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Helman SL, Zhou J, Fuqua BK, Lu Y, Collins JF, Chen H, Vulpe CD, Anderson GJ, Frazer DM. The biology of mammalian multi-copper ferroxidases. Biometals 2023; 36:263-281. [PMID: 35167013 PMCID: PMC9376197 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian multicopper ferroxidases (MCFs) ceruloplasmin (CP), hephaestin (HEPH) and zyklopen (ZP) comprise a family of conserved enzymes that are essential for body iron homeostasis. Each of these enzymes contains six biosynthetically incorporated copper atoms which act as intermediate electron acceptors, and the oxidation of iron is associated with the four electron reduction of dioxygen to generate two water molecules. CP occurs in both a secreted and GPI-linked (membrane-bound) form, while HEPH and ZP each contain a single C-terminal transmembrane domain. These enzymes function to ensure the efficient oxidation of iron so that it can be effectively released from tissues via the iron export protein ferroportin and subsequently bound to the iron carrier protein transferrin in the blood. CP is particularly important in facilitating iron release from the liver and central nervous system, HEPH is the major MCF in the small intestine and is critical for dietary iron absorption, and ZP is important for normal hair development. CP and HEPH (and possibly ZP) function in multiple tissues. These proteins also play other (non-iron-related) physiological roles, but many of these are ill-defined. In addition to disrupting iron homeostasis, MCF dysfunction perturbs neurological and immune function, alters cancer susceptibility, and causes hair loss, but, despite their importance, how MCFs co-ordinately maintain body iron homeostasis and perform other functions remains incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan L Helman
- Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | - Brie K Fuqua
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
- Mucosal Immunology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James F Collins
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | - Huijun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Christopher D Vulpe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
| | - Gregory J Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - David M Frazer
- Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Lactoferrin: from the structure to the functional orchestration of iron homeostasis. Biometals 2022; 36:391-416. [PMID: 36214975 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Iron is by far the most widespread and essential transition metal, possessing crucial biological functions for living systems. Despite chemical advantages, iron biology has forced organisms to face with some issues: ferric iron insolubility and ferrous-driven formation of toxic radicals. For these reasons, acquisition and transport of iron constitutes a formidable challenge for cells and organisms, which need to maintain adequate iron concentrations within a narrow range, allowing biological processes without triggering toxic effects. Higher organisms have evolved extracellular carrier proteins to acquire, transport and manage iron. In recent years, a renewed interest in iron biology has highlighted the role of iron-proteins dysregulation in the onset and/or exacerbation of different pathological conditions. However, to date, no resolutive therapy for iron disorders has been found. In this review, we outline the efficacy of Lactoferrin, a member of the transferrin family mainly secreted by exocrine glands and neutrophils, as a new emerging orchestrator of iron metabolism and homeostasis, able to counteract iron disorders associated to different pathologies, including iron deficiency and anemia of inflammation in blood, Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases in the brain and cystic fibrosis in the lung.
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Sakajiri T, Nakatsuji M, Teraoka Y, Furuta K, Ikuta K, Shibusa K, Sugano E, Tomita H, Inui T, Yamamura T. Zinc mediates the interaction between ceruloplasmin and apo-transferrin for the efficient transfer of Fe(III) ions. Metallomics 2021; 13:6427378. [PMID: 34791391 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Fe(II) exported from cells is oxidized to Fe(III), possibly by a multi-copper ferroxidase (MCF) such as ceruloplasmin (CP), to efficiently bind with the plasma iron transport protein transferrin (TF). As unbound Fe(III) is highly insoluble and reactive, its release into the blood during the transfer from MCF to TF must be prevented. A likely mechanism for preventing the release of unbound Fe(III) is via direct interaction between MCF and TF; however, the occurrence of this phenomenon remains controversial. This study aimed to reveal the interaction between these proteins, possibly mediated by zinc. Using spectrophotometric, isothermal titration calorimetric, and surface plasmon resonance methods, we found that Zn(II)-bound CP bound to iron-free TF (apo-TF) with a Kd of 4.2 μM and a stoichiometry CP:TF of ∼2:1. Computational modeling of the complex between CP and apo-TF predicted that each of the three Zn(II) ions that bind to CP further binds to acidic amino acid residues of apo-TF to play a role as a cross-linker connecting both proteins. Domain 4 of one CP molecule and domain 6 of the other CP molecule fit tightly into the clefts in the N- and C-lobes of apo-TF, respectively. Upon the binding of two Fe(III) ions to apo-TF, the resulting diferric TF [Fe(III)2TF] dissociated from CP by conformational changes in TF. In human blood plasma, zinc deficiency reduced the production of Fe(III)2TF and concomitantly increased the production of non-TF-bound iron. Our findings suggest that zinc may be involved in the transfer of iron between CP and TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Sakajiri
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.,Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, the University of Morioka, 808 Sunakomi, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0694, Japan.,Qualtec Co. Ltd., 4-230 Sambo-cho, Sakai, Osaka 590-0906, Japan.,Department of Nutrition, Kyushu Nutrition Welfare University, 5-1-1 Shimoitozu, Kitakyushu Kokurakita-ku, Fukuoka 803-0846, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakatsuji
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Teraoka
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kosuke Furuta
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ikuta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.,Japanese Red Cross Hokkaido Blood Center, 2-1 Nijuyonken, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 063-0802, Japan
| | - Kotoe Shibusa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.,Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd., 2-1 Shinkawa Nishi, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0932, Japan
| | - Eriko Sugano
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Takashi Inui
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamamura
- Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.,Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, the University of Morioka, 808 Sunakomi, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0694, Japan
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Zhao X, Kruzel M, Aronowski J. Lactoferrin and hematoma detoxification after intracerebral hemorrhage. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 99:97-101. [PMID: 32886889 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this minireview we discuss the role of lactoferrin (LTF) in detoxifying hematoma after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Subsequent to ICH, neutrophils enter the ICH-affected brain, where they release various granule contents, including LTF. LTF is an iron-binding glycoprotein that binds Fe3+ with high affinity. Unlike other iron-binding proteins, LTF can retain Fe3+ at the low pH associated with inflamed tissue. LTF's ability to sequester Fe3+ is of particular importance to ICH pathogenesis, because large quantities of free iron, which is pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory, are generated in the ICH-affected brain owing to blood hemolysis. LTF delivered to ICH-affected brain, either as a therapeutic agent or through infiltrated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (cells containing high levels of LTF), could limit the pathogenesis of ICH. LTF is a protein with a high isoelectric point (8.7), a property that enables it to bind to negatively-charged apoptotic cells or proteins. Here, LTF could act as a bridging molecule that couples the apoptotic cells to LTF receptors on the cellular membranes of microglia/macrophages to facilitate the efferocytosis/erythrophagocytosis of apoptotic cells and damaged red blood cells. Thus, by virtue of sequestrating iron and facilitating efferocytosis, LTF may contribute to hematoma detoxification and hematoma/inflammation resolution after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Zhao
- Department of Neurology UTHealth Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marian Kruzel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Department of Neurology UTHealth Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Looking for a partner: ceruloplasmin in protein-protein interactions. Biometals 2019; 32:195-210. [PMID: 30895493 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (CP) is a mammalian blood plasma ferroxidase. More than 95% of the copper found in plasma is carried by this protein, which is a member of the multicopper oxidase family. Proteins from this group are able to oxidize substrates through the transfer of four electrons to oxygen. The essential role of CP in iron metabolism in humans is particularly evident in the case of loss-of-function mutations in the CP gene resulting in a neurodegenerative syndrome known as aceruloplasminaemia. However, the functions of CP are not limited to the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron, which allows loading of the ferric iron into transferrin and prevents the deleterious reactions of Fenton chemistry. In recent years, a number of novel CP functions have been reported, and many of these functions depend on the ability of CP to form stable complexes with a number of proteins.
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Erythropoietin and Nrf2: key factors in the neuroprotection provided by apo-lactoferrin. Biometals 2018; 31:425-443. [PMID: 29748743 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the properties of lactoferrin (LF) are bactericidal, antianemic, immunomodulatory, antitumour, antiphlogistic effects. Previously we demonstrated its capacity to stabilize in vivo HIF-1-alpha and HIF-2-alpha, which are redox-sensitive multiaimed transcription factors. Various tissues of animals receiving recombinant human LF (rhLF) responded by expressing the HIF-1-alpha target genes, hence such proteins as erythropoietin (EPO), ceruloplasmin, etc. were synthesized in noticeable amounts. Among organs in which EPO synthesis occurred were brain, heart, spleen, liver, kidneys and lungs. Other researchers showed that EPO can act as a protectant against severe brain injury and status epilepticus in rats. Therefore, we tried rhLF as a protector against the severe neurologic disorders developed in rats, such as the rotenone-induced model of Parkinson's disease and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a model of multiple sclerosis, and observed its capacity to mitigate the grave symptoms. Moreover, an intraperitoneal injection of rhLF into mice 1 h after occlusion of the medial cerebral artery significantly diminished the necrosis area measured on the third day in the ischaemic brain. During this period EPO was synthesized in various murine tissues. It was known that EPO induces nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which, like HIF-1-alpha, is a transcription factor. In view that under conditions of hypoxia both factors demonstrate a synergistic protective effect, we suggested that LF activates the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, an important link in proliferation and differentiation of normal and malignant cells. J774 macrophages were cultured for 3 days without or in the presence of ferric and ferrous ions (RPMI-1640 and DMEM/F12, respectively). Then cells were incubated with rhLF or Deferiprone. Confocal microscopy revealed nuclear translocation of Nrf2 (the key event in Keap1/Nrf2 signaling) induced by apo-rhLF (iron-free, RPMI-1640). The reference compound Deferiprone (iron chelator) had the similar effect. Upon iron binding (in DMEM/F12) rhLF did not activate the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Added to J774, apo-rhLF enhanced transcription of Nrf2-dependent genes coding for glutathione S-transferase P and heme oxygenase-1. Western blotting revealed presence of Nrf2 in mice brain after 6 days of oral administration of apo-rhLF, but not Fe-rhLF or equivalent amount of PBS. Hence, apo-LF, but not holo-LF, induces the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm to the nucleus, probably due to its capacity to induce EPO synthesis.
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Sokolov AV, Voynova IV, Kostevich VA, Vlasenko AY, Zakharova ET, Vasilyev VB. Comparison of interaction between ceruloplasmin and lactoferrin/transferrin: to bind or not to bind. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:1073-1078. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Han THL, Camadro JM, Santos R, Lesuisse E, El Hage Chahine JM, Ha-Duong NT. Mechanisms of iron and copper-frataxin interactions. Metallomics 2017; 9:1073-1085. [PMID: 28573291 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Frataxin is a mitochondrial protein whose deficiency is the cause of Friedreich's ataxia, a hereditary neurodegenerative disease. This protein plays a role in iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis, protection against oxidative stress and iron metabolism. In an attempt to provide a better understanding of the role played by metals in its metabolic functions, the mechanisms of mitochondrial metal binding to frataxin in vitro have been investigated. A purified recombinant yeast frataxin homolog Yfh1 binds two Cu(ii) ions with a Kd1(CuII) of 1.3 × 10-7 M and a Kd2(CuII) of 3.1 × 10-4 M and a single Cu(i) ion with a higher affinity than for Cu(ii) (Kd(CuI) = 3.2 × 10-8 M). Mn(ii) forms two complexes with Yfh1 (Kd1(MnII) = 4.0 × 10-8 M; Kd2(MnII) = 4.0 × 10-7 M). Cu and Mn bind Yfh1 with higher affinities than Fe(ii). It is established for the first time that the mechanisms of the interaction of iron and copper with frataxin are comparable and involve three kinetic steps. The first step occurs in the 50-500 ms range and corresponds to a first metal uptake. This is followed by two other kinetic processes that are related to a second metal uptake and/or to a change in the conformation leading to thermodynamic equilibrium. Frataxin deficient Δyfh1 yeast cells exhibited a marked growth defect in the presence of exogenous Cu or Mn. Mitochondria from Δyfh1 strains also accumulated higher amounts of copper, suggesting a functional role of frataxin in vivo in copper homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H L Han
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, "Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes", CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Kostevich VA, Sokolov AV, Kozlov SO, Vlasenko AY, Kolmakov NN, Zakharova ET, Vasilyev VB. Functional link between ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin and protective effect of apo-lactoferrin: studying rats kept on a silver chloride diet. Biometals 2016; 29:691-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Sokolov AV, Zakharova ET, Zakahrova ET, Kostevich VA, Samygina VR, Vasilyev VB. Lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, and ceruloplasmin: complementary gearwheels cranking physiological and pathological processes. Biometals 2014; 27:815-28. [PMID: 24966132 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Copper-containing plasma protein ceruloplasmin (Cp) forms a complex with lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding protein, and with the heme-containing myeloperoxidase (Mpo). In case of inflammation, Lf and Mpo are secreted from neutrophil granules. Among the plasma proteins, Cp seems to be the preferential partner of Lf and Mpo. After an intraperitoneal injection of Lf to rodents, the "Cp-Lf" complex has been shown to appear in their bloodstream. Cp prevents the interaction of Lf with protoplasts of Micrococcus luteus. Upon immunoprecipitation of Cp, the blood plasma becomes depleted of Lf and in a dose-dependent manner loses the capacity to inhibit the peroxidase activity of Mpo, but not the Mpo-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate in the (pseudo)halogenating cycle. Antimicrobial effect against E. coli displayed by a synergistic system that includes Lf and Mpo-H2O2-chloride, but not thiocyanate, as the substrate for Mpo is abrogated when Cp is added. Hence, Cp can be regarded as an anti-inflammatory factor that restrains the halogenating cycle and redirects the synergistic system Mpo-H2O2-chloride/thiocyanate to production of hypothiocyanate, which is relatively harmless for the human organism. Structure and functions of the "2Cp-2Lf-Mpo" complex and binary complexes Cp-Lf and 2Cp-Mpo in inflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Sokolov
- N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Pavlov Street 12, Saint Petersburg, 197376, Russia,
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Eid C, Hémadi M, Ha-Duong NT, El Hage Chahine JM. Iron uptake and transfer from ceruloplasmin to transferrin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:1771-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Multi-copper oxidases and human iron metabolism. Nutrients 2013; 5:2289-313. [PMID: 23807651 PMCID: PMC3738974 DOI: 10.3390/nu5072289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-copper oxidases (MCOs) are a small group of enzymes that oxidize their substrate with the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to two water molecules. Generally, multi-copper oxidases are promiscuous with regards to their reducing substrates and are capable of performing various functions in different species. To date, three multi-copper oxidases have been detected in humans—ceruloplasmin, hephaestin and zyklopen. Each of these enzymes has a high specificity towards iron with the resulting ferroxidase activity being associated with ferroportin, the only known iron exporter protein in humans. Ferroportin exports iron as Fe2+, but transferrin, the major iron transporter protein of blood, can bind only Fe3+ effectively. Iron oxidation in enterocytes is mediated mainly by hephaestin thus allowing dietary iron to enter the bloodstream. Zyklopen is involved in iron efflux from placental trophoblasts during iron transfer from mother to fetus. Release of iron from the liver relies on ferroportin and the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin which is found in blood in a soluble form. Ceruloplasmin, hephaestin and zyklopen show distinctive expression patterns and have unique mechanisms for regulating their expression. These features of human multi-copper ferroxidases can serve as a basis for the precise control of iron efflux in different tissues. In this manuscript, we review the biochemical and biological properties of the three human MCOs and discuss their potential roles in human iron homeostasis.
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Sokolov AV, Solovyov KV, Kostevich VA, Chekanov AV, Pulina MO, Zakharova ET, Shavlovski MM, Panasenko OM, Vasilyev VB. Protection of ceruloplasmin by lactoferrin against hydroxyl radicals is pH dependent1This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lactoferrin and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:397-404. [DOI: 10.1139/o2012-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Destruction of ceruloplasmin (Cp) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide is accompanied by the release of the protein’s copper ions that provoke formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH˙) and, consequently, further degradation of the protein. Under such conditions, degradation of Cp is hampered by a number of substances able to bind copper ions. Lactoferrin (Lf) is the most active protector of Cp, its protective effect depending on the pH of the medium. The best protection of Cp by Lf was detected at pH 7.4. In an acidic buffer (pH 5.5), Lf did not affect the destruction of Cp. The pH-dependent efficiency of copper binding by Lf is in good agreement with its capacity to protect Cp against degradation provoked by hydrogen peroxide. It seems likely that peroxide-dependent degradation of Cp stimulated by its own copper ions is a part of neutrophil-induced antimicrobial reactions and may take place properly at the foci of inflammation. Interaction of Lf with Cp may regulate the generation of OH˙ from hydrogen peroxide in the foci of inflammation and protect the adjacent tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Sokolov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya str, 1a, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Kirill V. Solovyov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
| | - Valeria A. Kostevich
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya str, 1a, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Chekanov
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya str, 1a, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Maria O. Pulina
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
| | - Elena T. Zakharova
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
| | - Mikhail M. Shavlovski
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
| | - Oleg M. Panasenko
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya str, 1a, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Vadim B. Vasilyev
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, N-W Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Acad. Pavlov street 12, Russia
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The transfer of iron between ceruloplasmin and transferrins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:411-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Goldman IL, Georgieva SG, Gurskiy YG, Krasnov AN, Deykin AV, Popov AN, Ermolkevich TG, Budzevich AI, Chernousov AD, Sadchikova ER. Production of human lactoferrin in animal milk. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:513-9. [PMID: 22360490 DOI: 10.1139/o11-088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic constructs containing the human lactoferrin (hLf) gene were created within a joint program of Russian and Belorussian scientists. Using these constructs, transgenic mice were bred (the maximum hLf concentration in their milk was 160 g/L), and transgenic goats were also generated (up to 10 g/L hLf in their milk). Experimental goatherds that produced hLf in their milk were also bred, and the recombinant hLf was found to be identical to the natural protein in its physical and chemical properties. These properties included electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point, recognition by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, circular dichroic spectra, interaction with natural ligands (DNA, lipopolysaccharides, and heparin), the binding of iron ions, the sequence of the 7 terminal amino acids, and its biological activity. The latter was assessed by the agglutination of Micrococcus luteus protoplasts, bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes , and fungicidal activity against Candida albicans . We also demonstrated a significant increase in the activity of antibiotics when used in combination with Lf.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Goldman
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Vavilova str, 34/5, Moscow, Russia
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Lambert LA. Molecular evolution of the transferrin family and associated receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:244-55. [PMID: 21693173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vertebrates, serum transferrins are essential iron transporters that have bind and release Fe(III) in response to receptor binding and changes in pH. Some family members such as lactoferrin and melanotransferrin can also bind iron while others have lost this ability and have gained other functions, e.g., inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase (mammals), saxiphilin (frogs) and otolith matrix protein 1 (fish). SCOPE OF REVIEW This article provides an overview of the known transferrin family members and their associated receptors and interacting partners. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The number of transferrin genes has proliferated as a result of multiple duplication events, and the resulting paralogs have developed a wide array of new functions. Some homologs in the most primitive metazoan groups resemble both serum and melanotransferrins, but the major yolk proteins show considerable divergence from the rest of the family. Among the transferrin receptors, the lack of TFR2 in birds and reptiles, and the lack of any TFR homologs among the insects draw attention to the differences in iron transport and regulation in those groups. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The transferrin family members are important because of their clinical significance, interesting biochemical properties, and evolutionary history. More work is needed to better understand the functions and evolution of the non-vertebrate family members. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Molecular Mechanisms of Iron Transport and Disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Lambert
- Department of Biology, Chatham University, Woodland Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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Chepelev NL, Willmore WG. Regulation of iron pathways in response to hypoxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:645-66. [PMID: 21185934 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Constituting an integral part of a heme's porphyrin ring, iron is essential for supplying cells and tissues with oxygen. Given tight links between oxygen delivery and iron availability, it is not surprising that iron deprivation and oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) have very similar consequences at the molecular level. Under hypoxia, the expression of major iron homeostasis genes including transferrin, transferrin receptor, ceruloplasmin, and heme oxygenase-1 is activated by hypoxia-inducible factors to provide increased iron availability for erythropoiesis in an attempt to enhance oxygen uptake and delivery to hypoxic cells. Iron-response proteins (IRP1 and IRP2) and "cap-n-collar" bZIP transcriptional factors (NE-F2 p45; Nrf1, 2, and 3; Bach1 and 2) also control gene and protein expression of the key iron homeostasis proteins. In this article, we give an overview of the mechanisms by which iron pathways are regulated by hypoxia at multiple levels. In addition, potential clinical benefits of manipulating iron pathways in the hypoxia-related conditions anemia and ischemia are discussed.
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Ha-Duong NT, Eid C, Hémadi M, El Hage Chahine JM. In Vitro Interaction between Ceruloplasmin and Human Serum Transferrin. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10261-3. [DOI: 10.1021/bi1014503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyêt-Thanh Ha-Duong
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements et Organisation des Systèmes), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Chantal Eid
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements et Organisation des Systèmes), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Miryana Hémadi
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements et Organisation des Systèmes), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Michel El Hage Chahine
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements et Organisation des Systèmes), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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19
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Interactions of caeruloplasmin with other proteins participating in inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38:947-51. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0380947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The first detailed report of a specific interaction of CP (caeruloplasmin) with another protein described its complex with LF (lactoferrin) in 2000. Since then, several protein–protein interactions involving CP have been reported, mostly concerning iron-containing proteins. The CP–LF complex was studied thoroughly, and evidence of reciprocal effects of CP and LF was obtained. Another specific interaction investigated in detail occurs between CP and MPO (myeloperoxidase). CP–LF, CP–MPO and CP–LF–MPO complexes were found in sera of patients with inflammation. Modelling in vitro allowed understanding of which structural peculiarities of CP and partners allow the modification of their functions in a complex. The present paper reviews the latest data on complexes of CP with LF and MPO, and advances some suggestions about their role in health and disease.
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Pulina MO, Sokolov AV, Zakharova ET, Kostevich VA, Vasilyev VB. Effect of Lactoferrin on Consequences of Acute Experimental Hemorrhagic Anemia in Rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2010; 149:219-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-0911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Wyatt AR, Wilson MR. Identification of human plasma proteins as major clients for the extracellular chaperone clusterin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:3532-3539. [PMID: 19996109 PMCID: PMC2823492 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.079566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is an extracellular chaperone that is likely to play an important role in protein folding quality control. This study identified three deposition disease-associated proteins as major plasma clients for clusterin by studying CLU-client complexes formed in response to physiologically relevant stress (shear stress, approximately 36 dynes/cm(2) at 37 degrees C). Analysis of plasma samples by size exclusion chromatography indicated that (i) relative to control plasma, stressed plasma contained proportionally more soluble protein species of high molecular weight, and (ii) high molecular weight species were far more abundant when proteins purified by anti-CLU immunoaffinity chromatography from stressed plasma were compared with those purified from control plasma. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses indicated that a variety of proteins co-purified with CLU from both stressed and control plasma; however, several proteins were uniquely present or much more abundant when plasma was stressed. These proteins were identified by mass spectrometry as ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, and albumin. Immunodot blot analysis of size exclusion chromatography fractionated plasma suggested that CLU-client complexes generated in situ are very large and may reach >or=4 x 10(7) Da. Lastly, sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected complexes containing CLU and ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, or albumin in stressed but not control plasma. We have previously proposed that CLU-client complexes serve as vehicles to dispose of damaged misfolded extracellular proteins in vivo via receptor-mediated endocytosis. A better understanding of these mechanisms is likely to ultimately lead to the identification of new therapies for extracellular protein deposition disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Wyatt
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Mark R Wilson
- From the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia.
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22
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Sokolov AV, Prozorovskii VN, Vasilyev VB. Study of interaction of ceruloplasmin, lactoferrin, and myeloperoxidase by photon correlation spectroscopy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 74:1225-7. [PMID: 19916937 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the diameters of protein complexes formed upon interaction of ceruloplasmin (CP) with lactoferrin (LF) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were determined. Gage dependence of the diameter of protein particles (myoglobin, albumin, LF, CP, MPO, aldolase, ferritin) on their molecular mass logarithm was calculated. The diameter of a complex formed upon mixing CP and LF was 8.4 nm, which is in line with the radius of gyration obtained previously when the 1CP-1LF complex was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. The diameter of a complex formed upon interaction of CP with MPO is 9.8 nm, corresponding to the stoichiometry 2CP : 1MPO. The diameter of a complex formed when LF is added to the 2CP-1MPO complex is 10.7 nm. The latter is consistent with the notion of a pentameric structure 2LF-2CP-1MPO with molecular mass of about 585 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sokolov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Tsymbalenko NV, Gyulikhandanova NE, Platonova NA, Babich VS, Evsyukova II, Puchkova LV. Regulation of ceruloplasmin gene activity in mammary gland cells. RUSS J GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795409030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rodrigues L, Teixeira J, Schmitt F, Paulsson M, Månsson HL. Lactoferrin and cancer disease prevention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:203-17. [PMID: 19093266 DOI: 10.1080/10408390701856157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein that is composed of the transferrin family and is predominantly found in the products of the exocrine glands located in the gateways of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems, suggesting a role in the non-specific defence against invading pathogens. Additionally, several physiological roles have been attributed to LF, namely regulation of iron homeostasis, host defence against infection and inflammation, regulation of cellular growth, and differentiation and protection against cancer development and metastasis. These findings have suggested LF's great potential therapeutic use in cancer disease prevention and/or treatment, namely as a chemopreventive agent. This review looks at the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying the multifunctional roles of LF and future perspectives on its potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Rodrigues
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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25
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Effect of lactoferrin on oxidative features of ceruloplasmin. Biometals 2009; 22:521-9. [PMID: 19189056 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In our previous report we first described a complex between lactoferrin (Lf) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) with K (d) approximately 1.8 microM. The presence of this complex in colostrum that never contains more than 0.3 microM Cp questions the reliability of K (d) value. We carefully studied Lf binding to Cp and investigated the enzymatic activity of the latter in the presence of Lf, which allowed obtaining a new value for K (d) of Cp-Lf complex. Lf interacting with Cp changes its oxidizing activity with various substrates, such as Fe(2+), o-dianisidine (o-DA), p-phenylenediamine (p-PD) and dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). The presence of at least two binding sites for Lf in Cp molecule is deduced from comparison of substrates' oxidation kinetics with and without Lf. When Lf binds to the first site affinity of Cp to Fe(2+) and to o-DA increases, but it decreases towards DOPA and remains unchanged towards p-PD. Oxidation rate of Fe(2+) grows, while that of o-DA, p-PD and DOPA goes down. Subsequent Lf binding to the second center has no effect on iron oxidation, hampers DOPA and o-DA oxidation, and reduces affinity towards p-PD. Scatchard plot for Lf sorbing to Cp-Sepharose allowed estimating K (d) for Lf binding to high-affinity (approximately 13.4 nM) and low-affinity (approximately 211 nM) sites. The observed effect of Lf on ferroxidase activity of Cp is likely to have physiological implications.
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26
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Panasenko OM, Chekanov AV, Vlasova II, Sokolov AV, Ageeva KV, Pulina MO, Cherkalina OS, Vasil’ev VB. Influence of ceruloplasmin and lactoferrin on the chlorination activity of leukocyte myeloperoxidase assayed by chemiluminescence. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350908040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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27
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Sokolov AV, Pulina MO, Ageeva KV, Ayrapetov MI, Berlov MN, Volgin GN, Markov AG, Yablonsky PK, Kolodkin NI, Zakharova ET, Vasilyev VB. Interaction of ceruloplasmin, lactoferrin, and myeloperoxidase. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:409-15. [PMID: 17511605 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
When lactoferrin (LF) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) are added to ceruloplasmin (CP), a CP-LF-MPO triple complex forms. The complex is formed under physiological conditions, but also in the course of SDS-free PAGE. Polyclonal antibodies to both LF and MPO displace the respective proteins from the CP-LF-MPO complex. Similar replacement is performed by a PACAP38 fragment (amino acids 29-38) and protamine that bind to CP. Interaction of LF and MPO with CP-Sepharose is blocked at ionic strength above 0.3 M NaCl and at pH below 4.1 (LF) and 3.9 (MPO). Two peptides (amino acids 50-109 and 929-1012) were isolated by affinity chromatography from a preparation of CP after its spontaneous proteolytic cleavage. These peptides are able to displace CP from its complexes with LF and MPO. Both human and canine MPO could form a complex when mixed with CP from seven mammalian species. Upon intravenous injection of human MPO into rats, the rat CP-human MPO complex could be detected in plasma. Patients with inflammation were examined and CP-LF, CP-MPO, and CP-LF-MPO complexes were revealed in 80 samples of blood serum and in nine exudates from purulent foci. These complexes were also found in 45 samples of serum and pleural fluid obtained from patients with pleurisies of various etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sokolov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, ul. Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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28
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Sokolov AV, Pulina MO, Ageeva KV, Runova OL, Zakharova ET, Vasilyev VB. Identification of leukocyte cationic proteins that interact with ceruloplasmin. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:872-7. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907080093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Sabatucci A, Vachette P, Vasilyev VB, Beltramini M, Sokolov A, Pulina M, Salvato B, Angelucci CB, Maccarrone M, Cozzani I, Dainese E. Structural Characterization of the Ceruloplasmin: Lactoferrin Complex in Solution. J Mol Biol 2007; 371:1038-46. [PMID: 17597152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin is a copper protein found in vertebrate plasma, which belongs to the family of multicopper oxidases. Like transferrin of the blood plasma, lactoferrin, the iron-containing protein of human milk, saliva, tears, seminal plasma and of neutrophilic leukocytes tightly binds two ferric ions. Human lactoferrin and ceruloplasmin have been previously shown to interact both in vivo and in vitro forming a complex. Here we describe a study of the conformation of the human lactoferrin/ceruloplasmin complex in solution using small angle X-ray scattering. Our ab initio structural analysis shows that the complex has a 1:1 stoichiometry and suggests that complex formation occurs without major conformational rearrangements of either protein. Rigid-body modeling of the mutual arrangement of proteins in the complex essentially yields two families of solutions. Final discrimination is possible when integrating in the modeling process extra information translating into structural constraints on the interaction between the two partners.
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30
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Sokolov AV, Pulina MO, Kristiyan AV, Zakharova ET, Runova OL, Vasil'ev VB, Gurskii YG, Minashkin MM, Krasnov AN, Kadulin SG, Ermolkevich TG, Gol'dman IL, Sadchikova ER. A study of recombinant human lactoferrin secreted in milk of transgenic mice. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2006; 411:336-8. [PMID: 17396575 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672906060032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A V Sokolov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, ul. Akademika Pavlova 12, St. Petersburg, 197376 Russia
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31
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Sokolov AV, Pulina MO, Zakharova ET, Susorova AS, Runova OL, Kolodkin NI, Vasilyev VB. Identification and isolation from breast milk of ceruloplasmin-lactoferrin complex. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:160-6. [PMID: 16489920 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a complex of the copper-containing protein ceruloplasmin (Cp) with lactoferrin (Lf) in breast milk (BM) is shown for the first time. In SDS-free polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), electrophoretic mobility of Cp in BM is lower than that of plasma Cp, coinciding with the mobility of the complex obtained upon mixing purified Cp and Lf. Affinity chromatography of delipidated BM on Cp-Sepharose resulted in retention of Lf. SDS-PAGE of the 0.3 M NaCl eluate revealed a single band with Mr approximately 78,000 that has the N-terminal amino acid sequence of Lf and reacts with antibodies to that protein. Synthetic peptides R-R-R-R (the N-terminal amino acid stretch 2-5 in Lf) and K-R-Y-K-Q-R-V-K-N-K (the C-terminal stretch 29-38 in PACAP 38) caused efficient elution of Lf from Cp-Sepharose. Cp-Lf complex from delipidated BM is not retained on the resins used for isolation of Cp (AE-agarose) and of Lf (CM-Sephadex). Anionic peptides from Cp--(586-597), (721-734), and (905-914)--provide an efficient elution of Cp from AE-agarose, but do not cause dissociation of Cp-Lf complex. When anti-Lf is added to BM flowed through CM-Sephadex, Cp co-precipitates with Lf. Cp-Lf complex can be isolated from BM by chromatography on CM-Sephadex, ethanol precipitation, and affinity chromatography on AE-agarose, yielding 98% pure complex. The resulting complex Cp-Lf (1 : 1) was separated into components by chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. Limited tryptic hydrolysis of Cp obtained from BM and from blood plasma revealed identical proteolytic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sokolov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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32
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Sokolov AV, Pulina MO, Zakharova ET, Shavlovski MM, Vasilyev VB. Effect of Lactoferrin on the Ferroxidase Activity of Ceruloplasmin. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 70:1015-9. [PMID: 16266273 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of various forms of lactoferrin (Lf) interacting with ceruloplasmin (Cp, ferro-O2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.16.3.1) on oxidase activity of the latter were studied. Comparing the incorporation of Fe3+ oxidized by Cp into Lf and serum transferrin (Tf) showed that at pH 5.5 apo-Lf binds the oxidized iron seven times and at pH 7.4 four times faster than apo-Tf under the same conditions. Apo-Lf increased the oxidation rate of Fe2+ by Cp 1.25 times when Cp/Lf ratio was 1 : 1. Lf saturated with Fe3+ or Cu2+ increased the oxidation rate of iron 1.6 and 2 times when Cp to holo-Lf ratios were 1 : 1 and 1 : 2, respectively. Upon adding to Cp the excess amounts of apo-Lf (Cp/apo-Lf < 1 : 1) or of holo-Lf (Cp/holo-Lf < 1 : 2) the oxidation rate of iron no longer changed. Complex Cp-Lf demonstrating ferroxidase activity was discovered in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sokolov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.
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Sokolov AV, Zakharova ET, Shavlovskiĭ MM, Vasil'ev VB. Isolation of Stable Human Ceruloplasmin and Its Interaction with Salmon Protamine. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005; 31:269-79. [PMID: 16004385 DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An interaction was discovered between ceruloplasmin (CP, a ferro-O2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.16.3.1), a copper-containing protein of human blood plasma, and salmon protamine (PR), a cationic polypeptide of vertebrates that provides a compact structure of spermatozoid DNA. Addition of PR to CP at a molar ratio of 2: 1 decreases the CP electrophoretic mobility. Two types of CP binding centers for PR were determined: two centers with a high (Kd1 of 5.31 x 10(-7) M) and four centers with a low affinity (Kd2 of 1.56 x 10(-5) M). PR was shown to form complexes with CPs of various animal species. The CP-PR complex dissociates at an increased ionic strength (0.3 M NaCl), at pH decreased below 4.7, or in the presence of added polyanions (DNA, lipopolysaccharides, or heparin) and/or polylysine, which indicates the electrostatic nature of the interaction. The CP-PR interaction increased 1.5-fold the rate of CP-catalyzed oxidation of Fe2+. The preliminary treatment of blood plasma with arginine-Sepharose and heparin-Sepharose (to remove the blood coagulation factors) and affinity chromatography on PR-Sepharose helped isolate the practically unproteolyzed monomeric CP in 90% yield; it remained stable for more than two months at 37 degrees C. The English version of the paper: Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 2005, vol. 31, no. 3; see also http://www.maik.ru.
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Pulina MO, Zakharova ET, Sokolov AV, Shavlovski MM, Bass MG, Solovyov KV, Kokryakov VN, Vasilyev VB. Studies of the ceruloplasmin-lactoferrin complex. Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 80:35-9. [PMID: 11908641 DOI: 10.1139/o01-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that iron-containing human lactoferrin (LF) purified from breast milk is able to form both in vitro and in vivo a complex with ceruloplasmin (CP), the copper-containing protein of human plasma. Here we present evidence that the CP-LF complex is dissociated by high concentrations of NaCl, CaCl2, or EDTA, or by decreasing the pH to 4.7. In addition, DNA, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and heparin can displace CP from its complex with LF. Antibodies to either of the two proteins also cause dissociation of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria O Pulina
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia. molgen.@molgen.iem.ras.spb.ru
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Abstract
This paper reviews our current knowledge of the structure and function of the iron-binding protein lactoferrin. In particular, it attempts to relate the various proposed physiological functions of lactoferrin to its most characteristic biochemical properties, i.e. its ability to bind iron and its highly basic nature. The extent to which various physiological functions can be considered as definitely established is critically reviewed, and suggestions for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H Brock
- Department of Immunology and Bacteriology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Syed BA, Beaumont NJ, Patel A, Naylor CE, Bayele HK, Joannou CL, Rowe PSN, Evans RW, Srai SKS. Analysis of the human hephaestin gene and protein: comparative modelling of the N-terminus ecto-domain based upon ceruloplasmin. Protein Eng Des Sel 2002; 15:205-14. [PMID: 11932491 DOI: 10.1093/protein/15.3.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hephaestin was implicated in mammalian iron homeostasis following its identification as the defective gene in murine sex-linked anaemia. It is a member of the family of copper oxidases that includes mammalian ceruloplasmin, factors V and VIII, yeast fet3 and fet5 and bacterial ascorbate oxidase. Hephaestin is different from ceruloplasmin, a soluble ferroxidase, in having a membrane-spanning region towards the C-terminus. Here we report the gene structure, spanning approximately 100 kb, of the human homologue of mouse hephaestin. The sequence was assembled from the cDNA clones and the chromosome X genomic sequence data available at the Sanger Centre. It has an open reading frame that encodes a protein of 1158 residues, 85% identical with the murine homologue. A model of the N-terminal ecto-domain has been built based on the known three-dimensional structure of human ceruloplasmin. The overall tertiary structure for the hephaestin and the putative residues involved in binding copper and iron appear to be highly conserved between these proteins, which suggests they share the same fold and a conserved function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basharut A Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, UK
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