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da Costa PFGM, Merízio LG, Wolff N, Terraschke H, de Camargo ASS. Real-time monitoring of CdTe quantum dots growth in aqueous solution. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7884. [PMID: 38570610 PMCID: PMC10991554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are remarkable semiconductor nanoparticles, whose optical properties are strongly size-dependent. Therefore, the real-time monitoring of crystal growth pathway during synthesis gives an excellent opportunity to a smart design of the QDs luminescence. In this work, we present a new approach for monitoring the formation of QDs in aqueous solution up to 90 °C, through in situ luminescence analysis, using CdTe as a model system. This technique allows a detailed examination of the evolution of their light emission. In contrast to in situ absorbance analysis, the in situ luminescence measurements in reflection geometry are particularly advantageous once they are not hindered by the concentration increase of the colloidal suspension. The synthesized particles were additionally characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, transition electron microscopy, UV-Vis absorption and infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra showed that 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-based thiols are covalently bound on the surface of QDs and microscopy revealed the formation of CdS. Setting a total of 3 h of reaction time, for instance, the QDs synthesized at 70, 80 and 90 °C exhibit emission maxima centered at 550, 600 and 655 nm. The in situ monitoring approach opens doors for a more precise achievement of the desired emission wavelength of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F G M da Costa
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (IFSC - USP), São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - L G Merízio
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (IFSC - USP), São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - N Wolff
- Synthesis and Real Structure Department of Material Science, Kiel University, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - H Terraschke
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - A S S de Camargo
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (IFSC - USP), São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489, Berlin, Germany.
- Otto-Schott Institute for Materials Research, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Ströh J, Hess T, Ohrt L, Fritzsch H, Etter M, Dippel AC, Nyamen LD, Terraschke H. Detailed insights into the formation pathway of CdS and ZnS in solution: a multi-modal in situ characterisation approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4489-4500. [PMID: 36655628 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02707k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The high stability, high availability, and wide size-dependent bandgap energy of sulphidic semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) render them promising for applications in optoelectronic devices and solar cells. However, the tunability of their optical properties depends on the strict control of their crystal structure and crystallisation process. Herein, we studied the structural evolution during the formation of CdS and ZnS in solution by combining in situ luminescence spectroscopy, synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction (XRD) and pair distribution function (PDF) analyses for the first time. The influence of precursor type, concentration, temperature and heating program on the product formation and on the bandgap or trap emission were investigated in detail. In summary, for CdS, single-source precursor (SSP) polyol strategies using the dichlorobis(thiourea)cadmium(II) complex and double-source precursor approaches combining Cd(CH3COO)2·2H2O and thiourea led to the straightforward product at 100 °C, while the catena((m2-acetato-O,O')-(acetate-O,O')-(m2-thiourea)-cadmium) complex was formed at 25 and 80 °C. For ZnS, the reaction between Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O and thiourea at 100 °C led to the product formation after the crystallisation and dissolution of an unknown intermediate. At 180 °C, besides an unknown phase, the acetato-bis(thiourea)-zinc(II) complex was also detected as a reaction intermediate. The formation of such reaction intermediates, which generally remain undetected applying only ex situ characterisation approaches, reinforce the importance of in situ analysis for promoting the advance on the production of tailored semiconductor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ströh
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - T Hess
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - L Ohrt
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - H Fritzsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - M Etter
- DESY Photon Science, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A-C Dippel
- DESY Photon Science, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L D Nyamen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany. .,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - H Terraschke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Ruiz Arana L, Ströh J, Amtsfeld J, Doungmo G, Novikov D, Khadiev A, Etter M, Wharmby M, Suta M, Terraschke H. Crystallisation of phosphates revisited: a multi-step formation process for SrHPO 4. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2021-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
SrHPO4 is used in a multitude of applications, including biomedicine, catalysts, luminescent materials, and batteries. However, the performance of these materials depends on the ability to control the formation and transformation of strontium phosphates. This work focuses on the application of in situ and ex situ measurements, including synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, luminescence of Ce3+ and Eu3+ dopants, light transmission, reflectance, and thermogravimetry to track structural changes in SrHPO4 under different experimental conditions. Ex situ analysis of aliquots revealed favourable crystallisation of β-SrHPO4 through the formation of Sr6H3(PO4)5·2H2O as an intermediate. Furthermore, in situ analysis showed that the reaction mechanism evolves via the initial formation of amorphous strontium phosphate and Sr5(PO4)3OH, which subsequently transforms to γ-SrHPO4. Analysis of the luminescence properties of the lanthanide dopants provided insights into the coordination environments of the substituted Sr2+ sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ruiz Arana
- Institut für Anorgansiche Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Jonas Ströh
- Institut für Anorgansiche Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Jasper Amtsfeld
- Institut für Anorgansiche Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Giscard Doungmo
- Institut für Anorgansiche Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Dmitri Novikov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), FS-PETRA-D , Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Azat Khadiev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), FS-PETRA-D , Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), FS-PETRA-D , Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Michael Wharmby
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), FS-PETRA-D , Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Markus Suta
- Inorganic Photoactive Materials, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Huayna Terraschke
- Institut für Anorgansiche Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel , Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KINSIS), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
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Doungmo G, Morais AF, Mustafa D, Kamgaing T, Njanja E, Etter M, Tonlé IK, Terraschke H. How do layered double hydroxides evolve? First in situ insights into their synthesis processes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:33469-33478. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05269e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ characterisation techniques granted unprecedented experimental access to the formation dynamics of carbonate-intercalated Mg2+/Al3+ LDHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Doungmo
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Research Unit of Noxious Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - A. F. Morais
- Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - D. Mustafa
- Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - T. Kamgaing
- Research Unit of Noxious Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - E. Njanja
- Research Unit of Noxious Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - M. Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - I. K. Tonlé
- Research Unit of Noxious Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - H. Terraschke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Ströh J, Ruiz Arana L, Polzin P, Eliani IV, Lindenberg P, Heidenreich N, Cunha CDS, Leubner S, Terraschke H. Real-time Probing the Formation of [M
(2,2-bipyridine)2
(NO3
)3
] (M
= Ce, La, Tb) Complexes and Influence of Synthesis Parameters. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ströh
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Laura Ruiz Arana
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | | | - Irma Vania Eliani
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Patric Lindenberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Niclas Heidenreich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
- DESY Photo Science; Notkestr. 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - César dos Santos Cunha
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
- Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Sebastian Leubner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Huayna Terraschke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel; Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel Germany
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Lindenberg P, Arana LR, Mahnke LK, Rönfeldt P, Heidenreich N, Doungmo G, Guignot N, Bean R, Chapman HN, Dierksmeyer D, Knoska J, Kuhn M, Garrevoet J, Mariani V, Oberthuer D, Pande K, Stern S, Tolstikova A, White TA, Beyerlein KR, Terraschke H. New insights into the crystallization of polymorphic materials: from real-time serial crystallography to luminescence analysis. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00191c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article unravels reaction conditions governing the formation of polymorphic structures in solution down to the single particle level applying, for instance, unprecedented real-time serial crystallography measurements during a synthesis process.
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