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Kentache T, Althoff CR, Caligiore F, Souche E, Schulz C, Graff J, Pieters E, Stanley P, Contessa JN, Van Schaftingen E, Matthijs G, Foulquier F, Bommer GT, Wilson MP. Absence of the dolichol synthesis gene DHRSX leads to N-glycosylation defects in Lec5 and Lec9 Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 2024:107875. [PMID: 39395802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines have been instrumental in the discovery of N-glycosylation machinery. Yet, the molecular causes of the glycosylation defects in the Lec5 and Lec9 mutants have been elusive, even though for both cell lines a defect in dolichol formation from polyprenol was previously established. We recently found that dolichol synthesis from polyprenol occurs in three steps consisting of the conversion of polyprenol to polyprenal by DHRSX, the reduction of polyprenal to dolichal by SRD5A3 and the reduction of dolichal to dolichol, again by DHRSX. This led us to investigate defective dolichol synthesis in Lec5 and Lec9 cells. Both cell lines showed increased levels of polyprenol and its derivatives, concomitant with decreased levels of dolichol and derivatives, but no change in polyprenal levels, suggesting DHRSX deficiency. Accordingly, N-glycan synthesis and changes in polyisoprenoid levels were corrected by complementation with human DHRSX but not with SRD5A3. Furthermore, the typical polyprenol dehydrogenase and dolichal reductase activities of DHRSX were absent in membrane preparations derived from Lec5 and Lec9 cells, while the reduction of polyprenal to dolichal, catalyzed by SRD5A3, was unaffected. Long-read whole genome sequencing of Lec5 and Lec9 cells did not reveal mutations in the ORF of SRD5A3, but the genomic region containing DHRSX was absent. Lastly, we established the sequence of Chinese hamster DHRSX and validated that this protein has similar kinetic properties to the human enzyme. Our work therefore identifies the basis of the dolichol synthesis defect in CHO Lec5 and Lec9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takfarinas Kentache
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte R Althoff
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000 Lille, France
| | - Francesco Caligiore
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erika Souche
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Céline Schulz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Graff
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Pieters
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Pamela Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph N Contessa
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Matthijs
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - François Foulquier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000 Lille, France
| | - Guido T Bommer
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Matthew P Wilson
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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2
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Wilson MP, Kentache T, Althoff CR, Schulz C, de Bettignies G, Mateu Cabrera G, Cimbalistiene L, Burnyte B, Yoon G, Costain G, Vuillaumier-Barrot S, Cheillan D, Rymen D, Rychtarova L, Hansikova H, Bury M, Dewulf JP, Caligiore F, Jaeken J, Cantagrel V, Van Schaftingen E, Matthijs G, Foulquier F, Bommer GT. A pseudoautosomal glycosylation disorder prompts the revision of dolichol biosynthesis. Cell 2024; 187:3585-3601.e22. [PMID: 38821050 PMCID: PMC11250103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Dolichol is a lipid critical for N-glycosylation as a carrier for activated sugars and nascent oligosaccharides. It is commonly thought to be directly produced from polyprenol by the enzyme SRD5A3. Instead, we found that dolichol synthesis requires a three-step detour involving additional metabolites, where SRD5A3 catalyzes only the second reaction. The first and third steps are performed by DHRSX, whose gene resides on the pseudoautosomal regions of the X and Y chromosomes. Accordingly, we report a pseudoautosomal-recessive disease presenting as a congenital disorder of glycosylation in patients with missense variants in DHRSX (DHRSX-CDG). Of note, DHRSX has a unique dual substrate and cofactor specificity, allowing it to act as a NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase and as a NADPH-dependent reductase in two non-consecutive steps. Thus, our work reveals unexpected complexity in the terminal steps of dolichol biosynthesis. Furthermore, we provide insights into the mechanism by which dolichol metabolism defects contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Wilson
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Takfarinas Kentache
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Charlotte R Althoff
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Céline Schulz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Geoffroy de Bettignies
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Gisèle Mateu Cabrera
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Loreta Cimbalistiene
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Birute Burnyte
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Grace Yoon
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory Costain
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandrine Vuillaumier-Barrot
- AP-HP, Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire and Département de Génétique, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, and Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, INSERM U1149, CRI, Paris, France
| | - David Cheillan
- Service Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire - Hospices Civils de Lyon; Laboratoire Carmen - Inserm U1060, INRAE UMR1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Daisy Rymen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucie Rychtarova
- Laboratory for Study of Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Hansikova
- Laboratory for Study of Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marina Bury
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Joseph P Dewulf
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Francesco Caligiore
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Cantagrel
- Developmental Brain Disorders Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium.
| | - Gert Matthijs
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - François Foulquier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Guido T Bommer
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium.
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Kentache T, Althoff CR, Caligiore F, Souche E, Schulz C, Graff J, Pieters E, Stanley P, Contessa JN, Van Schaftingen E, Matthijs G, Foulquier F, Bommer GT, Wilson MP. The N-glycosylation defect in Lec5 and Lec9 CHO cells is caused by absence of the DHRSX gene. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.18.599300. [PMID: 38948797 PMCID: PMC11212957 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.599300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylation-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines have been instrumental in the discovery of N-glycosylation machinery. Yet, the molecular causes of the glycosylation defects in the Lec5 and Lec9 mutants have been elusive, even though for both cell lines a defect in dolichol formation from polyprenol was previously established. We recently found that dolichol synthesis from polyprenol occurs in three steps consisting of the conversion of polyprenol to polyprenal by DHRSX, the reduction of polyprenal to dolichal by SRD5A3 and the reduction of dolichal to dolichol, again by DHRSX. This led us to investigate defective dolichol synthesis in Lec5 and Lec9 cells. Both cell lines showed increased levels of polyprenol and its derivatives, concomitant with decreased levels of dolichol and derivatives, but no change in polyprenal levels, suggesting DHRSX deficiency. Accordingly, N-glycan synthesis and changes in polyisoprenoid levels were corrected by complementation with human DHRSX but not with SRD5A3. Furthermore, the typical polyprenol dehydrogenase and dolichal reductase activities of DHRSX were absent in membrane preparations derived from Lec5 and Lec9 cells, while the reduction of polyprenal to dolichal, catalyzed by SRD5A3, was unaffected. Long-read whole genome sequencing of Lec5 and Lec9 cells did not reveal mutations in the ORF of SRD5A3, but the genomic region containing DHRSX was absent. Lastly, we established the sequence of Chinese hamster DHRSX and validated that this protein has similar kinetic properties to the human enzyme. Our work therefore identifies the basis of the dolichol synthesis defect in CHO Lec5 and Lec9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takfarinas Kentache
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte R. Althoff
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 – UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000 Lille, France
| | - Francesco Caligiore
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erika Souche
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Céline Schulz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 – UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Graff
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Pieters
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Pamela Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph N. Contessa
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Matthijs
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - François Foulquier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 – UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F- 59000 Lille, France
| | - Guido T. Bommer
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute & WELRI, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthew P. Wilson
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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4
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Boateng ID. Polyprenols in Ginkgo biloba; a review of their chemistry (synthesis of polyprenols and their derivatives), extraction, purification, and bioactivities. Food Chem 2023; 418:136006. [PMID: 36996648 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The Ginkgo biloba L. (GB) contains high bioactive compounds. To date, flavonoids and terpene trilactone have received the majority of attention in GB studies, and the GB has been utilized globally in functional food and pharmacological firms, with sales > $10 billion since 2017, while the other active components, for instance, polyprenols (a natural lipid) with various bioactivities have received less attention. Hence, this review focused on polyprenols' chemistry (synthesis of polyprenols and their derivatives) extraction, purification, and bioactivities from GB for the first time. The various extractions and purification methods (nano silica-based adsorbent, bulk ionic liquid membrane, etc.) were delved into, and their advantages and limitations were discussed. Besides, numerous bioactivities of the extracted Ginkgo biloba polyprenols (GBP) were reviewed. The review showed that GB contains some polyprenols in acetic esters' form. Prenylacetic esters are free of adverse effects. Besides, the polyprenols from GB have numerous bioactivities such as anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-viral activity, etc. The application of GBPs in the food, cosmetics, and drugs industries such as micelles, liposomes, and nano-emulsions was delved into. Finally, the toxicity of polyprenol was reviewed, and it was concluded that GBP was not carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic, giving a theoretical justification for using GBP as a raw material for functional foods. This article will aid researchers to better understand the need to explore GBP usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, 1406 E Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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5
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Van Gelder K, Virta LKA, Easlick J, Prudhomme N, McAlister JA, Geddes-McAlister J, Akhtar TA. A central role for polyprenol reductase in plant dolichol biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110773. [PMID: 33487357 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dolichol is an essential polyisoprenoid within the endoplasmic reticulum of all eukaryotes. It serves as a membrane bound anchor onto which N-glycans are assembled prior to being transferred to nascent polypeptides, many of which enter the secretory pathway. Historically, it has been posited that the accumulation of dolichol represents the 'rate-limiting' step in the evolutionary conserved process of N-glycosylation, which ultimately affects the efficacy of approximately one fifth of the entire eukaryotic proteome. Therefore, this study aimed to enhance dolichol accumulation by manipulating the enzymes involved in its biosynthesis using an established Nicotiana benthamiana platform. Co-expression of a Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) cis-prenyltransferase (CPT) and its cognate partner protein, CPT binding protein (CPTBP), that catalyze the antepenultimate step in dolichol biosynthesis led to a 400-fold increase in the levels of long-chain polyprenols but resulted in only modest increases in dolichol accumulation. However, when combined with a newly characterized tomato polyprenol reductase, dolichol biosynthesis was enhanced by approximately 20-fold. We provide further evidence that in the aquatic macrophyte, Lemna gibba, dolichol is derived exclusively from the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway with little participation from the evolutionary co-adopted non-MVA pathway. Taken together these results indicate that to effectively enhance the in planta accumulation of dolichol, coordinated synthesis and reduction of polyprenol to dolichol, is strictly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Van Gelder
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lilia K A Virta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jeremy Easlick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicholas Prudhomme
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jason A McAlister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Tariq A Akhtar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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6
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Zhang Q, Huang L, Zhang C, Xie P, Zhang Y, Ding S, Xu F. Synthesis and biological activity of polyprenols. Fitoterapia 2015; 106:184-93. [PMID: 26358482 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The polyprenols and their derivatives are highlighted in this study. These lipid linear polymers of isoprenoid residues are widespread in nature from bacteria to human cells. This review primarily presents the synthesis and biological activities of polyprenyl derivatives. Attention is focused on the synthesis and biological activity of dolichols, polyprenyl ester derivatives and polyprenyl amines. Other polyprenyl derivatives, such as oxides of polyprenols, aromatic polyprenols, polyprenyl bromide and polyprenyl sulphates, are mentioned. It is noted that polyprenyl phosphates and polyprenyl-linked glycosylation have better antibacterial, gene therapy and immunomodulating performance, whereas polyprenyl amines have better for antibacterial and antithrombotic activity. Dolichols, polyprenyl acetic esters, polyprenyl phosphates and polyprenyl-linked glycosylation have pharmacological anti-tumour effects. Finally, the postulated prospect of polyprenols and their derivatives are discussed. Further in vivo studies on the above derivatives are needed. The compatibility of polyprenols and their derivatives with other drugs should be studied, and new preparations of polyprenyl derivatives, such as hydrogel glue and release-controlled drugs, are suggested for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lixin Huang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China.
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Pujun Xie
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Shasha Ding
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open lab. of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210042, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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7
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Harrison KD, Park EJ, Gao N, Kuo A, Rush JS, Waechter CJ, Lehrman MA, Sessa WC. Nogo-B receptor is necessary for cellular dolichol biosynthesis and protein N-glycosylation. EMBO J 2011; 30:2490-500. [PMID: 21572394 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dolichol monophosphate (Dol-P) functions as an obligate glycosyl carrier lipid in protein glycosylation reactions. Dol-P is synthesized by the successive condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), with farnesyl diphosphate catalysed by a cis-isoprenyltransferase (cis-IPTase) activity. Despite the recognition of cis-IPTase activity 40 years ago and the molecular cloning of the human cDNA encoding the mammalian enzyme, the molecular machinery responsible for regulating this activity remains incompletely understood. Here, we identify Nogo-B receptor (NgBR) as an essential component of the Dol-P biosynthetic machinery. Loss of NgBR results in a robust deficit in cis-IPTase activity and Dol-P production, leading to diminished levels of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides and a broad reduction in protein N-glycosylation. NgBR interacts with the previously identified cis-IPTase hCIT, enhances hCIT protein stability, and promotes Dol-P production. Identification of NgBR as a component of the cis-IPTase machinery yields insights into the regulation of dolichol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Hypoglycosylation due to dolichol metabolism defects. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:888-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Jones MB, Rosenberg JN, Betenbaugh MJ, Krag SS. Structure and synthesis of polyisoprenoids used in N-glycosylation across the three domains of life. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:485-94. [PMID: 19348869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
N-linked protein glycosylation was originally thought to be specific to eukaryotes, but evidence of this post-translational modification has now been discovered across all domains of life: Eucarya, Bacteria, and Archaea. In all cases, the glycans are first assembled in a step-wise manner on a polyisoprenoid carrier lipid. At some stage of lipid-linked oligosaccharide synthesis, the glycan is flipped across a membrane. Subsequently, the completed glycan is transferred to specific asparagine residues on the protein of interest. Interestingly, though the N-glycosylation pathway seems to be conserved, the biosynthetic pathways of the polyisoprenoid carriers, the specific structures of the carriers, and the glycan residues added to the carriers vary widely. In this review we will elucidate how organisms in each basic domain of life synthesize the polyisoprenoids that they utilize for N-linked glycosylation and briefly discuss the subsequent modifications of the lipid to generate a lipid-linked oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith B Jones
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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10
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Jones J, Viswanathan K, Krag SS, Betenbaugh MJ. Polyprenyl lipid synthesis in mammalian cells expressing human cis-prenyl transferase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:379-83. [PMID: 15850770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The level of cis-prenyl transferase activity has been implicated in controlling the level of biosynthesis of dolichol and dolichol intermediates. In this study, we isolated a cDNA encoding a human CPT (GenBank Accession No. ), which had substantial homology to other CPT isolated from human brain, bacteria, Arabidopsis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression of this cDNA in two different insect cell lines confirmed the functionality of the protein in an in vitro assay. Western blot analysis revealed an expressed protein of approximately 38 kDa in HEK293 cells. Overexpression of the protein in HEK293 cells resulted in an increase in the level of total prenol in vivo. Furthermore, product characterization by thin layer chromatography (TLC) confirmed that the major product was a long-chain prenol with a chain length of 95 carbons. These results suggest a regulatory relationship between CPT activity and dolichol biosynthesis, and may implicate CPT in the levels of dolichol-oligosaccharide intermediate biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jullian Jones
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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11
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Skorupińska-Tudek K, Bieńkowski T, Olszowska O, Furmanowa M, Chojnacki T, Danikiewicz W, Swiezewska E. Divergent pattern of polyisoprenoid alcohols in the tissues of Coluria geoides: a new electrospray ionization MS approach. Lipids 2004; 38:981-90. [PMID: 14584606 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyisoprenoid alcohols of the plant Coluria geoides were isolated and analyzed by HPLC with UV detection to determine the nature of the polyprenol and dolichol mixture in the organs studied. In roots, a family of dolichols (Dol-15 to Dol-23, with Dol-16 dominating, where Dol-n is dolichol composed of n isoprene units) was accompanied by traces of polyprenols of similar chain lengths, whereas in hairy roots grown in vitro, identical patterns with a slightly broader chain-length range were found. Conversely, in leaves and seeds polyprenols were the dominant form, and their pattern was shifted toward longer chains (maximal content of Pren-19, where Pren-n is polyprenol composed of n isoprene units). Interestingly, the pattern of dolichols in seeds and leaves (in which Dol-17 dominated) was similar to that found in roots. Structures of the dolichols and polyprenols isolated were confirmed by the application of a new HPLC/electrospray ionization-MS method, which also offers a much higher sensitivity in detection of these compounds compared to a UV detector. The highest sensitivity was obtained when the [M + Na]+ ions of polyprenols and dolichols were recorded in the selected ion monitoring mode and a small amount of sodium acetate solution was added post-column to enhance the formation of these ions in an electrospray ion source.
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Acosta-Serrano A, O'Rear J, Quellhorst G, Lee SH, Hwa KY, Krag SS, Englund PT. Defects in the N-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathway in a Trypanosoma brucei glycosylation mutant. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2004; 3:255-63. [PMID: 15075256 PMCID: PMC387663 DOI: 10.1128/ec.3.2.255-263.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Concanavalin A (ConA) kills the procyclic (insect) form of Trypanosoma brucei by binding to its major surface glycoprotein, procyclin. We previously isolated a mutant cell line, ConA 1-1, that is less agglutinated and more resistant to ConA killing than are wild-type (WT) cells. Subsequently we found that the ConA resistance phenotype in this mutant is due to the fact that the procyclin either has no N-glycan or has an N-glycan with an altered structure. Here we demonstrate that the alteration in procyclin N-glycosylation correlates with two defects in the N-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic pathway. First, ConA 1-1 has a defect in activity of polyprenol reductase, an enzyme involved in synthesis of dolichol. Metabolic incorporation of [3H]mevalonate showed that ConA 1-1 synthesizes equal amounts of dolichol and polyprenol, whereas WT cells make predominantly dolichol. Second, we found that ConA 1-1 synthesizes and accumulates an oligosaccharide lipid (OSL) precursor that is smaller in size than that from WT cells. The glycan of OSL in WT cells is apparently Man9GlcNAc2, whereas that from ConA 1-1 is Man7GlcNAc2. The smaller OSL glycan in the ConA 1-1 explains how some procyclin polypeptides bear a Man4GlcNAc2 modified with a terminal N-acetyllactosamine group, which is poorly recognized by ConA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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13
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Shridas P, Rush JS, Waechter CJ. Identification and characterization of a cDNA encoding a long-chain cis-isoprenyltranferase involved in dolichyl monophosphate biosynthesis in the ER of brain cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 312:1349-56. [PMID: 14652022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A long-chain cis-isoprenyltransferase (cis-IPTase) located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) catalyzes the chain elongation stage in the pathway for the de novo biosynthesis of dolichyl monophosphate (Dol-P) in eukaryotic cells. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the ER-associated cis-IPTase is encoded by the RER2 gene. Mutations in the RER2 gene result in defects in growth and protein N-glycosylation. In this study a cDNA isolated from human brain (Accession No. AK023164.1), which has substantial homology to cis-IPTases from bacteria, Arabidopsis, and S. cerevisiae, has been shown to: (1) complement the growth defect; (2) restore cis-IPTase activity; dolichol and Dol-P synthesis; and (3) restore normal N-glycosylation of carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) in the yeast rer2Delta mutant. Consistent with a role in Dol-P biosynthesis, overexpression of the human cis-isoprenyltransferase (hCIT) cDNA also suppresses the temperature-sensitive growth and CPY hypoglycosylation phenotypes in sec59-1 cells which are defective in Dol-P biosynthesis due to a temperature-sensitive mutation in dolichol kinase. Overexpression of hCIT in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells results in a modest increase in cis-IPTase activity associated with microsomal fractions and the appearance of a new 38kDa polypeptide that co-localizes with calnexin in the ER, the site of Dol-P biosynthesis, even though no transmembrane domains are predicted by a hydropathy plot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Shridas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Marquardt T, Freeze H. Congenital disorders of glycosylation: glycosylation defects in man and biological models for their study. Biol Chem 2001; 382:161-77. [PMID: 11308015 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several inherited disorders affecting the biosynthetic pathways of N-glycans have been discovered during the past years. This review summarizes the current knowledge in this rapidly expanding field and covers the molecular bases of these disorders as well as their phenotypical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Marquardt
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinderheilkunde, Universität Münster, Germany
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15
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Freeze HH, Aebi M. Molecular basis of carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndromes type I with normal phosphomannomutase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1455:167-78. [PMID: 10571010 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(99)00072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndromes (CDGS) are inherited disorders in glycosylation. Isoelectric focusing of serum transferrin is used as a biochemical indicator of CDGS; however, this technique cannot diagnose the molecular defect. Even though phosphomannomutase (PMM) deficiency accounts for the great majority of known CDGS cases (CDGS type Ia), newly discovered cases have significantly different clinical presentations than the PMM-deficient patients. These differences arise from other defects affecting the biosynthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi compartment. The most notable is the loss of phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) (CDGS type Ib). It causes severe hypoglycemia, protein-losing enteropathy, vomiting, diarrhea, and congenital hepatic fibrosis. In contrast to PMM-deficiency, there is no developmental delay nor neuropathy. Most symptoms in the PMI-deficient patients can be successfully treated with dietary mannose supplements. Another defect is the lack of glucosylation of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor. The clinical features of this form of CDGS are milder, but similar to, PMM-deficient patients. Yeast genetic and biochemical techniques were critical in unraveling these disorders since many of the defective genes were known in yeast and corresponding mutants were available for complementation. Yeast strains carrying mutations in the homologous genes are likely to provide conclusive identification of the primary defects in novel CDGS types that affect the synthesis and transfer of precursor oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Freeze
- The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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16
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Sato M, Sato K, Nishikawa S, Hirata A, Kato J, Nakano A. The yeast RER2 gene, identified by endoplasmic reticulum protein localization mutations, encodes cis-prenyltransferase, a key enzyme in dolichol synthesis. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:471-83. [PMID: 9858571 PMCID: PMC83905 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.1.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/1998] [Accepted: 09/16/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As an approach to understand the molecular mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein sorting, we have isolated yeast rer mutants that mislocalize a Sec12-Mfalpha1p fusion protein from the ER to later compartments of the secretory pathway (S. Nishikawa and A. Nakano, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8179-8183, 1993). The temperature-sensitive rer2 mutant mislocalizes different types of ER membrane proteins, suggesting that RER2 is involved in correct localization of ER proteins in general. The rer2 mutant shows several other characteristic phenotypes: slow growth, defects in N and O glycosylation, sensitivity to hygromycin B, and abnormal accumulation of membranes, including the ER and the Golgi membranes. RER2 and SRT1, a gene whose overexpression suppresses rer2, encode novel proteins similar to each other, and their double disruption is lethal. RER2 homologues are found not only in eukaryotes but also in many prokaryote species and thus constitute a large gene family which has been well conserved during evolution. Taking a hint from the phenotype of newly established mutants of the Rer2p homologue of Escherichia coli, we discovered that the rer2 mutant is deficient in the activity of cis-prenyltransferase, a key enzyme of dolichol synthesis. This and other lines of evidence let us conclude that members of the RER2 family of genes encode cis-prenyltransferase itself. The difference in phenotypes between the rer2 mutant and previously obtained glycosylation mutants suggests a novel, as-yet-unknown role of dolichol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sato
- Molecular Membrane Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Walker BK, Lei H, Krag SS. A functional link between N-linked glycosylation and apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 250:264-70. [PMID: 9753618 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seven different Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants, isolated in different ways and having biochemical defects that were expressed at 34 degrees C, were found to be temperature sensitive for growth at 40.5 degrees C. Six of the mutants had five different lesions in N-linked glycosylation; two mutants were in the same complementation group. The temperature-sensitive phenotype in three mutants appeared by cell fusion studies to be linked to the glycosylation phenotype. In some of the glycosylation mutants [B4-2-1 (Lec15.1), Lec9, Lec1, and Lec24], but not in all of them (MI5-4 and MI8-5), incubation at 40.5 degrees C induced apoptosis, as determined by appearance of DNA fragmentation. Tunicamycin (TM) also induced apoptosis in both parental and Lec9 cells. There was a direct correlation between inhibition of glycosylation by TM treatment and induction of apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis by TM was inhibited by cycloheximide. These studies suggest that specific alterations in N-linked glycosylation in CHO cells are endogenous inducers of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Walker
- Department of Biochemistry, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 20205, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Krag
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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19
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Reduced utilization of Man5GlcNAc2-P-P-lipid in a Lec9 mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells: Analysis of the steps in oligosaccharide-lipid assembly. J Cell Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19971101)67:2<201::aid-jcb5>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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