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Padrell M, Amici F, Úbeda Ý, Llorente M. Assessing Eysenck's PEN model to describe personality in chimpanzees. Behav Processes 2023:104909. [PMID: 37364625 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Questionnaires adapted from human models can be used to reliably assess personality also in non-human primates. In this study, we used an adapted version of Eysenck's Psychoticism-Extraversion-Neuroticism (PEN) model that focuses on three higher-order personality traits. Extending previous work on a small group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), we tested 37 chimpanzees housed at Fundació Mona (Girona, Spain) and the Leipzig Zoo (Germany). We assessed personality with a 12-item questionnaire, which raters scored using a 7-point Likert scale. To identify the personality traits, we conducted data reduction with Principal Components Analysis and Robust Unweighted Least Squares. The ICCs for the single (3, 1) and average (3, k) ratings indicated substantial agreement between raters. Parallel analyses identified two factors to retain, whereas the scree plot inspection and eigenvalues larger than one rule identified three factors. Factor 1 and 2 in our study were identical to the ones previously described for this species (labelled Extraversion and Neuropsychoticism, respectively) and we also obtained a third factor that could be related to Dominance (Fearless Dominance). Thus, our results confirm the potential of the PEN model to describe chimpanzee personality structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Padrell
- Departament de Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain; Research Department, Fundació Mona, 17457 Girona, Spain.
| | - Federica Amici
- Human Biology and Primate Cognition Group, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ýulán Úbeda
- Departament de Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Llorente
- Departament de Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, 17004, Girona, Spain.
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2
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Assessing chimpanzees’ fluency of movement: applications for monitoring health and welfare. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Norman M, Rowden LJ, Cowlishaw G. Potential applications of personality assessments to the management of non-human primates: a review of 10 years of study. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12044. [PMID: 34589296 PMCID: PMC8432321 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of primate personality have become increasingly common over the past three decades. Recently, studies have begun to focus on the health, welfare and conservation implications of personality, and the potential applications of incorporating quantitative personality assessments into animal management programmes. However, this literature is dispersed across a multitude of settings and scientific disciplines. We conducted a review of nonhuman primate personality studies relevant to these issues published since 2010, following on from an earlier review. The databases ScienceDirect, PubMed and Web of Science were used to identify relevant articles. After eliminating irrelevant or duplicate papers, 69 studies were selected. Our review reveals that, while primate personality research is carried out on a range of species, there is strong taxonomic bias. While 28 species appeared within the reviewed literature, 52% of studies were carried out on just five species. Further, the most common research focus (43%) was validating new assessment methods or describing personality in different species, rather than exploring the links between personality and animal welfare using existing validated methods. However, among the remaining studies that did explore the role of animal personality in husbandry, health, and welfare, we identified progression towards integrating personality data into various aspects of animal management. Evidence suggests the assessment of personality may benefit social group management, enrichment practices, training protocols, health and welfare monitoring, and conservation planning for endangered species. We argue that further research which develops our understanding of primate personality and its influence in these areas will provide a valuable tool to inform animal management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Norman
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Guy Cowlishaw
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Doelling CR, Cronin KA, Ross SR, Hopper LM. The relationship between personality, season, and wounding receipt in zoo-housed Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): A multi-institutional study. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23332. [PMID: 34549451 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is important to those managing Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in captive settings to understand predictors of wounding. While studies have demonstrated that season (breeding or nonbreeding) and sex predict rates of wounding received by zoo-housed Japanese macaques, we investigated whether individual differences in personality ratings also might explain some of the observed interindividual variance in wounding. Such patterns were previously observed in rhesus macaques (M. mulatta), such that individuals rated higher on Anxiety and Confidence received greater wounding. Here, we collected wounding data over 24 months on 48 Japanese macaques from eight AZA-accredited zoos. Each macaque was also rated by keepers using a 26-item personality questionnaire. Principle components analysis of these ratings revealed four personality components: Openness, Friendliness, Dominance, and Anxiety/Reactivity. The model with the best fit revealed an interaction effect between season (breeding vs. nonbreeding) and the personality component Friendliness, such that individuals rated higher on Friendliness incurred fewer wounds in the nonbreeding season. The second-best model revealed both a main effect of the season as well as an interaction effect between season and Openness, such that macaques rated higher in Openness received more wounds in the nonbreeding season than those rated lower in Openness. Thus, as with rhesus macaques, personality mediated wounding receipt rate in Japanese macaques, although different personality components explained interindividual variance in wounding for these two species. These differences likely reflect species differences in behavior and personality structure, as well as the influence of differing management practices, highlighting the importance of species-specific approaches for captive primate care and welfare. This study provides further support for understanding primate personality to create individualized strategies for their care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Doelling
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katherine A Cronin
- Animal Welfare Science Program, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen R Ross
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lydia M Hopper
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Salas M, Fernández-Fontelo A, Martínez-Nevado E, Fernández-Morán J, López-Goya A, Manteca X. Caretaker Score Reliability for Personality Assessment of Bottlenose Dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072073. [PMID: 34359202 PMCID: PMC8300229 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The assessment of animals’ personalities can help manage decisions concerning zoo animals more appropriately; for example, a proper personality evaluation helps create stable social groups or increase the chances of breeding success if compatible breeding pairs are chosen. In zoos, the animals’ personality is often evaluated by the caretakers due to their familiarity with the animals and their behaviours. In this study, we aimed to evaluate how reliable caretakers’ ratings are when assessing dolphins’ personalities. With this aim in mind, we asked 24 caretakers to score a variety of personality traits of bottlenose dolphins under their care through a questionnaire in two periods. Our findings showed fair to good degrees of agreement within scores of the same rater and across raters within the same centre. We were also able to identify which raters and centres showed significant score mean differences systematically. We believe the study of raters’ outcomes reliability is crucial to make appropriate management decisions based on the animals’ personalities. Abstract The evaluation of zoo animals’ personalities can likely lead to a range of benefits, including improving breeding success, creating stable social groups, and designing and developing environmental enrichment programmes. The goal of this study was to use caretakers scores to evaluate personality in bottlenose dolphins and to assess the reliability of scores within each rater and among raters from each centre. To this end, 24 caretakers from 3 countries (Spain, France, and Argentina), including a total of 5 dolphinariums and 6 groups of dolphins, used a questionnaire based on the Five-Factor Model of Personality to score bottlenose dolphins on a number of personality traits in three different contexts. Each caretaker evaluated the animals under their care twice, ensuring that raters did not share thoughts nor impressions with other raters. Our findings showed a good degree of agreement between each rater’s scores and a fair degree of agreement among scores of raters from the same centre. We also identified which raters and centres had significant mean score differences and detected that 4 out of 24 raters from two different centres showed such differences systematically. The evaluation of raters’ reliability and the identification of particular inconsistent raters and centres is critical to make more appropriate and realistic management decisions that, in turn, directly impact animals’ welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Salas
- Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC), Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (KMDA), 2018 Antwerp, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Amanda Fernández-Fontelo
- Chair of Statistics, School of Business and Economics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Eva Martínez-Nevado
- Zoo Aquarium de Madrid, Casa de Campo, s/n, 28011 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-N.); (J.F.-M.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Jesús Fernández-Morán
- Zoo Aquarium de Madrid, Casa de Campo, s/n, 28011 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-N.); (J.F.-M.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Agustín López-Goya
- Zoo Aquarium de Madrid, Casa de Campo, s/n, 28011 Madrid, Spain; (E.M.-N.); (J.F.-M.); (A.L.-G.)
| | - Xavier Manteca
- Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
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Rawlings B, Flynn E, Freeman H, Reamer L, Schapiro SJ, Lambeth S, Kendal RL. Sex differences in longitudinal personality stability in chimpanzees. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2020; 2:e46. [PMID: 37588391 PMCID: PMC10427468 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2020.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality factors analogous to the Big Five observed in humans are present in the great apes. However, few studies have examined the long-term stability of great ape personality, particularly using factor-based personality instruments. Here, we assessed overall group, and individual-level, stability of chimpanzee personality by collecting ratings for chimpanzees (N = 50) and comparing them with ratings collected approximately 10 years previously, using the same personality scale. The overall mean scores of three of the six factors differed across the two time points. Sex differences in personality were also observed, with overall sex differences found for three traits, and males and females showing different trajectories for two further traits over the 10 year period. Regardless of sex, rank-order stability analysis revealed strong stability for dominance; individuals who were dominant at the first time point were also dominant 10 years later. The other personality factors exhibited poor to moderate rank-order stability, indicating that individuals were variable in their rank-position consistency over time. As many studies assessing chimpanzee cognition rely on personality data collected several years prior to testing, these data highlight the importance of collecting current personality data when correlating them with cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Rawlings
- Durham Cultural Evolution Research Centre, Department of Anthropology, Durham University, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
- National Center for Chimpanzee Care, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Emma Flynn
- School of Psychology, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Hani Freeman
- National Center for Chimpanzee Care, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Lisa Reamer
- National Center for Chimpanzee Care, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Steven J Schapiro
- National Center for Chimpanzee Care, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan Lambeth
- National Center for Chimpanzee Care, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Rachel L Kendal
- Durham Cultural Evolution Research Centre, Department of Anthropology, Durham University, UK
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Padrell M, Riba D, Úbeda Y, Amici F, Llorente M. Personality, cognition and behavior in chimpanzees: a new approach based on Eysenck's model. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9707. [PMID: 32874782 PMCID: PMC7439959 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality has been linked to individual variation in interest and performance in cognitive tasks. Nevertheless, this relationship is still poorly understood and has rarely been considered in animal cognition research. Here, we investigated the association between personality and interest, motivation and task performance in 13 sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) housed at Fundació Mona (Spain). Personality was assessed with a 12-item questionnaire based on Eysenck's Psychoticism-Extraversion-Neuroticism model completed by familiar keepers and researchers. Additionally, personality ratings were compared to behavioral observations conducted over an 11-year period. Experimental tasks consisted in several puzzle boxes that needed to be manipulated in order to obtain a food reward. Dependent variables included participation (as an indicator of interest), success and latency (as measures of performance), and losing contact with the task (as an indicator of motivation). As predicted, we obtained significant correlations between Eysenck's personality traits and observed behaviors, although some expected associations were absent. We then analyzed data using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, running a model for each dependent variable. In both sexes, lower Extraversion and lower Dominance were linked to a higher probability of success, but this effect was stronger in females. Furthermore, higher Neuropsychoticism predicted higher probability of success in females, but not in males. The probability of losing contact with the task was higher in young chimpanzees, and in those rated lower on Extraversion and higher on Dominance. Additionally, chimpanzees rated higher on Neuropsychoticism were also more likely to stop interacting with the task, but again this was more evident in females. Participation and latency were not linked to any personality trait. Our findings show that the PEN may be a good model to describe chimpanzee personality, and stress the importance of considering personality when interpreting the results of cognitive research in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Padrell
- Facultat d’Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Fundació Mona, Girona, Spain
| | - David Riba
- Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Fundació Mona, Girona, Spain
- Facultat de Lletres, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Yulán Úbeda
- Facultat d’Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Federica Amici
- Research Group “Primate Behavioural Ecology”, Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Miquel Llorente
- Facultat d’Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Fundació Mona, Girona, Spain
- IPRIM, Institut de Recerca i Estudis en Primatologia, Girona, Spain
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8
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Cronin KA, Tank A, Ness T, Leahy M, Ross SR. Sex and season predict wounds in zoo-housed Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): A multi-institutional study. Zoo Biol 2020; 39:147-155. [PMID: 31990090 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Japanese macaque societies are characterized by frequent intragroup conflict both in free-ranging and zoo-housed conditions. In zoos, understanding the factors that contribute to wounding is of interest because this knowledge can aid in proactive husbandry and management planning that can minimize the negative impacts wounding can have on individual welfare. This study sought to determine whether the variables sex, season and age predicted wounding rates. Data were collected for 24 months on 119 Japanese macaques living in 10 zoos, and we analyzed the contribution of variables using generalized linear mixed models. A total of 1,007 wounds were reported, and the best model included the interaction between sex and season. Follow-up analyses revealed that females incurred more wounds than males, and this sex difference was more pronounced during the breeding compared to the nonbreeding season. On average, individuals received 4.67 (±SEM: 0.55) wounds per year and 77.31% of the population incurred at least one wound in the study period. The majority of wounds were superficial and did not require veterinary intervention. Wound locations were not randomly distributed across body regions and were most often reported on the face. Finally, macaques living in larger social groups experienced more wounds, on average. This study represents the first quantification of wounding in this species and may provide insight to help inform husbandry and management strategies in zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Cronin
- Department of Animal Care & Horticulture, Animal Welfare Science Program, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.,Animal Care & Horticulture Department, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amy Tank
- Animal Care & Horticulture Department, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tom Ness
- Biological Programs, Minnesota Zoo, Apple Valley, Minnesota
| | - Maureen Leahy
- Department of Animal Care & Horticulture, Animal Welfare Science Program, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois.,Animal Care & Horticulture Department, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen R Ross
- Department of Conservation & Science, Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois
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9
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Ortín S, Úbeda Y, Garriga RM, Llorente M. Bushmeat trade consequences predict higher anxiety, restraint, and dominance in chimpanzees. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:874-887. [PMID: 30957221 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
More data are needed for a better understanding of the long-term influence of wider and combined stressful events in chimpanzee personality development. We evaluated the effects of bushmeat trade outcomes on the personality development in 84 African sanctuary chimpanzees. The chimpanzees presented different backgrounds regarding maternal care, social exposure, and abuse. We evaluated personality traits in chimpanzees using the Cattell 16PF personality questionnaire, the first application of this questionnaire in this species. We found that chimpanzees were rated as higher in anxiety after long social deprivation during infancy and juvenility, and if high human exposure was experienced. Mother-reared chimpanzees were rated as lower in restraint than hand-reared chimpanzees. Finally, mother-reared chimpanzees were rated as less dominant than hand-reared chimpanzees and rated higher when they had experienced severe mistreatment. Results suggest a wide range of possible stressful events could be potentially shaping rescued chimpanzees' personality and demonstrating the detrimental outcomes and consequences of the bushmeat and pet trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ortín
- Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Girona, Spain.,Fundació Universitat de Girona: Innovació i Formació, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Rosa M Garriga
- Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Western Area Peninsula National Park, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Miquel Llorente
- Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Girona, Spain.,IPRIM, Institut de Recerca i Estudis en Primatologia, Girona, Spain.,Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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