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Dixon TA, Pretorius IS. Drawing on the Past to Shape the Future of Synthetic Yeast Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7156. [PMID: 32998303 PMCID: PMC7583028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some years inspire more hindsight reflection and future-gazing than others. This is even more so in 2020 with its evocation of perfect vision and the landmark ring to it. However, no futurist can reliably predict what the world will look like the next time that a year's first two digits will match the second two digits-a numerical pattern that only occurs once in a century. As we leap into a new decade, amid uncertainties triggered by unforeseen global events-such as the outbreak of a worldwide pandemic, the accompanying economic hardship, and intensifying geopolitical tensions-it is important to note the blistering pace of 21st century technological developments indicate that while hindsight might be 20/20, foresight is 50/50. The history of science shows us that imaginative ideas, research excellence, and collaborative innovation can, for example, significantly contribute to the economic, cultural, social, and environmental recovery of a post-COVID-19 world. This article reflects on a history of yeast research to indicate the potential that arises from advances in science, and how this can contribute to the ongoing recovery and development of human society. Future breakthroughs in synthetic genomics are likely to unlock new avenues of impactful discoveries and solutions to some of the world's greatest challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Dixon
- Department of Modern History, Politics and International Relations, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Isak S. Pretorius
- Chancellery and ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Kharchuk MS, Glushenkov AN, Gromozova EN. Analysis of the motion of vacuolar volutin granules in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 64:207-213. [PMID: 30206767 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The moving volutin (polyphosphate) granules known as "dancing bodies" can be observed in the vacuoles of the yeast cells. The aim of work was to study the effects of cultivation conditions and influences of physico-chemical factors on the motion of vacuolar volutin granules in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The motion of granules is a non-Markovian process. It does not depend on the cell cycle phase, but depends on the growth stage. The maximal number of cells with "dancing bodies" was observed under cultivation of yeast at 25-28 °C and pH 5.4-5.8. Irradiation by non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of extremely high frequency (61.22 GHz, 100 μW, 30 min) had no effect on granule motion. After irradiation by non-ionizing EMR of very high frequency (40.68 MHz, 30 W, 30 min) the number of cells with "dancing bodies" decreased significantly and in 2 h restored almost to the control value. The possible nature of the moving volutin granules phenomenon due to metabolic processes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim S Kharchuk
- Department of Physiology of Industrial Microorganisms, Danylo Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, NAS of Ukraine, 154 Acad. Zabolotny Str., Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Andrey N Glushenkov
- Department of Molecular and Quantum Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, 150 Acad. Zabolotny Str., Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elena N Gromozova
- Department of Physiology of Industrial Microorganisms, Danylo Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, NAS of Ukraine, 154 Acad. Zabolotny Str., Kyiv, Ukraine
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Barnett JA. A history of research on yeasts 14: medical yeasts part 2, Cryptococcus neoformans. Yeast 2011; 27:875-904. [PMID: 20641025 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James A Barnett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Carriles R, Schafer DN, Sheetz KE, Field JJ, Cisek R, Barzda V, Sylvester AW, Squier JA. Invited review article: Imaging techniques for harmonic and multiphoton absorption fluorescence microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:081101. [PMID: 19725639 PMCID: PMC2736611 DOI: 10.1063/1.3184828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We review the current state of multiphoton microscopy. In particular, the requirements and limitations associated with high-speed multiphoton imaging are considered. A description of the different scanning technologies such as line scan, multifoci approaches, multidepth microscopy, and novel detection techniques is given. The main nonlinear optical contrast mechanisms employed in microscopy are reviewed, namely, multiphoton excitation fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and third harmonic generation. Techniques for optimizing these nonlinear mechanisms through a careful measurement of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the focal volume are discussed, and a brief summary of photobleaching effects is provided. Finally, we consider three new applications of multiphoton microscopy: nonlinear imaging in microfluidics as applied to chemical analysis and the use of two-photon absorption and self-phase modulation as contrast mechanisms applied to imaging problems in the medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Carriles
- Department of Photonics, Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, León, Mexico
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Bhatta H, Goldys EM. Quantitative characterization of different strains of Saccharomyces yeast by analysis of fluorescence microscopy images of cell populations. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 77:77-84. [PMID: 19318060 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Much of our knowledge concerned with microbial cells is based on population-based analysis of cultures, which give useful insights into average responses but neither on individual cells nor subpopulations. In this work we demonstrate how to access and utilise large amounts of valuable information concerned with cell populations contained in laser scanning microscopy images. To this aim we carried out quantitative characterization of selected strains of Saccharomyces yeast by image and statistical analysis of the Laser Scanning Microscopy images. Features such as cell size, entropy and intensity of the cell ensembles were extracted and analysed using a method appropriate for datasets with a high degree of variability. The empirical cumulative distribution functions (ecdfs) were compared using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, which confirmed that the ecdfs for size, intensity and entropy were statistically different for each of the studied strains at standard confidence levels. Further, we used this technique to investigate the evolution of cell features with culture age between 24 h and 72 h, the latter corresponding to a stationary phase. Moreover, in mixed cultures we were able to estimate the fraction of each pure strain, within about 5% accuracy. We thus demonstrate how the information from the cell ensembles can be extracted by data mining of microscopy images and utilised to support objective judgements about strain identity and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Bhatta
- Macquarie University Biotechnology Research Institute, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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Barnett JA. A history of research on yeasts 13. Active transport and the uptake of various metabolites. Yeast 2008; 25:689-731. [PMID: 18951365 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James A Barnett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Barnett JA. A history of research on yeasts 12: medical yeasts part 1, Candida albicans. Yeast 2008; 25:385-417. [PMID: 18509848 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James A Barnett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Donalies UEB, Nguyen HTT, Stahl U, Nevoigt E. Improvement of Saccharomyces yeast strains used in brewing, wine making and baking. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 111:67-98. [PMID: 18463806 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Yeast was the first microorganism domesticated by mankind. Indeed, the production of bread and alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine dates from antiquity, even though the fact that the origin of alcoholic fermentation is a microorganism was not known until the nineteenth century. The use of starter cultures in yeast industries became a common practice after methods for the isolation of pure yeast strains were developed. Moreover, effort has been undertaken to improve these strains, first by classical genetic methods and later by genetic engineering. In general, yeast strain development has aimed at improving the velocity and efficiency of the respective production process and the quality of the final products. This review highlights the achievements in genetic engineering of Saccharomyces yeast strains applied in food and beverage industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute E B Donalies
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Berlin University of Technology, Seestr. 13, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Barnett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Eddy AA, Barnett JA. A history of research on yeasts 11. The study of solute transport: the first 90 years, simple and facilitated diffusion1. Yeast 2007; 24:1023-59. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Barnett JA, Entian KD. A history of research on yeasts 9: regulation of sugar metabolism. Yeast 2005; 22:835-94. [PMID: 16134093 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James A Barnett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Barnett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Barnett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Barnett JA, Robinow CF. A history of research on yeasts 4: cytology part II, 1950-1990. Yeast 2002; 19:745-72. [PMID: 12112230 DOI: 10.1002/yea.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James A Barnett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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