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Tajbakhsh A, Kovanen PT, Rezaee M, Banach M, Sahebkar A. Ca 2+ Flux: Searching for a Role in Efferocytosis of Apoptotic Cells in Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122047. [PMID: 31766552 PMCID: PMC6947386 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerosis, macrophages in the arterial wall ingest plasma lipoprotein-derived lipids and become lipid-filled foam cells with a limited lifespan. Thus, efficient removal of apoptotic foam cells by efferocytic macrophages is vital to preventing the dying foam cells from forming a large necrotic lipid core, which, otherwise, would render the atherosclerotic plaque vulnerable to rupture and would cause clinical complications. Ca2+ plays a role in macrophage migration, survival, and foam cell generation. Importantly, in efferocytic macrophages, Ca2+ induces actin polymerization, thereby promoting the formation of a phagocytic cup necessary for efferocytosis. Moreover, in the efferocytic macrophages, Ca2+ enhances the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Various Ca2+ antagonists have been seminal for the demonstration of the role of Ca2+ in the multiple steps of efferocytosis by macrophages. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo experiments and clinical investigations have revealed the capability of Ca2+ antagonists in attenuating the development of atherosclerotic plaques by interfering with the deposition of lipids in macrophages and by reducing plaque calcification. However, the regulation of cellular Ca2+ fluxes in the processes of efferocytic clearance of apoptotic foam cells and in the extracellular calcification in atherosclerosis remains unknown. Here, we attempted to unravel the molecular links between Ca2+ and efferocytosis in atherosclerosis and to evaluate cellular Ca2+ fluxes as potential treatment targets in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948, Iran
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +98-51-1800-2288; Fax: +98-51-1800-2287
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Chae CS, Kim GC, Park ES, Lee CG, Verma R, Cho HL, Jun CD, Yoo YJ, Im SH. NFAT1 Regulates Systemic Autoimmunity through the Modulation of a Dendritic Cell Property. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3051-3062. [PMID: 28972088 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NFAT1 plays a pivotal role in the homeostasis of T lymphocytes. However, its functional importance in non-CD4+ T cells, especially in systemic immune disorders, is largely unknown. In this study, we report that NFAT1 regulates dendritic cell (DC) tolerance and suppresses systemic autoimmunity using the experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) as a model. Myasthenia gravis and EAMG are T cell-dependent, Ab-mediated autoimmune disorders in which the acetylcholine receptor is the major autoantigen. NFAT1-knockout mice showed higher susceptibility to EAMG development with enhanced Th1/Th17 cell responses. NFAT1 deficiency led to a phenotypic alteration of DCs that show hyperactivation of NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways and enhanced binding of NF-κB (p50) to the promoters of IL-6 and IL-12. As a result, NFAT1-knockout DCs produced much higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α, which preferentially induce Th1/Th17 cell differentiation. Our data suggest that NFAT1 may limit the hyperactivation of the NF-κB-mediated proinflammatory response in DCs and suppress autoimmunity by serving as a key regulator of DC tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Suk Chae
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Cheon Kim
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sil Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Choong-Gu Lee
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Verma
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Haag-Lim Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Yung Joon Yoo
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; .,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Goswami R, Merth M, Sharma S, Alharbi MO, Aranda-Espinoza H, Zhu X, Rahaman SO. TRPV4 calcium-permeable channel is a novel regulator of oxidized LDL-induced macrophage foam cell formation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 110:142-150. [PMID: 28602913 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in United States, and atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory arterial disease, is the most dominant underlying pathology. Macrophages are thought to orchestrate atherosclerosis by generating lipid-laden foam cells and by secreting inflammatory mediators. Emerging data support a role for a mechanical factor, e.g., matrix stiffness, in regulation of macrophage function, vascular elasticity, and atherogenesis. However, the identity of the plasma membrane mechanosensor and the mechanisms by which pro-atherogenic signals are transduced/maintained are unknown. We have obtained evidence that TRPV4, an ion channel in the transient receptor potential vanilloid family and a known mechanosensor, is the likely mediator of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-dependent macrophage foam cell formation, a critical process in atherogenesis. Specifically, we found that: i) genetic ablation of TRPV4 or pharmacologic inhibition of TRPV4 activity by a specific antagonist blocked oxLDL-induced macrophage foam cell formation, and ii) TRPV4 deficiency prevented pathophysiological range matrix stiffness or scratch-induced exacerbation of oxLDL-induced foam cell formation. Mechanistically, we found that: i) plasma membrane localization of TRPV4 was sensitized to the increasing level of matrix stiffness, ii) lack of foam cell formation in TRPV4 null cells was not due to lack of expression of CD36, a major receptor for oxLDL, and iii) TRPV4 channel activity regulated oxLDL uptake but not its binding on macrophages. Altogether, these findings identify a novel role for TRPV4 in regulating macrophage foam cell formation by modulating uptake of oxLDL. These findings suggest that therapeutic targeting of TRPV4 may provide a selective approach to the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishov Goswami
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Michael Merth
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Shweta Sharma
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Mazen O Alharbi
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Helim Aranda-Espinoza
- University of Maryland, The Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- University of Maryland, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Shaik O Rahaman
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Hong L, Xie ZZ, Du YH, Tang YB, Tao J, Lv XF, Zhou JG, Guan YY. Alteration of volume-regulated chloride channel during macrophage-derived foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2011; 216:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Induction of TLR4-target genes entails calcium/calmodulin-dependent regulation of chromatin remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1169-74. [PMID: 19164553 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811274106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in macrophages, the mammalian Swi/Snf-like BAF chromatin remodeling complex is recruited to many TLR4 target genes where it remodels their chromatin to promote transcription. Here, we show that, surprisingly, recruitment is not sufficient for chromatin remodeling; a second event, dependent on calcium/calmodulin (CaM), is additionally required. Calcium/CaM directly binds the HMG domain of the BAF57 subunit within the BAF complex. Calcium/CaM antagonists, including a CaM-binding peptide derived from BAF57, abolish BAF-dependent remodeling and gene expression without compromising BAF recruitment. BAF57 RNAi and BAF57 dominant negative mutants defective in CaM binding similarly impair the induction of BAF target genes. Our data implicate calcium/CaM in TLR4 signaling, and reveal a previously undescribed, recruitment-independent mode of regulation of the BAF complex that is probably achieved through a direct CaM-BAF interaction.
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Cuttell L, Vaughan A, Silva E, Escaron CJ, Lavine M, Van Goethem E, Eid JP, Quirin M, Franc NC. Undertaker, a Drosophila Junctophilin, links Draper-mediated phagocytosis and calcium homeostasis. Cell 2008; 135:524-34. [PMID: 18984163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is important during development and in the immune response for the removal of apoptotic cells and pathogens, yet its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the CED2/5/10/12 pathway regulates actin during phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, whereas the role of the CED1/6/7 pathway in phagocytosis is unclear. We report that Undertaker (UTA), a Drosophila Junctophilin protein, is required for Draper (CED-1 homolog)-mediated phagocytosis. Junctophilins couple Ca2+ channels at the plasma membrane to those of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Ryanodine receptors. We place Draper, its adaptor drCed-6, UTA, the Ryanodine receptor Rya-r44F, the ER Ca2+ sensor dSTIM, and the Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ channel dOrai in the same pathway that promotes calcium homeostasis and phagocytosis. Thus, our results implicate a Junctophilin in phagocytosis and link Draper-mediated phagocytosis to Ca2+ homeostasis, highlighting a previously uncharacterized role for the CED1/6/7 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Cuttell
- Medical Research Council Cell Biology Unit, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Kang YJ, Kusler B, Otsuka M, Hughes M, Suzuki N, Suzuki S, Yeh WC, Akira S, Han J, Jones PP. Calcineurin negatively regulates TLR-mediated activation pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4598-607. [PMID: 17878357 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In innate immunity, microbial components stimulate macrophages to produce antimicrobial substances, cytokines, other proinflammatory mediators, and IFNs via TLRs, which trigger signaling pathways activating NF-kappaB, MAPKs, and IFN response factors. We show in this study that, in contrast to its activating role in T cells, in macrophages the protein phosphatase calcineurin negatively regulates NF-kappaB, MAPKs, and IFN response factor activation by inhibiting the TLR-mediated signaling pathways. Evidence for this novel role for calcineurin was provided by the findings that these signaling pathways are activated when calcineurin is inhibited either by the inhibitors cyclosporin A or FK506 or by small interfering RNA-targeting calcineurin, and that activation of these pathways by TLR ligands is inhibited by the overexpression of a constitutively active form of calcineurin. We further found that IkappaB-alpha degradation, MAPK activation, and TNF-alpha production by FK506 were reduced in macrophages from mice deficient in MyD88, Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-beta (TRIF), TLR2, or TLR4, whereas macrophages from TLR3-deficient or TLR9 mutant mice showed the same responses to FK506 as those of wild-type cells. Biochemical studies indicate that calcineurin interacts with MyD88, TRIF, TLR2, and TLR4, but not with TLR3 or TLR9. Collectively, these results suggest that calcineurin negatively regulates TLR-mediated activation pathways in macrophages by inhibiting the adaptor proteins MyD88 and TRIF, and a subset of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Abstract
Living bodies may experience oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species and heavy metal ions, which may damage components in the body and cause aging and disorders. In addition to the known defense systems against oxidative damage, the author describes new defense systems. Lipid peroxidation in living bodies, which has hitherto been thought to increase oxidative damage, was found to attenuate oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Red blood cells become senescent due to oxidative stress during circulation, where membrane band 3 becomes aggregated to anti-band 3 IgG and macrophages attached through poly-N-acetyllactosaminyl sugar chains, and the sugar chain attachment to macrophages is stimulated by oxidative stress in macrophages. Oxidized protein hydrolase that preferentially hydrolyzes proteins damaged by oxidative stress was newly discovered, which may play an important role in saving cells from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyomi Kikugawa
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo 092-0392, Japan.
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Kikugawa K. Strategy in a Living Body to Protect against Oxidative Stress-Induced Damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.50.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyomi Kikugawa
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science
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Beppu M, Watanabe M, Sunohara M, Ohishi K, Mishima E, Kawachi H, Fujii M, Kikugawa K. Participation of the arachidonic acid cascade pathway in macrophage binding/uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein. Biol Pharm Bull 2002; 25:710-7. [PMID: 12081134 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.25.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid cascade inhibitors, including phospholipase A2 inhibitors, dexamethasone and quinacrine (mepacrine), cyclooxygenase inhibitors, indomethacin and aspirin, and lipoxygenase inhibitor AA861, prevented foam cell formation and cholesterol accumulation in the incubation of thioglycollate-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages with oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) at 37 degrees C for 24 h. These inhibitors similarly prevented foam cell formation of fibronectin- and Ca ionophore A23187-stimulated macrophages. Binding and/or uptake of Dil (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine)-acetyl LDL by macrophages at 37 degrees C for 3h and arachidonic acid release from macrophages at 37 degrees C for 4h were inhibited by dexamethasone. Exogenously added phospholipase A2 of bee venom and Crotalus adamanteous venom increased arachidonic acid release during incubation for 2 h, and increased macrophage binding and/or uptake of Dil-acetyl LDL at 37 degrees C for 3 h, and foam cell formation at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Protein kinase inhibitors, ML-9 and staurosporine, that inhibited macrophage binding and/or uptake of Dil-acetyl LDL did not inhibit arachidonic acid release, indicating that protein phosphorylation was not involved in the arachidonic acid pathway in the macrophage scavenger receptor activation. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid that inhibited arachidonic acid release prevented binding and/or uptake of Dil-acetyl LDL. The release of arachidonic acid was not enhanced by fibronectin-stimulation, indicating that Ca influx-dependent stimulation of macrophage activity was not through the activation of phospholipase A2. These results indicate that, as well as the fibronectin-stimulated Ca influx pathway and protein phosphorylation pathway, the arachidonic acid pathway participated in the activation of macrophages to bind and take up oxidized LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Beppu
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Japan
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