatić Korenika AM. Sequential Fermentation in Red Wine cv. Babić Production: The Influence of Torulaspora delbrueckii and Lachancea thermotolerans Yeasts on the Aromatic and Sensory Profile. Foods 2024; 13:2000. [PMID: 38998506 PMCID: PMC11241832 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to analyze the impact of two different non-Saccharomyces yeast species on the aromatic profile of red wines made from the cv. Babić (Vitis vinifera L.) red grape variety. The grapes were obtained from two positions in the Middle and South of Dalmatia. This study compared a control treatment with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) strain as a type of sequential inoculation treatment with Lachancea thermotolerans (Lt x Sc) and Torulaspora delbrueckii (Td x Sc). The focus was on the basic wine parameters and volatile aromatic compound concentrations determined using the SPME-Arrow-GC/MS method. The results revealed significant differences in cis-linalool oxide, geraniol, neric acid, and nerol, which contribute to the sensory profile with floral and rose-like aromas; some ethyl esters, such as ethyl furoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl lactate, ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate, ethyl 3-hydroxy butanoate, diethyl glutarate, and diethyl succinate, contribute to the aromatic profile with fruity, buttery, overripe, or aging aromas. A sensory evaluation of wines confirmed that Td x Sc treatments exhibited particularly positive aromatic properties together with a more intense fullness, harmony, aftertaste, and overall impression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stipe Ivić
- Institute for Adriatic Cultures and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Jeromel
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bernard Kozina
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tihomir Prusina
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Mostar, Biskupa Čule 10, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Irena Budić-Leto
- Institute for Adriatic Cultures and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Boban
- Institute for Adriatic Cultures and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Višnja Vasilj
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Mostar, Biskupa Čule 10, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Tzamourani A, Paramithiotis S, Favier M, Coulon J, Moine V, Paraskevopoulos I, Dimopoulou M. New Insights into the Production of Assyrtiko Wines from the Volcanic Terroir of Santorini Island Using Lachancea thermotolerans. Microorganisms 2024; 12:786. [PMID: 38674730 PMCID: PMC11052215 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Assyrtiko is a rare ancient grape variety of Greece, which is known to produce Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Santorini white wines. Besides the famous character of the volcanic terroir, Assyrtiko of Santorini is also marked by a low pH value and sharp acidity. The aim of the present study was to apply a new inoculation procedure that modulates the fermentation process by maintaining the unique sensorial characteristics of Assyrtiko wines based on acidity. For this purpose, the Lachancea thermotolerans species, known for the formation of lactic acid, was tested in sequential fermentation with three different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. At the end of the fermentation process, implantation control for S. cerevisiae strains (interdelta sequence profile analysis) was performed, oenological parameters were determined according to the OIV protocols, and the volatile compounds produced were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Finally, all produced wines were evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis by two groups of experts; the Greek team of oenologists from Santorini Island specialized in Assyrtiko wines, and the French team of oenologists specialized in wine from Bordeaux. As expected, the inoculated strain was the one that dominated the fermentation process, but nine S. cerevisiae indigenous strains were also identified in the produced wines. Lachancea thermotolerans produced 1 g/L of lactic and also modulated the volatile profile of the wines independently of the S. cerevisiae strain used. The origin of the panelists played an important role in bringing up sensorial traits, such as acidity. Our results led to a new interesting application of L. thermotolerans for white wine production adapted to climate change claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Tzamourani
- Department of Wine, Vine and Beverage Sciences, School of Food Science, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos St., 12243 Egaleo, Greece
| | - Spiros Paramithiotis
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Marion Favier
- BioLaffort, 11 rue Aristide Bergès, 33270 Floirac, France (J.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Joana Coulon
- BioLaffort, 11 rue Aristide Bergès, 33270 Floirac, France (J.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Virginie Moine
- BioLaffort, 11 rue Aristide Bergès, 33270 Floirac, France (J.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Ioannis Paraskevopoulos
- Department of Wine, Vine and Beverage Sciences, School of Food Science, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos St., 12243 Egaleo, Greece
- GAIA Wines, 84700 Santorini, Greece
| | - Maria Dimopoulou
- Department of Wine, Vine and Beverage Sciences, School of Food Science, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos St., 12243 Egaleo, Greece
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Comuzzo P, del Fresno JM, Voce S, Loira I, Morata A. Emerging biotechnologies and non-thermal technologies for winemaking in a context of global warming. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1273940. [PMID: 37869658 PMCID: PMC10588647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1273940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current situation, wine areas are affected by several problems in a context of global warming: asymmetric maturities, pH increasing, high alcohol degree and flat wines with low freshness and poor aroma profile. The use of emerging biotechnologies allows to control or manage such problems. Emerging non-Saccharomyces as Lachancea thermotolerans are very useful for controlling pH by the formation of stable lactic acid from sugars with a slight concomitant alcohol reduction. Lower pH improves freshness increasing simultaneously microbiological stability. The use of Hanseniaspora spp. (specially H. vineae and H. opuntiae) or Metschnikowia pulcherrima promotes a better aroma complexity and improves wine sensory profile by the expression of a more complex metabolic pattern and the release of extracellular enzymes. Some of them are also compatible or synergic with the acidification by L. thermotolerans, and M. pulcherrima is an interesting biotool for reductive winemaking and bioprotection. The use of bioprotection is a powerful tool in this context, allowing oxidation control by oxygen depletion, the inhibition of some wild microorganisms, improving the implantation of some starters and limiting SO2. This can be complemented with the use of reductive yeast derivatives with high contents of reducing peptides and relevant compounds such as glutathione that also are interesting to reduce SO2. Finally, the use of emerging non-thermal technologies as Ultra High-Pressure Homogenization (UHPH) and Pulsed Light (PL) increases wine stability by microbial control and inactivation of oxidative enzymes, improving the implantation of emerging non-Saccharomyces and lowering SO2 additions. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Comuzzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Voce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Iris Loira
- enotecUPM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Morata
- enotecUPM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Mucalo A, Budić-Leto I, Zdunić G. Effect of Sequential Fermentation with Lachancea thermotolerans/ S. cerevisiae on Aromatic and Flavonoid Profiles of Plavac Mali Wine. Foods 2023; 12:1912. [PMID: 37174449 PMCID: PMC10177817 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of sequential fermentation of Lachancea thermotolerans/S. cerevisiae on the production of Plavac Mali wines were investigated in comparison with the commonly used inoculation of the commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain and spontaneous fermentation. A total of 113 aroma compounds and 35 polyphenolic compounds were analyzed. Sequential inoculation resulted in a decrease in alcohol content and pH (up to 0.3% v/v and 0.12 units, respectively) and an increase in total acidity (0.6 g/L, expressed as tartaric acid). The wines produced by spontaneous fermentation exhibited the greatest diversity of volatile compounds and the highest concentration of C13 norisoprenoids, lactones, and other compounds. These wines exhibited maximum hydroxycinnamic acids, prodelphinidin monomer units, epigallocatechin, B1, B3, and B4 dimers, and total flavan-3-ols. Sequential inoculation decreased the content of the aromas and polyphenols in the wines. The practical significance of this procedure lies in the selective effect on aroma compounds, the decrease in green aromas, undetectable volatile phenols, and the decrease in bitter and astringent compounds such as gallic acid, flavan-3-ol monomers (catechin and epicatechin), and dimers (B1, B2, B3, and B4). This work demonstrates the potential of sequential and spontaneous fermentation to improve the aromatic characteristics and overall quality of Plavac Mali wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mucalo
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.B.-L.); (G.Z.)
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Vicente J, Kelanne N, Rodrigo-Burgos L, Navascués E, Calderón F, Santos A, Marquina D, Yang B, Benito S. Influence of different Lachancea thermotolerans strains in the wine profile in the era of climate challenge. FEMS Yeast Res 2023; 23:6886540. [PMID: 36494201 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study performed sequential fermentations of red grape juice using several strains of Lachancea thermotolerans and one strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Due to the new conditions imposed by climate change, wine acidity must be affected as well as the volatile profile. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts such as L. thermotolerans are real alternatives to soften the impact of climate change in winemaking. The L. thermotolerans strains included three commercially available strains and two wine-related natural isolates. L. thermotolerans showed significant statistical differences in basic chemical parameters such as lactic acid, malic acid, or ethanol concentrations as well as in the volatile profile. S. cerevisiae clearly produced some volatile compounds in higher amounts than the studied L. thermotolerans strains while others showed the opposite effect. Sequential fermentations involving any of the studied strains of L. thermotolerans with S. cerevisiae showed an increased volatile profile compared to the S. ceresisiae single fermentation, highlighting the synergic effect between the studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vicente
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Niina Kelanne
- Food Sciences, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Lydia Rodrigo-Burgos
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Navascués
- Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Pago de Carraovejas, S.L.U., Camino de Carraovejas, s/n, 47300 Peñafiel, Spain
| | - Fernando Calderón
- Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Santos
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo Marquina
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Sciences, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Santiago Benito
- Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Use of Mixed Cultures for the Production of Grape–Plum Low-Alcohol Fermented Beverages. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the attempt to develop a production technology for grape–plum low-alcohol beverages and enhance their chemical composition and flavor complexity through the non-Saccharomyces species. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) pure cultures were used as reference beverages. Pure cultures of Lachancea thermotolerans (LT) and co-inoculated Lachancea thermotolerans with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (MIX) were included for grape–plum must fermentation at a pilot scale. The process involves two steps: a primary alcoholic fermentation in stainless steel tanks (F1) and a secondary fermentation in a bottle after dextrose syrup addition (F2). The chemical compositions of all beverages obtained in F1 and F2 were studied. Compared to SC, must inoculated with L. thermotolerans (LT and MIX) required four more days to complete the fermentation of sugars during F1. SC fermentation tended to have slightly higher pH and titratable acidity values and lower concentrations of total phenols. Final levels of aromatic precursor nitrogen and sulfur amino nitrogen were obtained more in SC than in LT and MIX. SC treatment had higher final levels of histidine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, valine, and cysteine. Related to individual amino acids, SC treatment had higher final levels of histidine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, valine, and cysteine. Analysis of the volatile composition showed that, compared with SC, MIX had the highest percentage of higher alcohols (3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol) and acetates (isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate) which are associated with fruity and banana aromas. A decreasing trend in volatile fatty acids was observed in LT and MIX compared to SC. LT application, both in pure and mixed culture, significantly modified the values of the percentage of 5 of the 10 ethyl ester compounds analyzed. Finally, the sensory analysis showed that there were no significant differences, even though the non-Saccharomyces had a higher percentage of volatile metabolites. The results have shown that through this process an innovative and high-quality product was obtained: a low-alcohol beverage made from grapes and plums, which could be developed at an industrial level due to the increasing interest of consumers in this type of product.
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Englezos V, Jolly NP, Di Gianvito P, Rantsiou K, Cocolin L. Microbial interactions in winemaking: Ecological aspects and effect on wine quality. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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The Impact of Indigenous Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts Inoculated Fermentations on ‘Semillon’ Icewine. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8080413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging low acidity in icewine grapes is becoming a major problem in producing quality icewine. Using non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts in fermentation can improve wine’s organoleptic characteristics and aromatic quality. This study evaluated two indigenous non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts, Lachancea thermotolerans (LT-2) and Torulaspora delbrueckii (TD-3), for their ability to improve the acidity and quality of ‘Semillon’ icewine. Five different inoculation schemes were implemented, including a single inoculation of S. cerevisiae (SC), L. thermotolerans (LT), and T. delbrueckii (TD); the sequential inoculation of L. thermotolerans, followed by S. cerevisiae after 6 days (L-S); and the sequential inoculation of L. thermotolerans, followed by T. delbrueckii after 6 days (L-D). The results showed that, during sequential fermentation (L-S and L-D), the presence of S. cerevisiae or T. delbrueckii slightly restrained the growth of L. thermotolerans. Single or sequential inoculation with L. thermotolerans and T. delbrueckii significantly reduced the amount of volatile acidity and increased the glycerol content. Furthermore, fermentations involving L. thermotolerans produced relevant amounts of lactic acid (2.04–2.2 g/L) without excessive deacidification of the icewines. Additionally, sequential fermentations increased the concentration of terpenes, C13-norisoprenoid compounds, and phenethyl compounds. A sensory analysis also revealed that sequentially fermented icewines (L-S and L-D) had more fruity and floral odors and aroma intensity. This study highlights the potential application of L. thermotolerans and T. delbrueckii in sequential fermentation to improve the icewine quality.
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Multiparametric Approach to Interactions between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lachancea thermotolerans during Fermentation. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8060286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of a significant part of current wine technology research is to better understand and monitor mixed culture fermentations and optimize the microbiological processes and characteristics of the final wine. In this context, the yeast couple formed by Lachancea thermotolerans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is of particular interest. The diverse results observed in the literature have shown that wine characteristics are dependent on both interactions between yeasts and environmental and fermentation parameters. Here, we took a multiparametric approach to study the impact of fermentation parameters on three different but related aspects of wine fermentation: population dynamics, fermentation, and volatile compound production. An experimental design was used to assess the effects of four independent factors (temperature, oxygenation, nitrogen content, inoculum ratio) on variables representing these three aspects. Temperature and, to a lesser extent, oxygenation and the inoculum ratio, were shown to constitute key factors in optimizing the presence of Lachancea thermotolerans during fermentation. The inoculum ratio also appeared to greatly impact lactic acid production, while the quantity of nitrogen seemed to be involved more in the management of aroma compound production. These results showed that a global approach to mixed fermentations is not only pertinent, but also constitutes an important tool for controlling them.
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Hu K, Zhao H, Edwards N, Peyer L, Tao Y, Arneborg N. The effects of cell-cell contact between Pichia kluyveri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on amino acids and volatiles in mixed culture alcoholic fermentations. Food Microbiol 2022; 103:103960. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Vicente J, Baran Y, Navascués E, Santos A, Calderón F, Marquina D, Rauhut D, Benito S. Biological management of acidity in wine industry: A review. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 375:109726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vicente J, Navascués E, Calderón F, Santos A, Marquina D, Benito S. An Integrative View of the Role of Lachancea thermotolerans in Wine Technology. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112878. [PMID: 34829158 PMCID: PMC8625220 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in Lachancea thermotolerans, a yeast species with unusual characteristics, has notably increased in all ecological, evolutionary, and industrial aspects. One of the key characteristics of L. thermotolerans is the production of high quantities of lactic acid compared to other yeast species. Its evolution has mainly been driven by the influence of the environment and domestication, allowing several metabolic traits to arise. The molecular regulation of the fermentative process in L. thermotolerans shows interesting routes that play a complementary or protective role against fermentative stresses. One route that is activated under this condition is involved in the production of lactic acid, presenting a complete system for its production, showing the involvement of several enzymes and transporters. In winemaking, the use of L. thermotolerans is nowadays mostly focused in early–medium-maturity grape varieties, in which over-ripening can produce wines lacking acidity and with high concentrations of ethanol. Recent studies have reported new positive influences on quality apart from lactic acid acidification, such as improvements in color, glutathione production, aroma, malic acid, polysaccharides, or specific enzymatic activities that constitute interesting new criteria for selecting better strains. This positive influence on winemaking has increased the availability of commercial strains during recent years, allowing comparisons among some of those products. Initially, the management of L. thermotolerans was thought to be combined with Saccaharomyces cerevisiae to properly end alcoholic fermentation, but new studies are innovating and reporting combinations with other key enological microorganisms such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Oenocous oeni, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, or other non-Saccharomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vicente
- Unit of Microbiology, Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology Department, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.); (A.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Eva Navascués
- Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.); (F.C.)
- Pago de Carraovejas, Camino de Carraovejas, S/N, 47300 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Calderón
- Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonio Santos
- Unit of Microbiology, Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology Department, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.); (A.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Domingo Marquina
- Unit of Microbiology, Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology Department, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.); (A.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Santiago Benito
- Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.N.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9133-63710 or +34-9133-63984
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Phenotypic characterization of cell-to-cell interactions between two yeast species during alcoholic fermentation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:186. [PMID: 34580785 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial multispecies ecosystems are responsible for many biotechnological processes and are particularly important in food production. In wine fermentations, in addition to the natural microbiota, several commercially relevant yeast species may be co-inoculated to achieve specific outcomes. However, such multispecies fermentations remain largely unpredictable because of multilevel interactions between naturally present and/or co-inoculated species. Understanding the nature of such interactions has therefore become essential for successful implementation of such strategies. Here we investigate interactions between strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lachancea thermotolerans. Co-fermentations with both species sharing the same bioreactor (physical contact) were compared to co-fermentations with physical separation between the species in a membrane bioreactor ensuring free exchange of metabolites. Yeast culturability, viability and the production of core metabolites were monitored. The previously reported negative interaction between these two yeast species was confirmed. Physical contact greatly reduced the culturability and viability of L. thermotolerans and led to earlier cell death, compared to when these yeasts were co-fermenting without cell-cell contact. In turn, in the absence of cell-cell contact, L. thermotolerans metabolic activity led to an earlier decline in culturability in S. cerevisiae. Cell-cell contact did not result in significant differences in the major fermentation metabolites ethanol, acetic acid and lactic acid, but impacted on the production of some volatile compounds.
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Morata A, Loira I, González C, Escott C. Non- Saccharomyces as Biotools to Control the Production of Off-Flavors in Wines. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154571. [PMID: 34361722 PMCID: PMC8348789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Off-flavors produced by undesirable microbial spoilage are a major concern in wineries, as they affect wine quality. This situation is worse in warm areas affected by global warming because of the resulting higher pHs in wines. Natural biotechnologies can aid in effectively controlling these processes, while reducing the use of chemical preservatives such as SO2. Bioacidification reduces the development of spoilage yeasts and bacteria, but also increases the amount of molecular SO2, which allows for lower total levels. The use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts, such as Lachancea thermotolerans, results in effective acidification through the production of lactic acid from sugars. Furthermore, high lactic acid contents (>4 g/L) inhibit lactic acid bacteria and have some effect on Brettanomyces. Additionally, the use of yeasts with hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase (HCDC) activity can be useful to promote the fermentative formation of stable vinylphenolic pyranoanthocyanins, reducing the amount of ethylphenol precursors. This biotechnology increases the amount of stable pigments and simultaneously prevents the formation of high contents of ethylphenols, even when the wine is contaminated by Brettanomyces.
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Abstract
The selection of yeast strains adapted to fermentation stresses in their winegrowing area is a key factor to produce quality wines. Twelve non-Saccharomyces native strains from Denomination of Origin (D.O.) “Vinos de Madrid” (Spain), a warm climate winegrowing region, were tested under osmotic pressure, ethanol, and acidic pH stresses. In addition, mixed combinations between non-Saccharomyces and a native Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain were practised. Phenotypic microarray technology has been employed to study the metabolic output of yeasts under the different stress situations. The yeast strains, Lachancea fermentati, Lachancea thermotolerans, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe showed the best adaptation to three stress conditions examined. The use of mixed cultures improved the tolerance to osmotic pressure by Torulaspora delbrueckii, S. pombe, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii strains and to high ethanol content by Candida stellata, S. pombe, and Z. bailii strains regarding the control. In general, the good adaptation of the native non-Saccharomyces strains to fermentative stress conditions makes them great candidates for wine elaboration in warm climate areas.
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Pulsed Electric Fields to Improve the Use of Non- Saccharomyces Starters in Red Wines. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071472. [PMID: 34202007 PMCID: PMC8304018 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New nonthermal technologies, including pulsed electric fields (PEF), open a new way to generate more natural foods while respecting their organoleptic qualities. PEF can reduce wild yeasts to improve the implantation of other yeasts and generate more desired metabolites. Two PEF treatments were applied; one with an intensity of 5 kV/cm was applied continuously to the must for further colour extraction, and a second treatment only to the must (without skins) after a 24-hour maceration of 17.5 kV/cm intensity, reducing its wild yeast load by up to 2 log CFU/mL, thus comparing the implantation and fermentation of inoculated non-Saccharomyces yeasts. In general, those treated with PEF preserved more total esters and formed more anthocyanins, including vitisin A, due to better implantation of the inoculated yeasts. It should be noted that the yeast Lachancea thermotolerans that had received PEF treatment produced four-fold more lactic acid (3.62 ± 0.84 g/L) than the control of the same yeast, and Hanseniaspora vineae with PEF produced almost three-fold more 2-phenylethyl acetate than the rest. On the other hand, 3-ethoxy-1-propanol was not observed at the end of the fermentation with a Torulaspora delbrueckii (Td) control but in the Td PEF, it was observed (3.17 ± 0.58 mg/L).
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17
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Zhang B, Ivanova-Petropulos V, Duan C, Yan G. Distinctive chemical and aromatic composition of red wines produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae co-fermentation with indigenous and commercial non-Saccharomyces strains. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Şen K. The influence of different commercial yeasts on aroma compounds of rosé wine produced from cv. Öküzgözü grape. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Şen
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University Nevsehir Turkey
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19
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Vaquero C, Loira I, Heras JM, Carrau F, González C, Morata A. Biocompatibility in Ternary Fermentations With Lachancea thermotolerans, Other Non- Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Control pH and Improve the Sensory Profile of Wines From Warm Areas. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:656262. [PMID: 33995319 PMCID: PMC8117230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.656262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming is causing serious problems, especially, in warm regions, where musts with excess sugars and high pH produce wines with decreased freshness and unstable evolution. This study aimed to determine biocompatibility between yeast species, the capacity for microbiological acidification, and the aromatic profile produced in ternary fermentations in which Lachancea thermotolerans has been co-inoculated with Hanseniaspora vineae, Torulaspora delbrueckii, or Metschnikowia pulcherrima, and the fermentation process is subsequently completed with sequential inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For this purpose, different cell culture media and instruments were used such as infrared spectroscopy, enzymatic autoanalyzer, chromatograph coupled with a flame ionization detector, spectrophotometric analysis, among others. The behavior of these yeasts was evaluated alone and in co-inoculation, always finishing the fermentation with sequential inoculation of S. cerevisiae, at a stable temperature of 16°C and with a low level of sulfites (25 mg/L) in white must. Significant results were obtained in terms of biocompatibility using population counts (CFU/ml) in differential plating media that permitted monitoring. Quantification of the five species was studied. Concerning acidification by L. thermotolerans in co-inoculations, we showed some metabolic interactions, such as the inhibition of acidification when H. vineae/L. thermotolerans were used, generating just over 0.13 g/L of lactic acid and, conversely, a synergistic effect when M. pulcherrima/L. thermotolerans were used, achieving 3.2 g/L of lactic acid and a reduction in pH of up to 0.33. A diminution in alcohol content higher than 0.6% v/v was observed in co-inoculation with the L. thermotolerans/M. pulcherrima yeasts, with total sugar consumption and very slow completion of fermentation in the inoculations with H. vineae and T. delbrueckii. The aromatic composition of the wines obtained was analyzed and a sensory evaluation conducted, and it was found that both L. thermotolerans and co-inoculations retained more aromatic esters over time and had a lower evolution toward the yellow tones typical of oxidation and that the best sensory evaluation was that of the Lt + Mp co-inoculation. Lachancea thermotolerans and co-inoculations produced wines with low levels of volatile acidity (<0.4 g/L). This work shows that good consortia strategies with binary and ternary fermentations of yeast strains can be a powerful bio-tool for producing more complex wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vaquero
- EnotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iris Loira
- EnotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Carrau
- Área Enología y Biotecnología de Fermentaciones, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carmen González
- EnotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Morata
- EnotecUPM, Chemistry and Food Technology Department, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Influence of Non- Saccharomyces on Wine Chemistry: A Focus on Aroma-Related Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030644. [PMID: 33530641 PMCID: PMC7865429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wine fermentation processes are driven by complex microbial systems, which comprise eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms that participate in several biochemical interactions with the must and wine chemicals and modulate the organoleptic properties of wine. Among these, yeasts play a fundamental role, since they carry out the alcoholic fermentation (AF), converting sugars to ethanol and CO2 together with a wide range of volatile organic compounds. The contribution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the reference organism associated with AF, has been extensively studied. However, in the last decade, selected non-Saccharomyces strains received considerable commercial and oenological interest due to their specific pro-technological aptitudes and the positive influence on sensory quality. This review aims to highlight the inter-specific variability within the heterogeneous class of non-Saccharomyces in terms of synthesis and release of volatile organic compounds during controlled AF in wine. In particular, we reported findings on the presence of model non-Saccharomyces organisms, including Torulaspora delbrueckii, Hanseniaspora spp,Lachancea thermotolerans, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Pichia spp. and Candida zemplinina, in combination with S. cerevisiae. The evidence is discussed from both basic and applicative scientific perspective. In particular, the oenological significance in different kind of wines has been underlined.
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21
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The Effect of Non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces Non-Cerevisiae Yeasts on Ethanol and Glycerol Levels in Wine. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation6030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces non-cerevisiae studies have increased in recent years due to an interest in uninoculated fermentations, consumer preferences, wine technology, and the effect of climate change on the chemical composition of grapes, juice, and wine. The use of these yeasts to reduce alcohol levels in wines has garnered the attention of researchers and winemakers alike. This review critically analyses recent studies concerning the impact of non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces non-cerevisiae on two important parameters in wine: ethanol and glycerol. The influence they have in sequential, co-fermentations, and solo fermentations on ethanol and glycerol content is examined. This review highlights the need for further studies concerning inoculum rates, aeration techniques (amount and flow rate), and the length of time before Saccharomyces cerevisiae sequential inoculation occurs. Challenges include the application of such sequential inoculations in commercial wineries during harvest time.
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22
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Gatto V, Binati RL, Lemos Junior WJF, Basile A, Treu L, de Almeida OGG, Innocente G, Campanaro S, Torriani S. New insights into the variability of lactic acid production in Lachancea thermotolerans at the phenotypic and genomic level. Microbiol Res 2020; 238:126525. [PMID: 32593090 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-conventional yeasts are increasingly applied in fermented beverage industry to obtain distinctive products with improved quality. Among these yeasts, Lachancea thermotolerans has multiple features of industrial relevance, especially the production of l(+)-lactic acid (LA), useful for the biological acidification of wine and beer. Since few information is available on this peculiar activity, the current study aimed to explore the physiological and genetic variability among L. thermotolerans strains. From a strain collection, mostly isolated from wine, a huge phenotypic diversity was acknowledged and allowed the selection of a high (SOL13) and a low (COLC27) LA producer. Comparative whole-genome sequencing of these two selected strains and the type strain CBS 6340T showed a high similarity in terms of gene content and functional annotation. Notwithstanding, target gene-based analysis revealed variations between high and low producers in the key gene sequences related to LA accumulation. More in-depth investigation of the core promoters and expression analysis of the genes ldh, encoding lactate dehydrogenase, indicated the transcriptional regulation may be the principal cause behind phenotypic differences. These findings highlighted the usefulness of whole-genome sequencing coupled with expression analysis. They provided crucial genetic insights for a deeper investigation of the intraspecific variability in LA production pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gatto
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Renato L Binati
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Basile
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Treu
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Otávio G G de Almeida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giada Innocente
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Torriani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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23
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Dynamic of Lachancea thermotolerans Population in Monoculture and Mixed Fermentations: Impact on Wine Characteristics. BEVERAGES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages6020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lachancea thermotolerans is a non-Saccharomyces yeast appreciated for its potential of acidification due to the production of lactic acid; however, this species also synthetizes other metabolites that modulate organoleptic wine properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the strain L. thermotolerans Lt93 to ferment ‘Treixadura’ and ‘Mencía’ musts and its impact on yeast population dynamics and wine characteristics. Fermentations using monocultures of L. thermotolerans Lt93 and S. cerevisiae strains, sequential inoculation and spontaneous process were performed. The dynamic of yeast population and wine composition were analyzed following standard methodology. L. thermotolerans Lt93 was unable to overgrow wild yeast population in ‘Treixadura’ white must; however, with ‘Mencía’ red must, Lt93 was the predominant yeast at the beginning of fermentation and remained at high frequency until the end. Lt93 Treixadura wines had slightly higher acidity and higher content of esters and acids than ScXG3 wines. Lt93 Mencía wines presented higher acidity (10.1 g/L) and 0.8% (v/v) lower ethanol content than Sc71B wines. The content of esters and fatty acids was 3.3 and 4.0 times lower, respectively, in Lt93 than in Sc71B Mencía wines. It was possible to increase wine acidity and modulate the chemical wine profile by using Lt93.
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24
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Vaquero C, Loira I, Bañuelos MA, Heras JM, Cuerda R, Morata A. Industrial Performance of Several Lachancea thermotolerans Strains for pH Control in White Wines from Warm Areas. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060830. [PMID: 32492776 PMCID: PMC7355624 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current scenario of climatic warming, the over-ripening of grapes increases the sugar content, producing flat and alcoholic wines with low acidity, high pH and low freshness. Additionally, a high pH makes wines more chemically and microbiologically unstable, requiring a higher sulphite content for preservation. Some strains of Lachancea thermotolerans can naturally lower the pH of wine by producing lactic acid from sugars; this pH reduction can reach 0.5 units. The industrial performance of four selected strains has been compared with that of two commercial strains and with that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeasts were assessed under variable oenological conditions, measuring lactic acid production and fermentative performance at two fermentation temperatures (17 and 27 °C), and in the presence or absence of sulphites (25 and 75 mg/L). Lactic acid production depends on yeast populations, with higher concentrations being reached when the microbial population is close to or above 7-log CFU/mL. A temperature effect on acidification can also be observed, being more intense at higher fermentation temperatures for most strains. Ethanol yield ranged from 7-11% vol., depending on the fermentation conditions (temperature and SO2) at day 12 of fermentation, compared with 12% for the S. cerevisiae control in micro-fermentations. The production of fermentative esters was higher at 27 °C compared with 17 °C, which favoured the production of higher alcohols. Volatile acidity was moderate under all fermentation conditions with values below 0.4 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Vaquero
- enotecUPM. Chemistry and Food Technology Department, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.V.); (I.L.)
| | - Iris Loira
- enotecUPM. Chemistry and Food Technology Department, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.V.); (I.L.)
| | - María Antonia Bañuelos
- Department Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Rafael Cuerda
- Comenge Cellars, Curiel de Duero, 47316 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Antonio Morata
- enotecUPM. Chemistry and Food Technology Department, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.V.); (I.L.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Molecular Characterization and Enological Potential of A High Lactic Acid-Producing Lachancea thermotolerans Vineyard Strain. Foods 2020; 9:foods9050595. [PMID: 32392718 PMCID: PMC7278797 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid production is an important feature of the yeast Lachancea thermotolerans that has gained increasing interest in winemaking. In particular, in light of climate change, the biological acidification and ethanol reduction by the use of selected yeast strains may counteract the effect of global warming in wines. Here, the enological potential of a high lactate-producing L. thermotolerans strain (P-HO1) in mixed fermentations with S. cerevisiae was examined. Among the different inoculation schemes evaluated, the most successful implantation of L. thermotolerans was accomplished by sequential inoculation of S. cerevisiae, i.e., at 1% vol. ethanol. P-HO1produced the highest levels of lactic acid ever recorded in mixed fermentations (10.4 g/L), increasing thereby the acidity and reducing ethanol by 1.6% vol. L. thermotolerans was also associated with increases in ethyl isobutyrate (strawberry aroma), free SO2, organoleptically perceived citric nuances and aftertaste. To start uncovering the molecular mechanisms of lactate biosynthesis in L. thermotolerans, the relative expressions of the three lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) paralogous genes, which encode the key enzyme for lactate biosynthesis, along with the alcohol dehydrogenase paralogs (ADHs) were determined. Present results point to the possible implication of LDH2, but not of other LDH or ADH genes, in the high production of lactic acid in certain strains at the expense of ethanol. Taken together, the important enological features of P-HO1 highlighted here, and potentially of other L. thermotolerans strains, indicate its great importance in modern winemaking, particularly in the light of the upcoming climate change and its consequences in the grape/wine system.
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26
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Benito S. Combined Use of Lachancea thermotolerans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe in Winemaking: A Review. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050655. [PMID: 32365869 PMCID: PMC7285359 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined use of Lachancea thermotolerans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a new winemaking biotechnology that aims to solve some modern industrial oenology problems related to warm viticulture regions. These areas are characterized for producing musts with high levels of sugar that can potentially be converted into wines with elevated ethanol contents, which are usually associated with high pH levels. This biotechnology was reported for the first time in 2015, and since then, several scientific articles have been published regarding this topic. These reported scientific studies follow an evolution similar to that performed in the past for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oenococcus oeni; they start by reporting results for basic winemaking parameters at the beginning, later continuing with more advanced parameters. This review compares the results of different researchers that have applied this new biotechnology and have studied wine quality parameters such as ethanol, glycerol, malic acid, lactic acid, amino acids, aroma compounds, or anthocyanins. It is shown that the new biotechnology is repeatedly reported to solve specific winemaking problems such as the lack of acidity, biogenic amines, ethyl carbamate, or undesirable color losses. Such results highlight this biotechnology as a promising option for warm viticulture areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Benito
- Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Bordet F, Joran A, Klein G, Roullier-Gall C, Alexandre H. Yeast-Yeast Interactions: Mechanisms, Methodologies and Impact on Composition. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E600. [PMID: 32326124 PMCID: PMC7232261 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the winemaking process, alcoholic fermentation is carried out by a consortium of yeasts in which interactions occurs. The consequences of these interactions on the wine matrix have been widely described for several years with the aim of controlling the winemaking process as well as possible. In this review, we highlight the wide diversity of methodologies used to study these interactions, and their underlying mechanisms and consequences on the final wine composition and characteristics. The wide variety of matrix parameters, yeast couples, and culture conditions have led to contradictions between the results of the different studies considered. More recent aspects of modifications in the composition of the matrix are addressed through different approaches that have not been synthesized recently. Non-volatile and volatile metabolomics, as well as sensory analysis approaches are developed in this paper. The description of the matrix composition modification does not appear sufficient to explain interaction mechanisms, making it vital to take an integrated approach to draw definite conclusions on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Bordet
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France-IUVV Equipe VAlMiS, rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, 21078 Dijon CEDEX, France
- Lallemand SAS, 19, rue des Briquetiers, BP 59, 31702 Blagnac CEDEX, France
| | - Alexis Joran
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France-IUVV Equipe VAlMiS, rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, 21078 Dijon CEDEX, France
| | - Géraldine Klein
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France-IUVV Equipe VAlMiS, rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, 21078 Dijon CEDEX, France
| | - Chloé Roullier-Gall
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France-IUVV Equipe VAlMiS, rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, 21078 Dijon CEDEX, France
| | - Hervé Alexandre
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France-IUVV Equipe VAlMiS, rue Claude Ladrey, BP 27877, 21078 Dijon CEDEX, France
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28
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Carrau F, Boido E, Ramey D. Yeasts for low input winemaking: Microbial terroir and flavor differentiation. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 111:89-121. [PMID: 32446413 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vitis vinifera flowers and grape fruits are one of the most interesting ecosystem niches for native yeasts development. There are more than a 100 yeast species and millions of strains that participate and contribute to design the microbial terroir. The wine terroir concept is understood when grape and wine micro-regions were delimited by different quality characteristics after humans had been growing vines for more than 10,000 years. Environmental conditions, such as climate, soil composition, water management, winds and air quality, altitude, fauna and flora and microbes, are considered part of the "terroir" and contribute to a unique wine style. If "low input winemaking" strategies are applied, the terroir effect will be expected to be more authentic in terms of quality differentiation. Interestingly, the role of the microbial flora associated with vines was very little study until recently when new genetic technologies for massive species identification were developed. These biotechnologies allowed following their environmental changes and their effect in shaping the microbial profiles of different wine regions. In this chapter we explain the interesting positive effects on flavor diversity and wine quality obtained by using "friendly" native yeasts that allowed the microbial terroir flora to participate and contribute during fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Carrau
- Área Enología y Biotecnología de Fermentaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Eduardo Boido
- Área Enología y Biotecnología de Fermentaciones, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - David Ramey
- Ramey Wine Cellars, Healdsburg, CA, United States
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29
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Zdaniewicz M, Satora P, Pater A, Bogacz S. Low Lactic Acid-Producing Strain of Lachancea thermotolerans as a New Starter for Beer Production. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020256. [PMID: 32046171 PMCID: PMC7072388 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing consumer interest in new beer flavors is contributing to the application of innovative materials and non-Saccharomyces yeast in brewing. The goal of this study was to test the impact of the low lactic acid-producing Lachancea thermotolerans MN477031 strain on the process of fermenting beer wort, with two different concentrations of bitter compounds, and on the quality of the beer produced. Qualify factors were broadly analyzed, including ethanol content, apparent degree of fermentation, sugars, organic acids, free amino nitrogen, glycerol, volatile compounds, ions and so on. It was proven that the L. thermotolerans MN477031 strain demonstrated a high capacity for rapid initiation of wort fermentation, and a tolerance to hop-derived compounds. As a result, the alcohol content in beer from this method of production was approximately 20% lower, while the content of the real extract was significantly higher in comparison to commercial Safbrew T-58. This strain stands out from many strains of L. thermotolerans due to the low lactic acid production and only marginal influence on pH decrease compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Therefore, the potential of MN477031 in the production of different types of beer (not only sour) is very high. The composition of volatile compounds in L. thermotolerans beer differs—not only in terms of the use of the strain, but also in hop variety.
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30
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Binati RL, Lemos Junior WJF, Luzzini G, Slaghenaufi D, Ugliano M, Torriani S. Contribution of non-Saccharomyces yeasts to wine volatile and sensory diversity: A study on Lachancea thermotolerans, Metschnikowia spp. and Starmerella bacillaris strains isolated in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 318:108470. [PMID: 31841784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae starter cultures are largely used in winemaking to repress the wild microorganisms and achieve more predictable and desired outcomes. Notwithstanding, alternative microbial resources received increasing attention for their potential to produce wines with more distinctive and typical features. Our previous survey revealed a great inter- and intra-species diversity in an extensive collection of non-Saccharomyces wine yeasts from multiple regions of Italy. This study aimed to explore the detected biodiversity evaluating the quality of wines obtained by sequential inoculation of specific selected strains of the collection (Lachancea thermotolerans or Metschnikowia spp. or Starmerella bacillaris), and S. cerevisiae EC 1118. Fermentations of natural grape must at laboratory scale were followed by microbiological, chemical and sensorial analysis of the wines. The results indicated that each yeast species and strain exerted a distinctive impact on the wine, giving final products clearly separated with Principal Component Analysis. In particular, L. thermotolerans contributed producing relevant amounts of lactic acid and had the highest potential to reduce ethanol content; the presence of S. bacillaris increased the level of glycerol, and, remarkably, reduced acetaldehyde and total SO2; Metschnikowia spp. promoted the formation of higher alcohols and esters, and reduced volatile phenols. The sensory analysis based on the orthonasal aroma confirmed the separation between the wines obtained with the sequential fermentations and the control with single inoculation of EC 1118, although the three non-Saccharomyces species used could not be clearly distinguishable by the panelists. This study indicates that the use of selected native non-Saccharomyces strains in conjunction with S. cerevisiae positively modulates some relevant chemical parameters, and improves the aromatic intensity of wine, therefore justifying investments in non-conventional yeasts as co-starter cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato L Binati
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Luzzini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Ugliano
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Sandra Torriani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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31
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Toh DWK, Chua JY, Lu Y, Liu SQ. Evaluation of the potential of commercial non‐
Saccharomyces
yeast strains of
Torulaspora delbrueckii
and
Lachancea thermotolerans
in beer fermentation. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darel Wee Kiat Toh
- Food Science and Technology Programme Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Science Drive 3 Singapore City 117543 Singapore
| | - Jian Yong Chua
- Food Science and Technology Programme Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Science Drive 3 Singapore City 117543 Singapore
| | - Yuyun Lu
- Food Science and Technology Programme Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Science Drive 3 Singapore City 117543 Singapore
| | - Shao Quan Liu
- Food Science and Technology Programme Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Science Drive 3 Singapore City 117543 Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park Jiangsu 215123 China
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32
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Nisiotou A, Mallouchos A, Tassou C, Banilas G. Indigenous Yeast Interactions in Dual-Starter Fermentations May Improve the Varietal Expression of Moschofilero Wine. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1712. [PMID: 31402907 PMCID: PMC6677089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-starter wine fermentations employing non-Saccharomyces (NS) yeasts are becoming an emerging trend in winemaking. It is therefore important to determine the impacts of different NS strains in the wine phenotype and in particular the aroma outputs in different inoculation schemes and fermentation conditions. Here, two native NS yeasts, Lachancea thermotolerans LtMM7 and Hanseniaspora uvarum HuMM19, were assessed for their ability to improve the quality of Moschofilero, a Greek aromatic white wine. The NS strains were initially examined in laboratory scale fermentations in mixed inoculations with ScMM23, a native Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. LtMM7 was selected to be further evaluated in pilot scale fermentations. Five different inoculation schemes were considered: single inoculation of ScMM23 (IS), simultaneous inoculation of ScMM23 with HuMM19 (SMH) or LtMM7 (SML), and sequential inoculation of HuMM19 (SQH) or LtMM7 (SQL) followed by ScMM23. At laboratory scale fermentations, the chemical profiles were largely affected by both the NS species and the inoculation scheme applied. The sequential inoculation using HuMM19 produced the most divergent wine phenotype. However, HuMM19 caused significant increases in acetic acid and ethyl acetate levels that impeded its use in pilot scale trials. LtMM7 significantly affected the chemical profiles of wines produced at the winery, especially in the sequential inoculation scheme. Importantly, LtMM7 significantly increased the levels of acetate esters or ethyl esters, depending on the inoculation method applied. In particular, acetate esters like isobutyl acetate, hexyl acetate, and 2-phenylethyl acetate, which all impart fruity or floral aromas, were significantly increased in SQL. On the other hand, higher levels of total ethyl esters were associated with SML. The most striking differences were observed in the levels of fruit-impair esters like ethyl decanoate, 3-methylbutyl octanoate, and isoamyl hexanoate. This is the first study to report a significant increase in the ethyl ester fraction by L. thermotolerans. Interestingly, L. thermotolerans in SQL also increased the concentrations of damascenone and geraniol, the major teprenic compound of Moschofilero, which are associated with several typical floral and fruity aromas of the variety. Present results show that L. thermotolerans may enhance the varietal character and increase the chemical complexity of Moschofilero wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspasia Nisiotou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization "Demeter", Lykovryssi, Greece
| | - Athanasios Mallouchos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Tassou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization "Demeter", Lykovryssi, Greece
| | - Georgios Banilas
- Department of Wine, Vine and Beverage Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
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33
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Abstract
In the past, some microbiological studies have considered most non-Saccharomyces species to be undesirable spoilage microorganisms. For several decades, that belief made the Saccharomyces genus the only option considered by winemakers for achieving the best possible wine quality. Nevertheless, in recent decades, some strains of non-Saccharomyces species have been proven to improve the quality of wine. Non-Saccharomyces species can positively influence quality parameters such as aroma, acidity, color, and food safety. These quality improvements allow winemakers to produce innovative and differentiated wines. For that reason, the yeast strains Torulaspora delbrueckii, Lachancea thermotolerans, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Pichia kluyveri are now available on the market. Other interesting species, such as Starmerella bacillaris, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Hanseniospora spp., and others, will probably be available in the near future.
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34
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Modulating Fermentative, Varietal and Aging Aromas of Wine Using non- Saccharomyces Yeasts in a Sequential Inoculation Approach. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060164. [PMID: 31174281 PMCID: PMC6616922 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to assess to what extent non-Saccharomyces yeasts can introduce aromatic changes of industrial interest in fermentative, varietal and aged aromas of wine. Aroma precursors from Riesling and Garnacha grapes were extracted and used in two independent sequential experiments. Synthetic musts were inoculated, either with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) or with Pichia kluyveri (Pk), Torulaspora delbrueckii (Td) or Lachancea thermotolerans (Lt), followed by Sc. The fermented samples were subjected to anoxic aging at 50 °C for 0, 1, 2 or 5 weeks before an aroma analysis. The fermentative aroma profiles were consistently changed by non-Saccharomyces: all strains induced smaller levels of isoamyl alcohol; Pk produced huge levels of aromatic acetates and can induce high levels of fatty acids (FA) and their ethyl esters (EE); Td produced large levels of branched acids and of their EE after aging, and induced smaller levels of FA and their EE; Lt produced reduced levels of FA and their EE. The varietal aroma was also deeply affected: TDN (1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2- dihydronaphthalene) levels in aged wines were reduced by Pk and enhanced by Lt in Garnacha; the levels of vinylphenols can be much reduced, particularly by Lt and Pk. TD and Lt can increase linalool and geraniol in young, but not in aged wines.
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35
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Petitgonnet C, Klein GL, Roullier-Gall C, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Quintanilla-Casas B, Vichi S, Julien-David D, Alexandre H. Influence of cell-cell contact between L. thermotolerans and S. cerevisiae on yeast interactions and the exo-metabolome. Food Microbiol 2019; 83:122-133. [PMID: 31202403 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sequential fermentation of grape must inoculated with L. thermotolerans and then S. cerevisiae 24 h later (typical wine-making practice) was conducted with or without cell-cell contact between the two yeast species. We monitored cell viability of the two species throughout fermentation by flow cytometry. The cell viability of S. cerevisiae decreased under both conditions, but the decrease was greater if there was cell-cell contact. An investigation of the nature of the interactions showed competition between the two species for nitrogen compounds, oxygen, and must sterols. Volatile-compound analysis showed differences between sequential and pure fermentation and that cell-cell contact modifies yeast metabolism, as the volatile-compound profile was significantly different from that of sequential fermentation without cell-cell contact. We further confirmed that cell-cell contact modifies yeast metabolism by analyzing the exo-metabolome of all fermentations by FT-ICR-MS analysis. These analyses show specific metabolite production and quantitative metabolite changes associated with each fermentation condition. This study shows that cell-cell contact not only affects cell viability, as already reported, but markedly affects yeast metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Petitgonnet
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Equipe VAlMiS (Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress), AgroSup Dijon - Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, rue Claude LADREY, BP 27877, 21000, DIJON, France
| | - Géraldine L Klein
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Equipe VAlMiS (Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress), AgroSup Dijon - Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, rue Claude LADREY, BP 27877, 21000, DIJON, France
| | - Chloé Roullier-Gall
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Equipe VAlMiS (Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress), AgroSup Dijon - Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, rue Claude LADREY, BP 27877, 21000, DIJON, France
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität Muenchen, Analytical Food Chemistry, Alte Akademie 10, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Beatriz Quintanilla-Casas
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, INSA - XaRTA (Catalonian Reference Network on Food Technology), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Stefania Vichi
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, INSA - XaRTA (Catalonian Reference Network on Food Technology), University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Diane Julien-David
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hervé Alexandre
- UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Equipe VAlMiS (Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress), AgroSup Dijon - Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin, rue Claude LADREY, BP 27877, 21000, DIJON, France.
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36
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Abstract
In recent years, in line with consumer preferences and due to the effects of global climate change, new trends have emerged in wine fermentation and wine technology. Consumers are looking for wines with less ethanol and fruitier aromas, but also with a good balance in terms of acidity and mouthfeel. Nonconventional yeasts contain a wide range of different genera of non-Saccharomyces. If in the past they were considered spoilage yeasts, now they are used to enhance the aroma profile of wine or to modulate wine composition. Recent publications highlight the role of non-Saccharomyces as selected strains for controlling fermentations mostly in cofermentation with Saccharomyces. In this article, I have reviewed the ability of some bacteria and non-Saccharomyces strains to modulate wine acidity.
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37
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Porter TJ, Divol B, Setati ME. Lachancea yeast species: Origin, biochemical characteristics and oenological significance. Food Res Int 2019; 119:378-389. [PMID: 30884668 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genus Lachancea, first proposed in 2003, currently comprises 12 valid species, all found to have eight chromosomes. Lachancea spp. occupy a myriad of natural and anthropic habitats, and their geographic as well as ecological origin have been identified as key drivers in the genetic variations amongst strains of several of the species. Lachancea thermotolerans is the type species of the genus and also the most widely explored, especially for its role in fermentation environments. Indeed, L. thermotolerans is desired for its ability to acidify beer and wine through the production of lactic acid, and to enhance aroma and flavor through increased production of various compounds. Similarly, L. fermentati has been characterized for its potential contribution to the chemical composition of these beverages, albeit to a lesser extent, while other species have received little attention. Overall, members of the genus Lachancea form part of the microbiomes in many fermentation ecosystems and contribute directly or indirectly to the modulation of aroma and flavor of different products. The current review provides an overview of this genus, including the latest reports on the genetic and biochemical characteristics of member species, as well as their biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Jade Porter
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Benoit Divol
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Mathabatha Evodia Setati
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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38
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Benito Á, Calderón F, Benito S. Mixed alcoholic fermentation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Lachancea thermotolerans and its influence on mannose-containing polysaccharides wine Composition. AMB Express 2019; 9:17. [PMID: 30712100 PMCID: PMC6360000 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study researched the winemaking performance of new biotechnology involving the cooperation of Lachancea and Schizosaccharomyces genera in the production of wine. In all fermentations where Lachancea thermotolerans was involved, higher lactic acid concentrations appeared, while all fermentations where Schizosaccharomyces pombe was involved, lower levels in malic acid concentration took place. The sensorial properties of the final wines varied accordingly. Differences in mouthfeel properties and acidity occurred in the different fermentation trials. Fermentations with the highest concentration of hydrolyzed mannose showed the highest mouthfeel properties, but the lack of acidity reduced their overall impression. Wines made from a combination of L. thermotolerans and S. pombe showed the highest overall impression and were preferred by the tasters due to the balance between mouthfeel properties and acidity.
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39
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Investigating the biochemical and fermentation attributes of Lachancea species and strains: Deciphering the potential contribution to wine chemical composition. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 290:273-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Morata A, Bañuelos MA, Vaquero C, Loira I, Cuerda R, Palomero F, González C, Suárez-Lepe JA, Wang J, Han S, Bi Y. Lachancea thermotolerans as a tool to improve pH in red wines from warm regions. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Oenological traits of Lachancea thermotolerans show signs of domestication and allopatric differentiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14812. [PMID: 30287912 PMCID: PMC6172252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Lachancea thermotolerans (previously Kluyveromyces thermotolerans) is a species of large, yet underexplored, oenological potential. This study delivers comprehensive oenological phenomes of 94 L. thermotolerans strains obtained from diverse ecological niches worldwide, classified in nine genetic groups based on their pre-determined microsatellite genotypes. The strains and the genetic groups were compared for their alcoholic fermentation performance, production of primary and secondary metabolites and pH modulation in Chardonnay grape juice fermentations. The common oenological features of L. thermotolerans strains were their glucophilic character, relatively extensive fermentation ability, low production of acetic acid and the formation of lactic acid, which significantly affected the pH of the wines. An untargeted analysis of volatile compounds, used for the first time in a population-scale phenotyping of a non-Saccharomyces yeast, revealed that 58 out of 90 volatiles were affected at an L. thermotolerans strain level. Besides the remarkable extent of intra-specific diversity, our results confirmed the distinct phenotypic performance of L. thermotolerans genetic groups. Together, these observations provide further support for the occurrence of domestication events and allopatric differentiation in L. thermotolerans population.
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42
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Abstract
The interest in non-Saccharomyces yeast for use in sparkling wine production has increased in recent years. Studies have reported differences in amino acids and ammonia, volatile aroma compounds (VOCs), glycerol, organic acids, proteins and polysaccharides. The aim of this review is to report on our current knowledge concerning the influence of non-Saccharomyces yeast on sparkling wine chemical composition and sensory profiles. Further information regarding the nutritional requirements of each of these yeasts and nutrient supplementation products specifically for non-Saccharomyces yeasts are likely to be produced in the future. Further studies that focus on the long-term aging ability of sparkling wines made from non-Saccharomyces yeast and mixed inoculations including their foam ability and persistence, organic acid levels and mouthfeel properties are recommended as future research topics.
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43
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44
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Benito S. The impacts of Lachancea thermotolerans yeast strains on winemaking. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6775-6790. [PMID: 29876604 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At one time, Saccharomyces spp. yeasts were the only option for use in winemaking due to their unique abilities to metabolize all grape juice sugars to ethanol. However, during the previous decade, several commercial non-Saccharomyces yeast products appeared in the biotechnology market. Some of them have slowly begun to establish new enological resources to solve modern winemaking challenges in the new century. Among these challenges, acidification in the warm-growing regions is of great concern for improving wine quality from those areas, particularly in light of the predictions of serious climate change. This review explores one of the most popular commercialized non-Saccharomyces yeast options in warm viticultural regions, Lachancea thermotolerans, and its influences on wine quality parameters, such as lactic acid, ethanol, glycerol, volatile acidity, volatile profiles, isovaleric acid, mannoproteins, polysaccharides, color, anthocyanins, amino acids, and sensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Benito
- Department of Chemistry and Food Technology, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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45
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Nally MC, Ponsone ML, Pesce VM, Toro ME, Vazquez F, Chulze S. Evaluation of behaviour of Lachancea thermotolerans biocontrol agents on grape fermentations. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:89-96. [PMID: 29709063 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous researches have showed that Lachancea thermotolerans strains RCKT4 and RCKT5 inhibited the growth of Aspergillus. However, currently, there are no data on their nutritional preferences, as a possible substrate competitor against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and their effects on fermentation. In this work, we observed that the biocontrol yeasts and S. cerevisiae BSc203, based on the utilization of 16 carbonate sources, revealed significant differences in the nutritional profile (biocontrol yeasts NS:0·25, BSc203 NS:0·56). Lachancea thermotolerans strains did not occupy the same niche as that of BSc203 (NOI:0·44). The biocontrol agents and BSc203 presented similar competitive attitude in terms of the sugar, ethanol and sulphite tolerances. During fermentation, the biocontrol yeasts were found to tolerate up to 12% v/v ethanol, 250 mg ml-1 of total SO2 and 30° Brix sugar. In mixed cultures, L. thermotolerans strains did not negatively affect the growth of BSc203 and the wine quality, except when RCKT4 was initially inoculated at a high proportion in the mixed culture 1MSK4 (1%BSc203/99%RCKT4), resulting in a lower production of CO2 and ethanol, in comparison with pure BSc203. RCKT5, at a high proportion, in 1MSK5 (1%BSc203/99%RCKT5) presented promising oenological properties. This fermentation showed lower acetic acid contents and higher total acidity than pure BSc203. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Generally it is not evaluated if the biofungicide yeasts sprayed on vegetables alter the quality of the fermented products. This work focused on the importance of assessing the possible effects of yeast-based fungicides used in vineyards on grape fermentation, especially on Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth. In this context, the competition between biofungicide yeasts and S. cerevisiae under winemaking conditions is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nally
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M L Ponsone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - V M Pesce
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M E Toro
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| | - F Vazquez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| | - S Chulze
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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46
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The impact of Torulaspora delbrueckii yeast in winemaking. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3081-3094. [PMID: 29492641 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Commercial Saccharomyces strains are usually inoculated to ferment alcoholic beverages due to their ability to convert all fermentable sugars into ethanol. However, modern trends in winemaking have turned toward less known, non-Saccharomyces yeast species. These species perform the first stages of natural spontaneous fermentation and play important roles in wine variety. New alcoholic fermentation trends have begun to consider objectives other than alcohol production to improve flavor diversity. This review explores the influence of the most used and commercialized non-Saccharomyces yeast, Torulaspora delbrueckii, on fermentation quality parameters, such as ethanol, glycerol, volatile acidity, volatile profile, succinic acid, mannoproteins, polysaccharides, color, anthocyanins, amino acids, and sensory perception.
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47
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Petruzzi L, Capozzi V, Berbegal C, Corbo MR, Bevilacqua A, Spano G, Sinigaglia M. Microbial Resources and Enological Significance: Opportunities and Benefits. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28642742 PMCID: PMC5462979 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the innovative trends in the wine sector, the continuous exploration of enological properties associated with wine microbial resources represents a cornerstone driver of quality improvement. Since the advent of starter cultures technology, the attention has been focused on intraspecific biodiversity within the primary species responsible for alcoholic fermentation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and, subsequently, for the so-called ‘malolactic fermentation’ (Oenococcus oeni). However, in the last decade, a relevant number of studies proposed the enological exploitation of an increasing number of species (e.g., non-Saccharomyces yeasts) associated with spontaneous fermentation in wine. These new species/strains may provide technological solutions to specific problems and/or improve sensory characteristics, such as complexity, mouth-feel and flavors. This review offers an overview of the available information on the enological/protechnological significance of microbial resources associated with winemaking, summarizing the opportunities and the benefits associated with the enological exploitation of this microbial potential. We discuss proposed solutions to improve quality and safety of wines (e.g., alternative starter cultures, multistrains starter cultures) and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Petruzzi
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Capozzi
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Carmen Berbegal
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Maria R Corbo
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Bevilacqua
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spano
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Milena Sinigaglia
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
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The Combined Use of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Lachancea thermotolerans-Effect on the Anthocyanin Wine Composition. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050739. [PMID: 28471391 PMCID: PMC6154098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The most popular methodology to make red wine is through the combined use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and lactic acid bacteria, for alcoholic fermentation and malolactic fermentation respectively. This classic winemaking practice produces stable red wines from a microbiological point of view. This study aims to investigate a recent red winemaking biotechnology, which through the combined use of Lachancea thermotolerans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe is used as an alternative to the classic malolactic fermentation. In this new methodology, Schizosaccharomycespombe totally consumes malic acid, while Lachancea thermotolerans produces lactic acid, avoiding excessive deacidification of musts with low acidity in warm viticulture areas such as Spain. This new methodology has been reported to be a positive alternative to malolactic fermentation in low acidity wines, since it has the advantage to produce wines with a more fruity flavor, less acetic acid, less ethyl carbamate originators and less biogenic amines than the traditional wines produced via conventional fermentation techniques. The study focuses on unexplored facts related to this novel biotechnology such as color and anthocyanin profile.
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Benito Á, Calderón F, Benito S. Combined Use of S. pombe and L. thermotolerans in Winemaking. Beneficial Effects Determined Through the Study of Wines' Analytical Characteristics. Molecules 2016; 21:E1744. [PMID: 27999345 PMCID: PMC6273388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common way to produce red wine is through the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid bacteria for malolactic fermentation. This traditional winemaking methodology produces microbiologically stable red wines. However, under specific conditions off-flavours can occur, wine quality can suffer and human health problems are possible, especially after the second fermentation by the lactic acid bacteria. In warm countries, problems during the malolactic fermentation arise because of the high pH of the must, which makes it very difficult to properly control the process. Under such conditions, wines with high acetic acid and histamine concentrations are commonly produced. This study investigates a recent red wine-making technology that uses a combination of Lachancea thermotolerans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe as an alternative to the conventional malolactic fermentation. This work studies new parameters such as aroma compounds, amino acids, ethanol index and sensory evaluation. Schizosaccharomyces pombe totally consumes malic acid while Lachancea thermotolerans produces lactic acid, avoiding excessive deacidification of musts with low acidity in warm viticulture areas. This methodology also reduces the malolactic fermentation hazards in wines with low acidity. The main products are wines that contain less acetic acid, less biogenic amines and precursors and less ethyl carbamate precursors than the traditional wines produced via conventional fermentation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Benito
- Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Calderón
- Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Santiago Benito
- Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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