1
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O'Neil PT, Swint‐Kruse L, Fenton AW. Rheostatic contributions to protein stability can obscure a position's functional role. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5075. [PMID: 38895978 PMCID: PMC11187868 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Rheostat positions, which can be substituted with various amino acids to tune protein function across a range of outcomes, are a developing area for advancing personalized medicine and bioengineering. Current methods cannot accurately predict which proteins contain rheostat positions or their substitution outcomes. To compare the prevalence of rheostat positions in homologs, we previously investigated their occurrence in two pyruvate kinase (PYK) isozymes. Human liver PYK contained numerous rheostat positions that tuned the apparent affinity for the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate (Kapp-PEP) across a wide range. In contrast, no functional rheostat positions were identified in Zymomonas mobilis PYK (ZmPYK). Further, the set of ZmPYK substitutions included an unusually large number that lacked measurable activity. We hypothesized that the inactive substitution variants had reduced protein stability, precluding detection of Kapp-PEP tuning. Using modified buffers, robust enzymatic activity was obtained for 19 previously-inactive ZmPYK substitution variants at three positions. Surprisingly, both previously-inactive and previously-active substitution variants all had Kapp-PEP values close to wild-type. Thus, none of the three positions were functional rheostat positions, and, unlike human liver PYK, ZmPYK's Kapp-PEP remained poorly tunable by single substitutions. To directly assess effects on stability, we performed thermal denaturation experiments for all ZmPYK substitution variants. Many diminished stability, two enhanced stability, and the three positions showed different thermal sensitivity to substitution, with one position acting as a "stability rheostat." The differences between the two PYK homologs raises interesting questions about the underlying mechanism(s) that permit functional tuning by single substitutions in some proteins but not in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce T. O'Neil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKansasUSA
| | - Liskin Swint‐Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKansasUSA
| | - Aron W. Fenton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKansasUSA
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2
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Alfatah M, Cui L, Goh CJH, Cheng TYN, Zhang Y, Naaz A, Wong JH, Lewis J, Poh WJ, Arumugam P. Metabolism of glucose activates TORC1 through multiple mechanisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113205. [PMID: 37792530 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1) is a conserved eukaryotic protein complex that links the presence of nutrients with cell growth. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TORC1 activity is positively regulated by the presence of amino acids and glucose in the medium. However, the mechanisms underlying nutrient-induced TORC1 activation remain poorly understood. By utilizing an in vivo TORC1 activation assay, we demonstrate that differential metabolism of glucose activates TORC1 through three distinct pathways in yeast. The first "canonical Rag guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)-dependent pathway" requires conversion of glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, which activates TORC1 via the Rag GTPase heterodimer Gtr1GTP-Gtr2GDP. The second "non-canonical Rag GTPase-dependent pathway" requires conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, which activates TORC1 via a process that involves Gtr1GTP-Gtr2GTP and mitochondrial function. The third "Rag GTPase-independent pathway" requires complete glycolysis and vacuolar ATPase reassembly for TORC1 activation. We have established a roadmap to deconstruct the link between glucose metabolism and TORC1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alfatah
- Bioinformatics Institute, A(∗)STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138671, Singapore.
| | - Liang Cui
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Corinna Jie Hui Goh
- Bioinformatics Institute, A(∗)STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | | | - Yizhong Zhang
- Bioinformatics Institute, A(∗)STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Arshia Naaz
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, 60 Biopolis Street, Genome #02-01, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Jin Huei Wong
- Bioinformatics Institute, A(∗)STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Jacqueline Lewis
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Wei Jie Poh
- Bioinformatics Institute, A(∗)STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Prakash Arumugam
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, A(∗)STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore; Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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3
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Swint-Kruse L, Dougherty LL, Page B, Wu T, O’Neil PT, Prasannan CB, Timmons C, Tang Q, Parente DJ, Sreenivasan S, Holyoak T, Fenton AW. PYK-SubstitutionOME: an integrated database containing allosteric coupling, ligand affinity and mutational, structural, pathological, bioinformatic and computational information about pyruvate kinase isozymes. Database (Oxford) 2023; 2023:baad030. [PMID: 37171062 PMCID: PMC10176505 DOI: 10.1093/database/baad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting changes in patient genomes, understanding how viruses evolve and engineering novel protein function all depend on accurately predicting the functional outcomes that arise from amino acid substitutions. To that end, the development of first-generation prediction algorithms was guided by historic experimental datasets. However, these datasets were heavily biased toward substitutions at positions that have not changed much throughout evolution (i.e. conserved). Although newer datasets include substitutions at positions that span a range of evolutionary conservation scores, these data are largely derived from assays that agglomerate multiple aspects of function. To facilitate predictions from the foundational chemical properties of proteins, large substitution databases with biochemical characterizations of function are needed. We report here a database derived from mutational, biochemical, bioinformatic, structural, pathological and computational studies of a highly studied protein family-pyruvate kinase (PYK). A centerpiece of this database is the biochemical characterization-including quantitative evaluation of allosteric regulation-of the changes that accompany substitutions at positions that sample the full conservation range observed in the PYK family. We have used these data to facilitate critical advances in the foundational studies of allosteric regulation and protein evolution and as rigorous benchmarks for testing protein predictions. We trust that the collected dataset will be useful for the broader scientific community in the further development of prediction algorithms. Database URL https://github.com/djparente/PYK-DB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liskin Swint-Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Larissa L Dougherty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Braelyn Page
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Tiffany Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Pierce T O’Neil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Charulata B Prasannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Cody Timmons
- Chemistry Department, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Dr., Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Qingling Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Daniel J Parente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Shwetha Sreenivasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Todd Holyoak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aron W Fenton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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4
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Reversible amyloids of pyruvate kinase couple cell metabolism and stress granule disassembly. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:1085-1094. [PMID: 34616026 PMCID: PMC7611853 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to stress by blocking translation, rewiring metabolism and forming transient messenger ribonucleoprotein assemblies called stress granules (SGs). After stress release, re-establishing homeostasis and disassembling SGs requires ATP-consuming processes. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby cells restore ATP production and disassemble SGs after stress remain poorly understood. Here we show that upon stress, the ATP-producing enzyme Cdc19 forms inactive amyloids, and that their rapid re-solubilization is essential to restore ATP production and disassemble SGs in glucose-containing media. Cdc19 re-solubilization is initiated by the glycolytic metabolite fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, which directly binds Cdc19 amyloids, allowing Hsp104 and Ssa2 chaperone recruitment and aggregate re-solubilization. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate then promotes Cdc19 tetramerization, which boosts its activity to further enhance ATP production and SG disassembly. Together, these results describe a molecular mechanism that is critical for stress recovery and directly couples cellular metabolism with SG dynamics via the regulation of reversible Cdc19 amyloids.
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Swint-Kruse L, Martin TA, Page BM, Wu T, Gerhart PM, Dougherty LL, Tang Q, Parente DJ, Mosier BR, Bantis LE, Fenton AW. Rheostat functional outcomes occur when substitutions are introduced at nonconserved positions that diverge with speciation. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1833-1853. [PMID: 34076313 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
When amino acids vary during evolution, the outcome can be functionally neutral or biologically-important. We previously found that substituting a subset of nonconserved positions, "rheostat" positions, can have surprising effects on protein function. Since changes at rheostat positions can facilitate functional evolution or cause disease, more examples are needed to understand their unique biophysical characteristics. Here, we explored whether "phylogenetic" patterns of change in multiple sequence alignments (such as positions with subfamily specific conservation) predict the locations of functional rheostat positions. To that end, we experimentally tested eight phylogenetic positions in human liver pyruvate kinase (hLPYK), using 10-15 substitutions per position and biochemical assays that yielded five functional parameters. Five positions were strongly rheostatic and three were non-neutral. To test the corollary that positions with low phylogenetic scores were not rheostat positions, we combined these phylogenetic positions with previously-identified hLPYK rheostat, "toggle" (most substitution abolished function), and "neutral" (all substitutions were like wild-type) positions. Despite representing 428 variants, this set of 33 positions was poorly statistically powered. Thus, we turned to the in vivo phenotypic dataset for E. coli lactose repressor protein (LacI), which comprised 12-13 substitutions at 329 positions and could be used to identify rheostat, toggle, and neutral positions. Combined hLPYK and LacI results show that positions with strong phylogenetic patterns of change are more likely to exhibit rheostat substitution outcomes than neutral or toggle outcomes. Furthermore, phylogenetic patterns were more successful at identifying rheostat positions than were co-evolutionary or eigenvector centrality measures of evolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liskin Swint-Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Tyler A Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Braelyn M Page
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Tiffany Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Paige M Gerhart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Larissa L Dougherty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Qingling Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Daniel J Parente
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Brian R Mosier
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Leonidas E Bantis
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Aron W Fenton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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6
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Chen H, Blum JE, Thalacker-Mercer A, Gu Z. Impact of the Whole Genome Duplication Event on PYK Activity and Effects of a PYK1 Mutation on Metabolism in S. cerevisiae. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:656461. [PMID: 33796550 PMCID: PMC8007964 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.656461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Evolution of aerobic fermentation (crabtree effect) in yeast is associated with the whole genome duplication (WGD) event, suggesting that duplication of certain genes may have altered yeast metabolism. The pyruvate kinase (PYK) gene is associated with alterations in cell metabolism, and duplicated during the WGD, generating PYK1 and PYK2. Thus, the impact of WGD on PYK activity and role of PYK in yeast metabolism were explored. Methods: PYK activity in the presence or absence of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) was compared between pre- and post-WGD yeast. Glucose consumption, ethanol production, and oxygen consumption were measured in wildtype yeast and yeast with a T403E point mutation, which alters FBP binding affinity. Results: FBP stimulated increased PYK activity in pre-WGD yeast and in the PYK1 isoforms of post-WGD yeast, but not in the PYK2 isoforms of post-WGD yeast. Compared to wildtype, T403E mutant yeast displayed reduced glucose consumption, reduced ethanol production, and increased mitochondrial metabolism. Conclusion: The WGD event impacted the sensitivity of PYK activity to FBP. Mutations in the FBP binding domain of PYK induce metabolic shifts that favor respiration and suppress fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jamie E Blum
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Anna Thalacker-Mercer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zhenglong Gu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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7
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Yang S, Cao X, Yu W, Li S, Zhou YJ. Efficient targeted mutation of genomic essential genes in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3037-3047. [PMID: 32043190 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted gene mutation by allelic replacement is important for functional genomic analysis and metabolic engineering. However, it is challenging in mutating the essential genes with the traditional method by using a selection marker, since the first step of essential gene knockout will result in a lethal phenotype. Here, we developed a two-end selection marker (Two-ESM) method for site-directed mutation of essential genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the aid of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. With this method, single and double mutations of the essential gene ERG20 (encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase) in S. cerevisiae were successfully constructed with high efficiencies of 100%. In addition, the Two-ESM method significantly improved the mutation efficiency and simplified the genetic manipulation procedure compared with traditional methods. The genome integration and mutation efficiencies were further improved by dynamic regulation of mutant gene expression and optimization of the integration modules. This Two-ESM method will facilitate the construction of genomic mutations of essential genes for functional genomic analysis and metabolic flux regulation in yeasts. KEY POINTS: • A Two-ESM strategy achieves mutations of essential genes with high efficiency of 100%. • The optimized three-module method improves the integration efficiency by more than three times. • This method will facilitate the functional genomic analysis and metabolic flux regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yang
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuan Cao
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shengying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Yongjin J Zhou
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China.
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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8
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Minor Isozymes Tailor Yeast Metabolism to Carbon Availability. mSystems 2019; 4:mSystems00170-18. [PMID: 30834327 PMCID: PMC6392091 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00170-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication is one of the main evolutionary paths to new protein function. Typically, duplicated genes either accumulate mutations and degrade into pseudogenes or are retained and diverge in function. Some duplicated genes, however, show long-term persistence without apparently acquiring new function. An important class of isozymes consists of those that catalyze the same reaction in the same compartment, where knockout of one isozyme causes no known functional defect. Here we present an approach to assigning specific functional roles to seemingly redundant isozymes. First, gene expression data are analyzed computationally to identify conditions under which isozyme expression diverges. Then, knockouts are compared under those conditions. This approach revealed that the expression of many yeast isozymes diverges in response to carbon availability and that carbon source manipulations can induce fitness phenotypes for seemingly redundant isozymes. A driver of these fitness phenotypes is differential allosteric enzyme regulation, indicating isozyme divergence to achieve more-optimal control of metabolism. Isozymes are enzymes that differ in sequence but catalyze the same chemical reactions. Despite their apparent redundancy, isozymes are often retained over evolutionary time, suggesting that they contribute to fitness. We developed an unsupervised computational method for identifying environmental conditions under which isozymes are likely to make fitness contributions. This method analyzes published gene expression data to find specific experimental perturbations that induce differential isozyme expression. In yeast, we found that isozymes are strongly enriched in the pathways of central carbon metabolism and that many isozyme pairs show anticorrelated expression during the respirofermentative shift. Building on these observations, we assigned function to two minor central carbon isozymes, aconitase 2 (ACO2) and pyruvate kinase 2 (PYK2). ACO2 is expressed during fermentation and proves advantageous when glucose is limiting. PYK2 is expressed during respiration and proves advantageous for growth on three-carbon substrates. PYK2’s deletion can be rescued by expressing the major pyruvate kinase only if that enzyme carries mutations mirroring PYK2’s allosteric regulation. Thus, central carbon isozymes help to optimize allosteric metabolic regulation under a broad range of potential nutrient conditions while requiring only a small number of transcriptional states. IMPORTANCE Gene duplication is one of the main evolutionary paths to new protein function. Typically, duplicated genes either accumulate mutations and degrade into pseudogenes or are retained and diverge in function. Some duplicated genes, however, show long-term persistence without apparently acquiring new function. An important class of isozymes consists of those that catalyze the same reaction in the same compartment, where knockout of one isozyme causes no known functional defect. Here we present an approach to assigning specific functional roles to seemingly redundant isozymes. First, gene expression data are analyzed computationally to identify conditions under which isozyme expression diverges. Then, knockouts are compared under those conditions. This approach revealed that the expression of many yeast isozymes diverges in response to carbon availability and that carbon source manipulations can induce fitness phenotypes for seemingly redundant isozymes. A driver of these fitness phenotypes is differential allosteric enzyme regulation, indicating isozyme divergence to achieve more-optimal control of metabolism.
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9
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Bianchi P, Fermo E, Glader B, Kanno H, Agarwal A, Barcellini W, Eber S, Hoyer JD, Kuter DJ, Maia TM, Mañu-Pereira MDM, Kalfa TA, Pissard S, Segovia JC, van Beers E, Gallagher PG, Rees DC, van Wijk R. Addressing the diagnostic gaps in pyruvate kinase deficiency: Consensus recommendations on the diagnosis of pyruvate kinase deficiency. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:149-161. [PMID: 30358897 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) is the most common enzyme defect of glycolysis and an important cause of hereditary, nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. The disease has a worldwide geographical distribution but there are no verified data regarding its frequency. Difficulties in the diagnostic workflow and interpretation of PK enzyme assay likely play a role. By the creation of a global PKD International Working Group in 2016, involving 24 experts from 20 Centers of Expertise we studied the current gaps in the diagnosis of PKD in order to establish diagnostic guidelines. By means of a detailed survey and subsequent discussions, multiple aspects of the diagnosis of PKD were evaluated and discussed by members of Expert Centers from Europe, USA, and Asia directly involved in diagnosis. Broad consensus was reached among the Centers on many clinical and technical aspects of the diagnosis of PKD. The results of this study are here presented as recommendations for the diagnosis of PKD and used to prepare a diagnostic algorithm. This information might be helpful for other Centers to deliver timely and appropriate diagnosis and to increase awareness in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bianchi
- UOC Ematologia, Fisiopatologia delle Anemie; Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Milan Italy
| | - Elisa Fermo
- UOC Ematologia, Fisiopatologia delle Anemie; Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Milan Italy
| | - Bertil Glader
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital; Stanford University School of Medicine; Palo Alto California
| | - Hitoshi Kanno
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Processing; Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Wilma Barcellini
- UOC Ematologia, Fisiopatologia delle Anemie; Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Milan Italy
| | - Stefan Eber
- Special Praxis for Pediatric Hematology and Childrens’ Hospital; Technical University; Munich Germany
| | - James D. Hoyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota
| | - David J. Kuter
- Hematology Division; Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Theodosia A. Kalfa
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics; University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Serge Pissard
- APHP-University Hospital Henri Mondor and Inserm IMRB U955eq2; Creteil France
| | - José-Carlos Segovia
- Differentiation and Cytometry Unit. Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas; Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) - Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Madrid Spain
- Advance Therapies Mixed Unit; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jimenez Díaz (IIS-FJD); Madrid Spain
| | - Eduard van Beers
- Van Creveldkliniek, University Medical Center Utrecht; University of Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Patrick G. Gallagher
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Genetics; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven Connecticut
| | - David C. Rees
- Department of Paediatric Haematology; King's College Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - Richard van Wijk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics; University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
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10
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Reversible protein aggregation is a protective mechanism to ensure cell cycle restart after stress. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1202-1213. [PMID: 28846094 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is mostly viewed as deleterious and irreversible causing several pathologies. However, reversible protein aggregation has recently emerged as a novel concept for cellular regulation. Here, we characterize stress-induced, reversible aggregation of yeast pyruvate kinase, Cdc19. Aggregation of Cdc19 is regulated by oligomerization and binding to allosteric regulators. We identify a region of low compositional complexity (LCR) within Cdc19 as necessary and sufficient for reversible aggregation. During exponential growth, shielding the LCR within tetrameric Cdc19 or phosphorylation of the LCR prevents unscheduled aggregation, while its dephosphorylation is necessary for reversible aggregation during stress. Cdc19 aggregation triggers its localization to stress granules and modulates their formation and dissolution. Reversible aggregation protects Cdc19 from stress-induced degradation, thereby allowing cell cycle restart after stress. Several other enzymes necessary for G1 progression also contain LCRs and aggregate reversibly during stress, implying that reversible aggregation represents a conserved mechanism regulating cell growth and survival.
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11
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Jaouani M, Manco L, Kalai M, Chaouch L, Douzi K, Silva A, Macedo S, Darragi I, Boudriga I, Chaouachi D, Fitouri Z, Van Wijk R, Ribeiro ML, Abbes S. Molecular basis of pyruvate kinase deficiency among Tunisians: description of new mutations affecting coding and noncoding regions in the PKLR gene. Int J Lab Hematol 2017; 39:223-231. [PMID: 28133914 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is one of the most common hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemias worldwide with clinical manifestations ranging from mild to severe hemolysis. However, investigation of this enzymopathy is lacking in Tunisia. We report here a pioneer investigation of PK deficiency among Tunisian cases referred to our laboratory for biological analysis of unknown cause of hemolytic anemia. METHODS Two hundred and fifty-three patients with unknown cause of hemolytic anemia have been addressed to our laboratory in order to investigate for red blood cells genetic disorders. Red cell enzyme activities were measured by standard methods, and molecular analysis was performed by DNA sequencing. The interpretation of mutation effect and the molecular modeling were performed by using specific software. RESULTS Six different PKLR mutations were found (c.966-1G>T; c.965+1G>A; c.721G>T; c.1163C>A; c.1456C>T; c.1537T>A), among which four are described for the first time. Genotype-phenotype correlations for the novel missense mutations were investigated by three-dimensional structure analysis. CONCLUSION This study provides important data of PK deficiency among Tunisians. It might be followed by a large neonatal screening to determine the spectrum of PK mutations and identify potential deficient patients for an early medical follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jaouani
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - L Manco
- Unidade de Hematlogia Molecular, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Kalai
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - L Chaouch
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - K Douzi
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Macedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I Darragi
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - I Boudriga
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - D Chaouachi
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Z Fitouri
- Service de pédiatrie-urgences-consultations, Hôpital d'Enfants de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - R Van Wijk
- Laboratory for Red Blood Cell Research, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M L Ribeiro
- Unidade de Hematlogia Molecular, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S Abbes
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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12
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Donovan KA, Zhu S, Liuni P, Peng F, Kessans SA, Wilson DJ, Dobson RCJ. Conformational Dynamics and Allostery in Pyruvate Kinase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9244-56. [PMID: 26879751 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.676270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the final step in glycolysis and is allosterically regulated to control flux through the pathway. Two models are proposed to explain how Escherichia coli pyruvate kinase type 1 is allosterically regulated: the "domain rotation model" suggests that both the domains within the monomer and the monomers within the tetramer reorient with respect to one another; the "rigid body reorientation model" proposes only a reorientation of the monomers within the tetramer causing rigidification of the active site. To test these hypotheses and elucidate the conformational and dynamic changes that drive allostery, we performed time-resolved electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled to hydrogen-deuterium exchange studies followed by mutagenic analysis to test the activation mechanism. Global exchange experiments, supported by thermostability studies, demonstrate that fructose 1,6-bisphosphate binding to the allosteric domain causes a shift toward a globally more dynamic ensemble of conformations. Mapping deuterium exchange to peptides within the enzyme highlight site-specific regions with altered conformational dynamics, many of which increase in conformational flexibility. Based upon these and mutagenic studies, we propose an allosteric mechanism whereby the binding of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate destabilizes an α-helix that bridges the allosteric and active site domains within the monomeric unit. This destabilizes the β-strands within the (β/α)8-barrel domain and the linked active site loops that are responsible for substrate binding. Our data are consistent with the domain rotation model but inconsistent with the rigid body reorientation model given the increased flexibility at the interdomain interface, and we can for the first time explain how fructose 1,6-bisphosphate affects the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Donovan
- From the Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Shaolong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Peter Liuni
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Fen Peng
- Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Sarah A Kessans
- From the Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Derek J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, and
| | - Renwick C J Dobson
- From the Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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13
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Solomons JTG, Johnsen U, Schönheit P, Davies C. 3-Phosphoglycerate Is an Allosteric Activator of Pyruvate Kinase from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5865-75. [DOI: 10.1021/bi400761b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. T. Graham Solomons
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Ulrike Johnsen
- Institut für Allgemeine
Mikrobiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Schönheit
- Institut für Allgemeine
Mikrobiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christopher Davies
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
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14
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Regulation of yeast pyruvate kinase by ultrasensitive allostery independent of phosphorylation. Mol Cell 2012; 48:52-62. [PMID: 22902555 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Allostery and covalent modification are major means of fast-acting metabolic regulation. Their relative roles in responding to environmental changes remain, however, unclear. Here we examine this issue, using as a case study the rapid decrease in pyruvate kinase flux in yeast upon glucose removal. The main pyruvate kinase isozyme (Cdc19) is phosphorylated in response to environmental cues. It also exhibits positively cooperative (ultrasensitive) allosteric activation by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). Glucose removal causes accumulation of Cdc19's substrate, phosphoenolpyruvate. This response is retained in strains with altered protein-kinase-A or AMP-activated-protein-kinase activity or with CDC19 carrying mutated phosphorylation sites. In contrast, yeast engineered with a CDC19 point mutation that ablates FBP-based regulation fail to accumulate phosphoenolpyruvate. They also fail to grow on ethanol and slowly resume growth upon glucose upshift. Thus, while yeast pyruvate kinase is covalently modified in response to glucose availability, its activity is controlled almost exclusively by ultrasensitive allostery.
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15
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In silico-screening approaches for lead generation: identification of novel allosteric modulators of human-erythrocyte pyruvate kinase. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 796:351-67. [PMID: 22052500 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-334-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Identification of allosteric binding site modulators have gained increased attention lately for their potential to be developed as selective agents with a novel chemotype and targeting perhaps a new and unique binding site with probable fewer side effects. Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (R-PK) is an important glycolytic enzyme that can be pharmacologically modulated through its allosteric effectors for the treatment of hemolytic anemia, sickle-cell anemia, hypoxia-related diseases, and other disorders arising from erythrocyte PK malfunction. An in-silico screening approach was applied to identify novel allosteric modulators of pyruvate kinase. A small-molecules database of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), was virtually screened based on structure/ligand-based pharmacophore. The virtual screening campaign led to the identification of several compounds with similar pharmacophoric features as fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), the natural allosteric activator of the kinase. The compounds were subsequently docked into the FBP-binding site using the programs FlexX and GOLD, and their interactions with the protein were analyzed with the energy-scoring function of HINT. Seven promising candidates were obtained from the NCI and subjected to kinetics analysis, which revealed both activators and inhibitors of the R-isozyme of PK (R-PK).
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16
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The quaternary structure of pyruvate kinase type 1 from Escherichia coli at low nanomolar concentrations. Biochimie 2010; 92:116-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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van Wijk R, Huizinga EG, van Wesel AC, van Oirschot BA, A. Hadders M, van Solinge WW. Fifteen novel mutations inPKLRassociated with pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency: Structural implications of amino acid substitutions in PK. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:446-53. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.20915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Tulloch LB, Morgan HP, Hannaert V, Michels PAM, Fothergill-Gilmore LA, Walkinshaw MD. Sulphate removal induces a major conformational change in Leishmania mexicana pyruvate kinase in the crystalline state. J Mol Biol 2008; 383:615-26. [PMID: 18775437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report X-ray structures of pyruvate kinase from Leishmania mexicana (LmPYK) that are trapped in different conformations. These, together with the previously reported structure of LmPYK in its inactive (T-state) conformation, allow comparisons of three different conformers of the same species of pyruvate kinase (PYK). Four new site point mutants showing the effects of side-chain alteration at subunit interfaces are also enzymatically characterised. The LmPYK tetramer crystals grown with ammonium sulphate as precipitant adopt an active-like conformation, with sulphate ions at the active and effector sites. The sulphates occupy positions similar to those of the phosphates of ligands bound to active (R-state) and constitutively active (nonallosteric) PYKs from several species, and provide insight into the structural roles of the phosphates of the substrates and effectors. Crystal soaking in sulphate-free buffers was found to induce major conformational changes in the tetramer. In particular, the unwinding of the Aalpha6' helix and the inward hinge movement of the B domain are coupled with a significant widening (4 A) of the tetramer caused by lateral movement of the C domains. The two new LmPYK structures and the activity studies of site point mutations described in this article are consistent with a developing picture of allosteric activity in which localised changes in protein flexibility govern the distribution of conformer families adopted by the tetramer in its active and inactive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Tulloch
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
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19
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Tungtur S, Egan SM, Swint-Kruse L. Functional consequences of exchanging domains between LacI and PurR are mediated by the intervening linker sequence. Proteins 2007; 68:375-88. [PMID: 17436321 PMCID: PMC2084478 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Homologue function can be differentiated by changing residues that affect binding sites or long-range interactions. LacI and PurR are two proteins that represent the LacI/GalR family (>500 members) of bacterial transcription regulators. All members have distinct DNA-binding and regulatory domains linked by approximately 18 amino acids. Each homologue has specificity for different DNA and regulatory effector ligands; LacI and PurR also exhibit differences in allosteric communication between DNA and effector binding sites. A comparative study of LacI and PurR suggested that alterations in the interface between the regulatory domain and linker are important for differentiating their functions. Four residues (equivalent to LacI positions 48, 55, 58, and 61) appear particularly important for creating a unique interface and were predicted to be necessary for allosteric regulation. However, nearby residues in the linker interact with DNA ligand. Thus, differences observed in interactions between linker and regulatory domain may be the cause of altered function or an effect of the two proteins binding different DNA ligands. To separate these possibilities, we created a chimeric protein with the LacI DNA-binding domain/linker and the PurR regulatory domain (LLhP). If the interface requires homologue-specific interactions in order to propagate the signal from effector binding, then LLhP repression should not be allosterically regulated by effector binding. Experiments show that LLhP is capable of repression from lacO1 and, contrary to expectation, allosteric response is intact. Further, restoring the potential for PurR-like interactions via substitutions in the LLhP linker tends to diminish repression. These effects are especially pronounced for residues 58 and 61. Clearly, binding affinity of LLhP for the lacO1 DNA site is sensitive to long-range changes in the linker. This result also raises the possibility that mutations at positions 58 and 61 co-evolved with changes in the DNA-binding site. In addition, repression measured in the absence and presence of effector ligand shows that allosteric response increases for several LLhP variants with substitutions at positions 48 and 55. Thus, while side chain variation at these sites does not generally dictate the presence or absence of allostery, the nature of the amino acid can modulate the response to effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer Tungtur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Susan M. Egan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas–Lawrence, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Liskin Swint-Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- *Correspondence to: Liskin Swint-Kruse, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160. E-mail:
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20
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del Sol A, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Amoros D, Nussinov R. Modular architecture of protein structures and allosteric communications: potential implications for signaling proteins and regulatory linkages. Genome Biol 2007; 8:R92. [PMID: 17531094 PMCID: PMC1929157 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-5-r92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allosteric communications are vital for cellular signaling. Here we explore a relationship between protein architectural organization and shortcuts in signaling pathways. RESULTS We show that protein domains consist of modules interconnected by residues that mediate signaling through the shortest pathways. These mediating residues tend to be located at the inter-modular boundaries, which are more rigid and display a larger number of long-range interactions than intra-modular regions. The inter-modular boundaries contain most of the residues centrally conserved in the protein fold, which may be crucial for information transfer between amino acids. Our approach to modular decomposition relies on a representation of protein structures as residue-interacting networks, and removal of the most central residue contacts, which are assumed to be crucial for allosteric communications. The modular decomposition of 100 multi-domain protein structures indicates that modules constitute the building blocks of domains. The analysis of 13 allosteric proteins revealed that modules characterize experimentally identified functional regions. Based on the study of an additional functionally annotated dataset of 115 proteins, we propose that high-modularity modules include functional sites and are the basic functional units. We provide examples (the Galphas subunit and P450 cytochromes) to illustrate that the modular architecture of active sites is linked to their functional specialization. CONCLUSION Our method decomposes protein structures into modules, allowing the study of signal transmission between functional sites. A modular configuration might be advantageous: it allows signaling proteins to expand their regulatory linkages and may elicit a broader range of control mechanisms either via modular combinations or through modulation of inter-modular linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio del Sol
- Bioinformatics Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Komiya-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0031, Japan
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Bioinformatics Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Komiya-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0031, Japan
| | - Dolors Amoros
- Bioinformatics Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Komiya-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0031, Japan
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Center for Cancer Research, Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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21
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Glaser F, Rosenberg Y, Kessel A, Pupko T, Ben-Tal N. The ConSurf-HSSP database: the mapping of evolutionary conservation among homologs onto PDB structures. Proteins 2006; 58:610-7. [PMID: 15614759 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The HSSP (Homology-Derived Secondary Structure of Proteins) database provides multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) for proteins of known three-dimensional (3D) structure in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The database also contains an estimate of the degree of evolutionary conservation at each amino acid position. This estimate, which is based on the relative entropy, correlates with the functional importance of the position; evolutionarily conserved positions (i.e., positions with limited variability and low entropy) are occasionally important to maintain the 3D structure and biological function(s) of the protein. We recently developed the Rate4Site algorithm for scoring amino acid conservation based on their calculated evolutionary rate. This algorithm takes into account the phylogenetic relationships between the homologs and the stochastic nature of the evolutionary process. Here we present the ConSurf-HSSP database of Rate4Site estimates of the evolutionary rates of the amino acid positions, calculated using HSSP's MSAs. The database provides precalculated evolutionary rates for nearly all of the PDB. These rates are projected, using a color code, onto the protein structure, and can be viewed online using the ConSurf server interface. To exemplify the database, we analyzed in detail the conservation pattern obtained for pyruvate kinase and compared the results with those observed using the relative entropy scores of the HSSP database. It is reassuring to know that the main functional region of the enzyme is detectable using both conservation scores. Interestingly, the ConSurf-HSSP calculations mapped additional functionally important regions, which are moderately conserved and were overlooked by the original HSSP estimate. The ConSurf-HSSP database is available online (http://consurf-hssp.tau.ac.il).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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22
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Takahashi-Terada A, Kotera M, Ohshima K, Furumoto T, Matsumura H, Kai Y, Izui K. Maize Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:11798-806. [PMID: 15665330 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408768200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31) from higher plants are regulated by both allosteric effects and reversible phosphorylation. Previous x-ray crystallographic analysis of Zea mays PEPC has revealed a binding site for sulfate ion, speculated to be the site for an allosteric activator, glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) (Matsumura, H., Xie, Y., Shirakata, S., Inoue, T., Yoshinaga, T., Ueno, Y., Izui, K., and Kai, Y. (2002) Structure (Lond.) 10, 1721-1730). Because kinetic experiments have also supported this notion, each of the four basic residues (Arg-183, -184, -231, and -372' on the adjacent subunit) located at or near the binding site was replaced by Gln, and the kinetic properties of recombinant mutant enzymes were investigated. Complete desensitization to Glc-6-P was observed for R183Q, R184Q, R183Q/R184Q (double mutant), and R372Q, as was a marked decrease in the sensitivity for R231Q. The heterotropic effect of Glc-6-P on an allosteric inhibitor, l-malate, was also abolished, but sensitivity to Gly, another allosteric activator of monocot PEPC, was essentially not affected, suggesting the distinctness of their binding sites. Considering the kinetic and structural data, Arg-183 and Arg-231 were suggested to be involved directly in the binding with phosphate group of Glc-6-P, and the residues Arg-184 and Arg-372 were thought to be involved in making up the site for Glc-6-P and/or in the transmission of an allosteric regulatory signal. Most unexpectedly, the mutant enzymes had almost lost responsiveness to regulatory phosphorylation at Ser-15. An apparent lack of kinetic competition between the phosphate groups of Glc-6-P and of phospho-Ser at 15 suggested the distinctness of their binding sites. The possible roles of these Arg residues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takahashi-Terada
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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23
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Portela P, Howell S, Moreno S, Rossi S. In vivo and in vitro phosphorylation of two isoforms of yeast pyruvate kinase by protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:30477-87. [PMID: 12063246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201094200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae pyruvate kinase 1 (Pyk1) was demonstrated to be associated to an immunoprecipitate of yeast protein kinase A holoenzyme (HA-Tpk1.Bcy1) and to be phosphorylated in a cAMP-dependent process. Both glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Pyk1 and GST-Pyk2 were phosphorylated in vitro by the bovine heart protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit and by immobilized yeast HA-Tpk1. The specificity constant for the phosphorylation of GST-Pyk1 and GST-Pyk2 by bovine catalytic subunit was in the range of the value for Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly (Kemptide). Both fusion proteins were phosphorylated in vivo, in intact cells overexpressing the protein, or in vitro using crude extracts, as source of protein kinase A, when a wild type strain was used but were not phosphorylated when using a strain with only one TPK gene with an attenuated mutation (tpk1(w1)). The effect of phosphorylation on Pyk activity was assayed in partially purified preparations from three strains, containing different endogenous protein kinase A activity levels. Pyk1 activity was measured at different phosphoenolpyruvate concentrations in the absence or in the presence of the activator fructose 1,6-bisphosphate at 1.5 mm. Preliminary kinetic results derived from the comparison of Pyk1 obtained from extracts with the highest versus those from the lowest protein kinase A activity indicate that the enzyme is more active upon phosphorylation conditions; in the absence of the activator it shows a shift in the titration curve for phosphoenolpyruvate to the left and an increase in the Hill coefficient, whereas in the presence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate it shows an n(H) value of 1.4, as compared with an n(H) of 2 for the Pyk1 obtained from extracts with almost null protein kinase A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Portela
- Laboratory of Protein Structure, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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24
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Valentini G, Chiarelli LR, Fortin R, Dolzan M, Galizzi A, Abraham DJ, Wang C, Bianchi P, Zanella A, Mattevi A. Structure and function of human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase. Molecular basis of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:23807-14. [PMID: 11960989 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of human erythrocyte isozyme (RPK) is, together with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, the most common cause of the nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. To provide a molecular framework to the disease, we have solved the 2.7 A resolution crystal structure of human RPK in complex with fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, the allosteric activator, and phosphoglycolate, a substrate analogue, and we have functionally and structurally characterized eight mutants (G332S, G364D, T384M, D390N, R479H, R486W, R504L, and R532W) found in RPK-deficient patients. The mutations target distinct regions of RPK structure, including domain interfaces and catalytic and allosteric sites. The mutations affect to a different extent thermostability, catalytic efficiency, and regulatory properties. These studies are the first to correlate the clinical symptoms with the molecular properties of the mutant enzymes. Mutations greatly impairing thermostability and/or activity are associated with severe anemia. Some mutant proteins exhibit moderate changes in the kinetic parameters, which are sufficient to cause mild to severe anemia, underlining the crucial role of RPK for erythrocyte metabolism. Prediction of the effects of mutations is difficult because there is no relation between the nature and location of the replaced amino acid and the type of molecular perturbation. Characterization of mutant proteins may serve as a valuable tool to assist with diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Valentini
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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