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Xue JH, Hua XH, Yang LM, Li WH, Xu YZ, Zhao GZ, Zhang GH, Liu KX, Chen JE, Wu JG. Synthesis, crystal structures and luminescence properties of europium and terbium picolinamide complexes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Smejkal GB. The Coomassie chronicles: past, present and future perspectives in polyacrylamide gel staining. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 1:381-7. [PMID: 15966833 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.1.4.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Yang G, Chen J, Wang S. A signal-on fluorescent aptasensor based on Tb3+ and structure-switching aptamer for label-free detection of Ochratoxin A in wheat. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 41:704-9. [PMID: 23089328 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of Tb(3+), structure-switching aptamer and magnetic beads (MBs), a signal-on fluorescent aptasensor was developed for the label-free determination of OTA in wheat. Initially, the specific sequence of the anti-OTA aptamer labeled with a biotin group, was attached to streptavidin-modified MBs. Two single-stranded signal probes were added and naturally hybridized with anti-OTA aptamer to form the duplex structure in the solution. Due to the fact that single-stranded oligonucleotides can greatly enhance the emission of Tb(3+) in solution but duplexes do not, through magnetic separation, the supernatant liquid of the above solution contained no single-stranded DNA and cannot increase the emission of Tb(3+). While upon OTA addition, it will bind with aptamer to form OTA-aptamer G-quadruplex while releasing two single-stranded signal probes. Through magnetic separation, the released single-stranded signal probes left in the supernatant liquid can dramatically increase the fluorescent intensity of Tb(3+). By employing the above strategy, this aptasensor can detect as low as 20 pg/mL OTA with high specificity. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed aptasensor is the first attempt to use the fluorescent characteristics of Tb(3+) for OTA detection, which may represent a promising path toward routine quality control of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Dragan A, Bishop E, Casas-Finet J, Strouse R, Schenerman M, Geddes C. Metal-enhanced PicoGreen® fluorescence: Application to fast and ultra-sensitive pg/ml DNA quantitation. J Immunol Methods 2010; 362:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zuchner T, Schumer F, Berger-Hoffmann R, Müller K, Lukas M, Zeckert K, Marx J, Hennig H, Hoffmann R. Highly Sensitive Protein Detection Based on Lanthanide Chelates with Antenna Ligands Providing a Linear Range of Five Orders of Magnitude. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9449-53. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902175g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thole Zuchner
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Schumer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Renate Berger-Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Müller
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Lukas
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kornelia Zeckert
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Marx
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Horst Hennig
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Wu P, Wong EM, Ma DL, Tong GM, Ng KM, Che CM. Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes as Highly Sensitive Luminescent Switch-On Probes for Practical Application in Protein Staining and Cell Imaging. Chemistry 2009; 15:3652-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hemmilá I, Mukkala VM. Time-Resolution in Fluorometry Technologies, Labels, and Applications in Bioanalytical Assays. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/20014091084254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ma DL, Wong WL, Chung WH, Chan FY, So PK, Lai TS, Zhou ZY, Leung YC, Wong KY. A Highly Selective Luminescent Switch-On Probe for Histidine/Histidine-Rich Proteins and Its Application in Protein Staining. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ma DL, Wong WL, Chung WH, Chan FY, So PK, Lai TS, Zhou ZY, Leung YC, Wong KY. A Highly Selective Luminescent Switch-On Probe for Histidine/Histidine-Rich Proteins and Its Application in Protein Staining. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:3735-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Liu J, Liu X, Baeyens WRG, Delanghe JR, Ouyang J. A Novel Probe Au(III) for Chemiluminescent Image Detection of Protein Blots on Nitrocellulose Membranes. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1884-90. [DOI: 10.1021/pr700616u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Willy R. G. Baeyens
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris R. Delanghe
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jin Ouyang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Liu J, Ouyang J, Baeyens WRG, Delanghe JR, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang H. A novel probe for chemiluminescent image detection of proteins in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:716-25. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Miller I, Crawford J, Gianazza E. Protein stains for proteomic applications: which, when, why? Proteomics 2007; 6:5385-408. [PMID: 16991193 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review recollects literature data on sensitivity and dynamic range for the most commonly used colorimetric and fluorescent dyes for general protein staining, and summarizes procedures for the most common PTM-specific detection methods. It also compiles some important points to be considered in imaging and evaluation. In addition to theoretical considerations, examples are provided to illustrate differential staining of specific proteins with different detection methods. This includes a large body of original data on the comparative evaluation of several pre- and post-electrophoresis stains used in parallel on a single specimen, horse serum run in 2-DE (IPG-DALT). A number of proteins/protein spots are found to be over- or under-revealed with some of the staining procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Miller
- Institut für Medizinische Chemie, Department für Naturwissenschaften, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria.
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Patra CR, Bhattacharya R, Patra S, Basu S, Mukherjee P, Mukhopadhyay D. Inorganic phosphate nanorods are a novel fluorescent label in cell biology. J Nanobiotechnology 2006; 4:11. [PMID: 17074086 PMCID: PMC1636656 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first use of inorganic fluorescent lanthanide (europium and terbium) ortho phosphate [LnPO4.H2O, Ln = Eu and Tb] nanorods as a novel fluorescent label in cell biology. These nanorods, synthesized by the microwave technique, retain their fluorescent properties after internalization into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), 786-O cells, or renal carcinoma cells (RCC). The cellular internalization of these nanorods and their fluorescence properties were characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At concentrations up to 50 microg/ml, the use of [3H]-thymidine incorporation assays, apoptosis assays (TUNEL), and trypan blue exclusion illustrated the non-toxic nature of these nanorods, a major advantage over traditional organic dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitta Ranjan Patra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sujata Patra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sujit Basu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Su Y, Xu Y, Yang L, Yang J, Weng S, Yu Z, Wu J. New, rapid fluorescence stain method for histologic sections using lanthanide complexes. Anal Biochem 2005; 347:89-93. [PMID: 16236236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new stain method for histologic sections different from traditional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) methodology used two newly developed stain reagents from the lanthanide series, the antibiotic ofloxacin chelate of europium(III) and the ciprofloxacin hydrochloride chelate of terbium(III), exhibiting excellent fluorescence. These complexes are unique due to their nontoxicity, attractive fluorescent properties, rapid staining, and high water solubility. In this article, we focus on the interactions between biomolecules and synthesized lanthanide complexes and on the staining effect applied for tissue staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Ricca A, Bauschlicher CW. Ab initio study of Eu3+–L (L=H2O, H2S, NH2CH3, S(CH3)2, imidazole) complexes. Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(02)01627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Berggren KN, Schulenberg B, Lopez MF, Steinberg TH, Bogdanova A, Smejkal G, Wang A, Patton WF. An improved formulation of SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain: comparison with the original formulation and with a ruthenium II tris (bathophenanthroline disulfonate) formulation. Proteomics 2002; 2:486-98. [PMID: 11987123 DOI: 10.1002/1615-9861(200205)2:5<486::aid-prot486>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain is compatible with a variety of imaging platforms since it absorbs maximally in the ultraviolet (280 nm) and visible (470 nm) regions of the spectrum. Dye localization is achieved by noncovalent, electrostatic and hydrophobic binding to proteins, with signal being detected at 610 nm. Since proteins are not covalently modified by the dye, compatibility with downstream proteomics techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry is assured. The principal limitation of the original formulation of SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain, is that it was only compatible with a limited number of gel fixation procedures. Too aggressive a fixation protocol led to diminished signal intensity and poor detection sensitivity. This is particularly apparent when post-staining gels subjected to labeling with other fluorophores such as Schiff's base staining of glycoproteins with fluorescent hydrazides. Consequently, we have developed an improved formulation of SYPRO Ruby protein gel stain that is fully compatible with commonly implemented protein fixation procedures and is suitable for post-staining gels after detection of glycoproteins using the green fluorescent Pro-Q Emerald 300 glycoprotein stain or detection of beta-glucuronidase using the green fluorescent ELF 97 beta-D-glucuronide. The new stain formulation is brighter, making it easier to manually excise spots for peptide mass profiling. An additional benefit of the improved formulation is that it permits staining of proteins in isoelectric focusing gels, without the requirement for caustic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera N Berggren
- Proteomics Section, Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR 97402, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Lee
- Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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Vogel JS, Grant PG, Buchholz BA, Dingley K, Turteltaub KW. Attomole quantitation of protein separations with accelerator mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:2037-45. [PMID: 11465504 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200106)22:10<2037::aid-elps2037>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of specific proteins depends on separation by chromatography or electrophoresis followed by chemical detection schemes such as staining and fluorophore adhesion. Chemical exchange of short-lived isotopes, particularly sulfur, is also prevalent despite the inconveniences of counting radioactivity. Physical methods based on isotopic and elemental analyses offer highly sensitive protein quantitation that has linear response over wide dynamic ranges and is independent of protein conformation. Accelerator mass spectrometry quantifies long-lived isotopes such as 14C to subattomole sensitivity. We quantified protein interactions with small molecules such as toxins, vitamins, and natural biochemicals at precisions of 1-5%. Micro-proton-induced X-ray emission quantifies elemental abundances in separated metalloprotein samples to nanogram amounts and is capable of quantifying phopsphorylated loci in gels. Accelerator-based quantitation is a possible tool for quantifying the genome translation into proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Vogel
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 94551, USA.
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Kemper C, Berggren K, Diwu Z, Patton WF. An improved, luminescent europium-based stain for detection of electroblotted proteins on nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:881-9. [PMID: 11332756 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683()22:5<881::aid-elps881>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SYPRO Rose Plus protein blot stain is an improved europium-based metal chelate stain for the detection of proteins on nitrocellulose and poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) membranes. Staining is achieved without covalently modifying the proteins. The stain may be excited with a 254 nm (UV-C), 302 nm (UV-B), or 365 nm (UV-A) light source and displays a sharp emission maximum at 612 nm. The emission peak has a full width at half-maximum of only 8 nm. The stain exhibits exceptional photostability, allowing long exposure times for maximum sensitivity. Since the dye is composed of a europium complex, it has a long emission lifetime, potentially allowing time-resolved detection, greatly reducing background fluorescence. Proteins immobilized to a nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane by electroblotting, dot-blotting, or vacuum slot-blotting are incubated with SYPRO Rose Plus protein blot stain for 15-30 min. Membranes are rinsed briefly, visualized with UV epi-illumination and the luminescence of the europium dye is measured using a 490 nm long-pass or 625 +/- 15 nm band-pass filter in combination with a conventional photographic or charge-coupled device (CCD) camera system. Alternatively, the dye may be visualized using a xenon-arc illumination source. The stain is readily removed from proteins by incubating membranes at mildly alkaline pH. The reversibility of the protein staining procedure allows for subsequent biochemical analyses, such as immunoblotting and biotin-streptavidin detection using colorimetric, direct fluorescence or fluorogenic visualization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kemper
- Molecular Probes, Inc, Eugene, OR 97402, USA
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Berggren K, Chernokalskaya E, Steinberg TH, Kemper C, Lopez MF, Diwu Z, Haugland RP, Patton WF. Background-free, high sensitivity staining of proteins in one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using a luminescent ruthenium complex. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:2509-21. [PMID: 10939466 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000701)21:12<2509::aid-elps2509>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SYPRO Ruby dye is a permanent stain comprised of ruthenium as part of an organic complex that interacts noncovalently with proteins. SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel Stain provides a sensitive, gentle, fluorescence-based method for detecting proteins in one-dimensional and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Proteins are fixed, stained from 3h to overnight and then rinsed in deionized water or dilute methanol/acetic acid solution for 30 min. The stain can be visualized using a wide range of excitation sources commonly used in image analysis systems including a 302 nm UV-B transilluminator, 473 nm second harmonic generation (SHG) laser, 488 nm argon-ion laser, 532 nm yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser, xenon arc lamp, blue fluorescent light bulb or blue light-emitting diode (LED). The sensitivity of SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel Stain is superior to colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) stain or monobromobimane labeling and comparable with the highest sensitivity silver or zinc-imidazole staining procedures available. The linear dynamic range of SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel stain extends over three orders of magnitude, which is vastly superior to silver, zinc-imidazole, monobromobimane and CBB stain. The fluorescent stain does not contain superfluous chemicals (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, Tween-20) that frequently interfere with peptide identification in mass spectrometry. While peptide mass profiles are severely altered in protein samples prelabeled with monobromobimane, successful identification of proteins by peptide mass profiling using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry was easily performed after protein detection with SYPRO Ruby Protein Gel stain.
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Patton WF. A thousand points of light: the application of fluorescence detection technologies to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and proteomics. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:1123-44. [PMID: 10786886 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(20000401)21:6<1123::aid-elps1123>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As proteomics evolves into a high-throughput technology for the study of global protein regulation, new demands are continually being placed upon protein visualization and quantitation methods. Chief among these are increased detection sensitivity, broad linear dynamic range and compatibility with modern methods of microchemical analyses. The limitations of conventional protein staining techniques are increasingly being encountered as high sensitivity electrophoresis methods are interfaced with automated gel stainers, image analysis workstations, robotic spot excision instruments, protein digestion work stations, and mass spectrometers. Three approaches to fluorescence detection of proteins in two-dimensional (2-D) gels are currently practiced: covalent derivatization of proteins with fluorophores, intercalation of fluorophores into the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelle, and direct electrostatic interaction with proteins by a Coomassie Brilliant Blue-type mechanism. This review discusses problems encountered in the analysis of proteins visualized with conventional stains and addresses advances in fluorescence protein detection, including immunoblotting, as well as the use of charge-coupled device (CCD) camera-based and laser-scanner-based image acquisition devices in proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Patton
- Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR 97402, USA.
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Patton WF. A thousand points of light: The application of fluorescence detection technologies to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and proteomics. Electrophoresis 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(20000401)21:6%3c1123::aid-elps1123%3e3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Conrad CC, Talent JM, Malakowsky CA, Gracy RW. Post-Electrophoretic Identification of Oxidized Proteins. Biol Proced Online 2000; 2:39-45. [PMID: 12734585 PMCID: PMC140127 DOI: 10.1251/bpo17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/1999] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative modification of proteins has been shown to play a major role in a number of human diseases. However, the ability to identify specific proteins that are most susceptible to oxidative modifications is difficult. Separation of proteins using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) offers the analytical potential for the recovery, amino acid sequencing, and identification of thousands of individual proteins from cells and tissues. We have developed a method to allow underivatized proteins to be electroblotted onto PVDF membranes before derivatization and staining. Since both the protein and oxidation proteins are quantifiable, the specific oxidation index of each protein can be determined. The optimal sequence and conditions for the staining process are (a) electrophoresis, (b) electroblotting onto PVDF membranes, (c) derivatization of carbonyls with 2,4-DNP, (d) immunostaining with anti DNP antibody, and (e) protein staining with colloidal gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Conrad
- Molecular Aging Unit, Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology. Molecular Aging Unit, Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, 76107. USA.Office of Research and Biotechnology. ME-2 Room 806, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, Texas 76107. USA.
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Abstract
A sensitive staining method for protein blots using Direct Blue 71 is described. It is based on the selective binding of dye molecules to proteins in acidic solution and produces bluish violet colored bands. It is a simple and rapid procedure, involving only staining and rinsing steps that occur within 7 min. The sensitivity of this method is 5-10 ng of protein on nitrocellulose (NC) and 10-20 ng on polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), which is tenfold better than that of the commonly used Ponceau S staining. Moreover, the staining is reversible for subsequent immunostaining, without impairing immunoreactivity. To remove the dye from the developed bands, changes in pH and hydrophobicity of the solvent are required. Due to its sensitivity, rapidity, simplicity, and low cost, this stain may be more practical than other dye-based stains or metal-based stains for routine laboratory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, South Korea
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Berggren K, Steinberg TH, Lauber WM, Carroll JA, Lopez MF, Chernokalskaya E, Zieske L, Diwu Z, Haugland RP, Patton WF. A luminescent ruthenium complex for ultrasensitive detection of proteins immobilized on membrane supports. Anal Biochem 1999; 276:129-43. [PMID: 10603235 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SYPRO Ruby protein blot stain provides a sensitive, gentle, fluorescence-based method for detecting proteins on nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. SYPRO Ruby dye is a permanent stain composed of ruthenium as part of an organic complex that interacts noncovalently with proteins. Stained proteins can be excited by ultraviolet light of about 302 nm or with visible light of about 470 nm. Fluorescence emission of the dye is approximately 618 nm. The stain can be visualized using a wide range of excitation sources utilized in image analysis systems including a UV-B transilluminator, 488-nm argon-ion laser, 532-nm yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser, blue fluorescent light bulb, or blue light-emitting diode (LED). The detection sensitivity of SYPRO Ruby protein blot stain (0.25-1 ng protein/mm(2)) is superior to that of amido black, Coomassie blue, and india ink staining and nearly matches colloidal gold staining. SYPRO Ruby protein blot stain visualizes proteins more rapidly than colloidal gold stain and the linear dynamic range is more extensive. Unlike colloidal gold stain, SYPRO Ruby protein blot stain is fully compatible with subsequent biochemical applications including colorimetric and chemiluminescent immunoblotting, Edman-based sequencing and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Berggren
- Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, Oregon 97402, USA
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Lee YC, Kawasaki N, Lee RT, Suzuki N. Quantum-dye labeled proteins for glycobiology: a viable nonradioactive alternative tracer. Glycobiology 1998; 8:849-56. [PMID: 9675217 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/8.9.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dye (QD), a macrocyclic europium-chelate, developed as a cytological marker, has never been used for quantitative applications. It would be ideal, however, if the same tracer can be used for both qualitative and quantitative purposes. We have labeled some lectins and neoglycoproteins with QD for the purpose of quantitative analyses in glycobiology, and tested its suitability in three different areas in glycobiology: (1) glycosyltransferase, (2) an animal lectin - mannose-binding protein, and (3) the Gal/GalNAc receptor of rat liver membrane. Usefulness of QD-labeled lectins was amply demonstrated by the quantification of galactosyltransferase activity using QD-soybean agglutinin and QD-RCA120 ( Ricinus communis agglutinin). We also showed that QD-labeled neoglycoproteins, QD-Man-BSA and QD-Gal-BSA, can replace radioiodinated counterparts in the binding assays of animal lectins (serum mannose binding protein and hepatic Gal/GalNAc receptor.) The advantage of QD and other europium labels is that it does not decay as radioiodides do. The long shelf-life results in more consistent results from repeated experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Saito K, Lee RT, Lee YC. Quantification of Eu3+ in quantum-dye-labeled materials by ashing and dissociation enhancement. Anal Biochem 1998; 258:311-4. [PMID: 9570846 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantum Dye (QD) is an extremely stable macrocyclic chelate of Eu3+, measurable with a time-resolved fluorometer even without the aid of enhancement solution, albeit at a low sensitivity. However, QD is not easily quantified by the popular dissociation-enhancement methodology (I. Hemmilä et al., 1984, Anal. Biochem. 137, 335-343), because of difficulty in dissociating Eu3+ completely from QD. We found that Eu3+ in QD can be accurately measured by simple ashing followed by the dissociation-enhancement methodology. Validity of the method was tested by determining Eu(NO3)3 with or without ashing and analyzing Eu3+ in other chelates known to be amenable to accurate measurement by the dissociation enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saito
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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