1
|
Polat EO, Cetin MM, Tabak AF, Bilget Güven E, Uysal BÖ, Arsan T, Kabbani A, Hamed H, Gül SB. Transducer Technologies for Biosensors and Their Wearable Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12060385. [PMID: 35735533 PMCID: PMC9221076 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of new biosensor technologies and their active use as wearable devices have offered mobility and flexibility to conventional western medicine and personal fitness tracking. In the development of biosensors, transducers stand out as the main elements converting the signals sourced from a biological event into a detectable output. Combined with the suitable bio-receptors and the miniaturization of readout electronics, the functionality and design of the transducers play a key role in the construction of wearable devices for personal health control. Ever-growing research and industrial interest in new transducer technologies for point-of-care (POC) and wearable bio-detection have gained tremendous acceleration by the pandemic-induced digital health transformation. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of transducers for biosensors and their wearable applications that empower users for the active tracking of biomarkers and personal health parameters.
Collapse
|
2
|
Khan M, Hasan M, Hossain S, Ahommed M, Daizy M. Ultrasensitive detection of pathogenic viruses with electrochemical biosensor: State of the art. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 166:112431. [PMID: 32862842 PMCID: PMC7363606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Last few decades, viruses are a real menace to human safety. Therefore, the rapid identification of viruses should be one of the best ways to prevent an outbreak and important implications for medical healthcare. The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus which belongs to the single-stranded, positive-strand RNA viruses. The pandemic dimension spread of COVID-19 poses a severe threat to the health and lives of seven billion people worldwide. There is a growing urgency worldwide to establish a point-of-care device for the rapid detection of COVID-19 to prevent subsequent secondary spread. Therefore, the need for sensitive, selective, and rapid diagnostic devices plays a vital role in selecting appropriate treatments and to prevent the epidemics. During the last decade, electrochemical biosensors have emerged as reliable analytical devices and represent a new promising tool for the detection of different pathogenic viruses. This review summarizes the state of the art of different virus detection with currently available electrochemical detection methods. Moreover, this review discusses different fabrication techniques, detection principles, and applications of various virus biosensors. Future research also looks at the use of electrochemical biosensors regarding a potential detection kit for the rapid identification of the COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M.Z.H. Khan
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh,Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh,Corresponding author. Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.
| | - M.R. Hasan
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh,Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain
| | - S.I. Hossain
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4 – 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M.S. Ahommed
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - M. Daizy
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh,Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fluorescent, colourimetric, and ratiometric probes based on diverse fluorophore motifs for mercuric(II) ion (Hg 2+) sensing: highlights from 2011 to 2019. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020; 74:3195-3232. [PMID: 32427198 PMCID: PMC7229441 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Though it has not been shown to deliver any biological importance, mercuric(II) ion (Hg2+) is a deleterious cation which poses grievous effects to the human body and/or the ecosystem, hence, the need for its sensitive and selective monitoring in both environmental and biological systems. Over the years, there has been a great deal of work in the use of fluorescent, colourimetric, and/or ratiometric probes for Hg2+ recognition. Essentially, the purpose of this review article is to give an overview of the advances made in the constructions of such probes based on the works reported in the period from 2011 to 2019. Discussion in this review work has been tailored to the kinds of fluorophore scaffolds used for the constructions of the probes reported. Selected examples of probes under each fluorophore subcategory were discussed with mentions of the typically determined parameters in an analytical sensing operation, including modulation in fluorescence intensity, optimal pH, detection limit, and association constant. The environmental and biological application ends of the probes were also touched where necessary. Important generalisations and conclusions were given at the end of the review. This review article highlights 196 references.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ilina K, MacCuaig WM, Laramie M, Jeouty JN, McNally LR, Henary M. Squaraine Dyes: Molecular Design for Different Applications and Remaining Challenges. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:194-213. [PMID: 31365819 PMCID: PMC7845514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Squaraine dyes are a class of organic dyes with strong and narrow absorption bands in the near-infrared. Despite high molar absorptivities and fluorescence quantum yields, these dyes have been less explored than other dye scaffolds due to their susceptibility to nucleophilic attack. Recent strategies in probe design including encapsulation, conjugation to biomolecules, and new synthetic modifications have seen squaraine dyes emerging into the forefront of biomedical imaging and other applications. Herein, we provide a concise overview of (1) the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical squaraine dyes, (2) the relationship between structure and photophysical properties of squaraine dyes, and (3) current applications of squaraine dyes in the literature. Given the recent successes at overcoming the limitations of squaraine dyes, they show high potential in biological imaging, in photodynamic and photothermal therapies, and as molecular sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ilina
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - William M. MacCuaig
- Department of Bioengineering, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, 173 Felgar Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Matthew Laramie
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jannatun N. Jeouty
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Lacey R. McNally
- Department of Bioengineering, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, 173 Felgar Street, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Maged Henary
- Department of Chemistry, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Petit Science Center, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
In the simplest words, a bio-sensor is an analytic device. In recent years, bio-sensors have shown emerging contribution in medical diagnosis, drug discovery, and treatment process. In this regards, continuous research is ongoing and many more features are being added in the sensing technologies. Optical sensing technology is no more bound in research area but also in the commercial use for the betterment of mankind. There are different types of bio-sensors particularly optical which have already been developed and research is going to expand many more of them. Sensing applications are not limited in glucose, DNA, cancer cell detection, drug discovery, immunological, Hepatitis B virus, and enzyme detection but also many more development is knocking at the door. Therefore, this review paper is focused on the applications and functions of bio-sensors (especially optical) in medical diagnostics and treatment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lugovik KI, Eltyshev AK, Suntsova PO, Slepukhin PA, Benassi E, Belskaya NP. Highlights on the Road towards Highly Emitting Solid-State Luminophores: Two Classes of Thiazole-Based Organoboron Fluorophores with the AIEE/AIE Effect. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:311-324. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya I. Lugovik
- Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str. Yekaterinburg 620002 Russian Federation
| | | | - Polina O. Suntsova
- Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str. Yekaterinburg 620002 Russian Federation
| | - Pavel A. Slepukhin
- Ural Federal University; 19 Mira Str. Yekaterinburg 620002 Russian Federation
- Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch, of Russian Academy of Science; 20 S. Kovalevskaya Str. Yekaterinburg 620219 Russian Federation
| | - Enrico Benassi
- School of Science and Technology; Nazarbaev University; 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave. Astana 010000 Republic of Kazakhstan
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saikiran M, Sato D, Pandey SS, Kato T. Photophysical investigations of squaraine and cyanine dyes and their interaction with bovine serum albumin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/704/1/012012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
8
|
Wu IC, Yu J, Ye F, Rong Y, Gallina M, Fujimoto BS, Zhang Y, Chan YH, Sun W, Zhou XH, Wu C, Chiu DT. Squaraine-based polymer dots with narrow, bright near-infrared fluorescence for biological applications. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:173-8. [PMID: 25494172 PMCID: PMC4304448 DOI: 10.1021/ja5123045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the design and development of squaraine-based semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) that show large Stokes shifts and narrow-band emissions in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Fluorescent copolymers containing fluorene and squaraine units were synthesized and used as precursors for preparing the Pdots, where exciton diffusion and likely through-bond energy transfer led to highly bright and narrow-band NIR emissions. The resulting Pdots exhibit the emission full width at half-maximum of ∼36 nm, which is ∼2 times narrower than those of inorganic quantum dots in the same wavelength region (∼66 nm for Qdot705). The squaraine-based Pdots show a high fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of 0.30 and a large Stokes shift of ∼340 nm. Single-particle analysis indicates that the average per-particle brightness of the Pdots is ∼6 times higher than that of Qdot705. We demonstrate bioconjugation of the squaraine Pdots and employ the Pdot bioconjugates in flow cytometry and cellular imaging applications. Our results suggest that the narrow bandwidth, high QY, and large Stokes shift are promising for multiplexed biological detections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Che Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiangbo Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Fangmao Ye
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yu Rong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Maria
Elena Gallina
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bryant S. Fujimoto
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yang-Hsiang Chan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xing-Hua Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Changfeng Wu
- State
Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic
Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Daniel T. Chiu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang D, Ren AM, Guo JF, Zou LY, Huang S. Computational design of a two-photon excited FRET-based ratiometric fluorescent Cu2+ probe for living cell imaging. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18393f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel TP FRET ratiometric fluorescent probe 2a for Cu2+ is designed. 2a has a large TPA peak in the near-infrared light region and its energy transfer efficiency is nearly 100%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Min Ren
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Fu Guo
- School of Physics
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130021
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Yi Zou
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Huang
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
- People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Diaconu I, Cristea C, Hârceagă V, Marrazza G, Berindan-Neagoe I, Săndulescu R. Electrochemical immunosensors in breast and ovarian cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 425:128-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
11
|
Fei X, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Liu L, Yu L. Spectral study and protein labeling of inclusion complex between dye and calixarene sulfonate. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 67:520-525. [PMID: 23643041 DOI: 10.1366/12-06856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The host-guest inclusion complex of calix[6]arene sulfonate (SCA6) with thiazole orange (TO) formed in aqueous solution was studied. Absorption and fluorescence techniques were used for the analysis of this inclusion complex. The addition of calixarene sulfonate leads to a decrease in both absorption and fluorescence intensity of the dye, indicating that the inclusion complex was formed. Simultaneously, the inclusion phenomenon of another cyanine dye, Cy3, with calixarene sulfonate was investigated. The stability constant of the two complexes was determined, and the results were compared. The water solubility of TO dye was increased in the presence of calixarene sulfonate, and further protein labeling experiments suggested that this TO-SCA6 complex can act as a fluorescent probe for labeling of biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Fei
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin Institute of Urban Construction, 300384, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu L, Fei X, Zhu S, Yu L, Zhang B. Self-assembly of anionic gemini surfactant: fluorescence resonance energy transfer and simulation study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:5132-5137. [PMID: 23582023 DOI: 10.1021/la304980r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of dyes with a sulfonated Gemini surfactant was investigated in aqueous solution using Förster resonance energy transfer with acridine orange (AO) as a donor and rhodamine B (RhB) as an acceptor. Surface tension results showed that AO and RhB have different effects on the self-assembly of the Gemini surfactant, with AO giving a higher critical micelle concentration (cmc) and lower surface tension, while the opposite was observed for RhB. Energy transfer from AO to RhB was observed in the presence of the surfactant, and the energy transfer efficiency initially improved with increased surfactant concentration but then decreased significantly when the surfactant reached a higher concentration due to the formation of larger aggregates, which increased the average distance between AO and RhB. Dynamic light scattering demonstrated the existence of these large aggregates. Moreover, simulations using dissipative particle dynamics supported the experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Synthesis, photophysical study and BSA association of water-insoluble squaraine dyes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
14
|
Preparation of liposomes loaded with quantum dots, fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies, and near-infrared in-vivo imaging of mouse tissue. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Patsenker LD, Tatarets AL, Povrozin YA, Terpetschnig EA. Long-wavelength fluorescence lifetime labels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12566-011-0025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
17
|
Peng J, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhou X, Liu Z. A new biosensor for glucose determination in serum based on up-converting fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:414-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
18
|
Wang Y, Bao L, Liu Z, Pang DW. Aptamer biosensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer from upconverting phosphors to carbon nanoparticles for thrombin detection in human plasma. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8130-7. [PMID: 21923110 DOI: 10.1021/ac201631b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We presented a new aptamer biosensor for thrombin in this work, which was based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from upconverting phosphors (UCPs) to carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). The poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) functionalized UCPs were covalently tagged with a thrombin aptamer (5'-NH(2)- GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG-3'), which bound to the surface of CNPs through π-π stacking interaction. As a result, the energy donor and acceptor were taken into close proximity, leading to the quenching of fluorescence of UCPs. A maximum fluorescence quenching rate of 89% was acquired under optimized conditions. In the presence of thrombin, which induced the aptamer to form quadruplex structure, the π-π interaction was weakened, and thus, the acceptor was separated from the donor blocking the FRET process. The fluorescence of UCPs was therefore restored in a thrombin concentration-dependent manner, which built the foundation of thrombin quantification. The sensor provided a linear range from 0.5 to 20 nM for thrombin with a detection limit of 0.18 nM in an aqueous buffer. The same linear range was obtained in spiked human serum samples with a slightly higher detection limit (0.25 nM), demonstrating high robustness of the sensor in a complex biological sample matrix. As a practical application, the sensor was used to monitor thrombin level in human plasma with satisfactory results obtained. This is the first time that UCPs and CNPs were employed as a donor-acceptor pair to construct FRET-based biosensors, which utilized both the photophysical merits of UCPs and the superquenching ability of CNPs and thus afforded favorable analytical performances. This work also opened the opportunity to develop biosensors for other targets using this UCPs-CNPs system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Luo S, Zhang E, Su Y, Cheng T, Shi C. A review of NIR dyes in cancer targeting and imaging. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7127-38. [PMID: 21724249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 978] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of multifunctional agents for simultaneous tumor targeting and near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is expected to have significant impact on future personalized oncology owing to the very low tissue autofluorescence and high tissue penetration depth in the NIR spectrum window. Cancer NIR molecular imaging relies greatly on the development of stable, highly specific and sensitive molecular probes. Organic dyes have shown promising clinical implications as non-targeting agents for optical imaging in which indocyanine green has long been implemented in clinical use. Recently, significant progress has been made on the development of unique NIR dyes with tumor targeting properties. Current ongoing design strategies have overcome some of the limitations of conventional NIR organic dyes, such as poor hydrophilicity and photostability, low quantum yield, insufficient stability in biological system, low detection sensitivity, etc. This potential is further realized with the use of these NIR dyes or NIR dye-encapsulated nanoparticles by conjugation with tumor specific ligands (such as small molecules, peptides, proteins and antibodies) for tumor targeted imaging. Very recently, natively multifunctional NIR dyes that can preferentially accumulate in tumor cells without the need of chemical conjugation to tumor targeting ligands have been developed and these dyes have shown unique optical and pharmaceutical properties for biomedical imaging with superior signal-to-background contrast index. The main focus of this article is to provide a concise overview of newly developed NIR dyes and their potential applications in cancer targeting and imaging. The development of future multifunctional agents by combining targeting, imaging and even therapeutic routes will also be discussed. We believe these newly developed multifunctional NIR dyes will broaden current concept of tumor targeted imaging and hold promise to make an important contribution to the diagnosis and therapeutics for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Luo
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu L, Dong X, Lian W, Peng X, Liu Z, He Z, Wang Q. Homogeneous Competitive Hybridization Assay Based on Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1381-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902467w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoniu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhike He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ququan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Patsenker LD, Tatarets AL, Klochko OP, Terpetschnig EA. Conjugates, Complexes, and Interlocked Systems Based on Squaraines and Cyanines. ADVANCED FLUORESCENCE REPORTERS IN CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY II 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04701-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
22
|
Long-Wavelength Probes and Labels Based on Cyanines and Squaraines. SPRINGER SERIES ON FLUORESCENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04702-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
23
|
Renard BL, Aubert Y, Asseline U. Fluorinated squaraine as near-IR label with improved properties for the labeling of oligonucleotides. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Clegg RM. Chapter 1 Förster resonance energy transfer—FRET what is it, why do it, and how it's done. FRET AND FLIM TECHNIQUES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0075-7535(08)00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
26
|
Liu L, Shao M, Dong X, Yu X, Liu Z, He Z, Wang Q. Homogeneous Immunoassay Based on Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7735-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801106w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Mei Shao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhike He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ququan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Soukka T, Rantanen T, Kuningas K. Photon upconversion in homogeneous fluorescence-based bioanalytical assays. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1130:188-200. [PMID: 18596348 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1430.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Upconverting phosphors (UCPs) are very attractive reporters for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based bioanalytical assays. The large anti-Stokes shift and capability to convert near-infrared to visible light via sequential absorption of multiple photons enable complete elimination of autofluorescence, which commonly impairs the performance of fluorescence-based assays. UCPs are ideal donors for FRET, because their very narrow-banded emission allows measurement of the sensitized acceptor emission, in principle, without any crosstalk from the donor emission at a wavelength just tens of nanometers from the emission peak of the donor. In addition, acceptor dyes emitting at visible wavelengths are essentially not excited by near-infrared, which further emphasizes the unique potential of upconversion FRET (UC-FRET). These characteristics result in favorable assay performance using detection instrumentation based on epifluorometer configuration and laser diode excitation. Although UC-FRET is a recently emerged technology, it has already been applied in both immunoassays and nucleic acid hybridization assays. The technology is also compatible with optically difficult biological samples, such as whole blood. Significant advances in assay performance are expected using upconverting lanthanide-doped nanocrystals, which are currently under extensive research. UC-FRET, similarly to other fluorescence techniques based on resonance energy transfer, is strongly distance dependent and may have limited applicability, for example in sandwich-type assays for large biomolecules, such as viruses. In this article, we summarize the essentials of UC-FRET, describe its current applications, and outline the expectations for its future potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tero Soukka
- University of Turku, Department of Biotechnology, Tykistökatu 6 A 6th floor, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu L, Wei G, Liu Z, He Z, Xiao S, Wang Q. Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer with Small Organic Molecule as Energy Donor for Bioassay. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:574-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bc700369q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Genghui Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhike He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Si Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ququan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Umezawa K, Citterio D, Suzuki K. A Squaraine-based Near-infrared Dye with Bright Fluorescence and Solvatochromic Property. CHEM LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2007.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
30
|
Ioffe VM, Gorbenko GP, Deligeorgiev T, Gadjev N, Vasilev A. Fluorescence study of protein–lipid complexes with a new symmetric squarylium probe. Biophys Chem 2007; 128:75-86. [PMID: 17383795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The novel symmetric squarylium derivative SQ-1 has been synthesized and tested for its sensitivity to the formation of protein-lipid complexes. SQ-1 binding to the model membranes composed of zwitterionic lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC) and its mixtures with anionic lipid cardiolipin (CL) in different molar ratios was found to be controlled mainly by hydrophobic interactions. Lysozyme (Lz) and ribonuclease A (RNase) exerted an influence on the probe association with lipid vesicles resulting presumably from the competition between SQ-1 and the proteins for bilayer free volume and modification of its properties. The magnitude of this effect was much higher for lysozyme which may stem from the amphipathy of protein alpha-helix involved in the membrane binding. Varying membrane composition provides evidence for the dye sensitivity to both hydrophobic and electrostatic protein-lipid interactions. Fluorescence anisotropy studies uncovered the restriction of SQ-1 rotational mobility in lipid environment in the presence of Lz and RNase being indicative of the incorporation of the proteins into bilayer interior. The results of binding, fluorescence quenching and kinetic experiments suggested lysozyme-induced local lipid demixing upon protein association with negatively charged membranes with threshold concentration of CL for the lipid demixing being 10 mol%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya M Ioffe
- Department of Biological and Medical Physics, V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University, 4 Svobody Sq., Kharkov 61077, Ukraine.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oswald B, Gruber M, Böhmer M, Lehmann F, Probst M, Wolfbeis OS. Novel Diode Laser-compatible Fluorophores and Their Application to Single Molecule Detection, Protein Labeling and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Immunoassay. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740237ndlcfa2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
32
|
Weh J, Duerkop A, Wolfbeis OS. A Resonance Energy Transfer Immunoassay Based on a Thiol-Reactive Ruthenium Donor Dye and a Longwave-Emitting Acceptor. Chembiochem 2007; 8:122-8. [PMID: 17173270 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel immunoassay is described that applies a thiol-reactive ruthenium metal-ligand complex as the donor dye in a luminescence energy transfer (LET) detection scheme. Unlike amine-reactive labels, the LET with a thiol label allows improved specificity and better reproducibility of labelling positions on proteins, because the number of reactive thiol groups of proteins is distinctly smaller. This helps to reduce the risk of over-labelling and self-quenching of the fluorophore. The synthesis of the thiol label was significantly improved, resulting in almost quantitative yields of pure product. The absorption and emission maxima of the ruthenium donor dye are at 460 nm and 600 nm, respectively, and a Stokes' shift of 140 nm warrants distinct separation of excitation and emission wavelengths even in turbid samples. A cyanine dye with an absorption maximum at 642 nm was chosen as the acceptor label because it has good overlap with the emission spectrum of the donor label. The emission of the acceptor peaks at 660 nm, thus further increasing the Stokes' shift (to an overall 200 nm). The quantification of anti-HSA with the LET immunoassay is possible with this new approach at concentrations as low as 220 pmol L(-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weh
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wei Q, Lee M, Yu X, Lee EK, Seong GH, Choo J, Cho YW. Development of an open sandwich fluoroimmunoassay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Anal Biochem 2006; 358:31-7. [PMID: 16989766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a sensitive, one-step, homogeneous open sandwich fluoroimmunoassay (OsFIA) based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). In this FRET assay, estrogen receptor beta (ER-beta) antigen was incubated with QD-labeled anti-ER-beta monoclonal antibody and Alexa Fluor (AF)-labeled anti-ER polyclonal antibody for 30 min, followed by FRET measurement. The dye separation distance was estimated between 80 and 90 A. The current method is rapid, simple, and highly sensitive, and it did not require the bound/free reagent separation steps and solid-phase carriers. A concentration as low as 0.05 nM (2.65 ng/ml) receptor was detected with linearity. In addition, the assay was performed with commercial antibodies. This assay provides a convenient alternative to conventional, laborious sandwich immunoassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quande Wei
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 530080, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tatarets AL, Fedyunyayeva IA, Dyubko TS, Povrozin YA, Doroshenko AO, Terpetschnig EA, Patsenker LD. Synthesis of water-soluble, ring-substituted squaraine dyes and their evaluation as fluorescent probes and labels. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 570:214-23. [PMID: 17723402 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of ring-substituted squaraines absorbing and emitting in the red and NIR spectral region was synthesized and their spectral and photophysical properties (quantum yields, fluorescence lifetimes) and photostabilities were measured and compared to Cy5, a commonly used fluorescent label. The absorption maxima in aqueous media were found to be between 628 and 667 nm and the emission maxima are between 642 and 685 nm. Squaraine dyes exhibit high extinction coefficients (163,000-265,000 M(-1) cm(-1)) and lower quantum yields (2-7%) in aqueous buffer but high quantum yields (up to 45%) and long fluorescence lifetimes (up to 3.3 ns) in presence of BSA. Dicyanomethylene- and thio-substituted squaraines exhibit an additional absorption around 400 nm with extinction coefficients between 21,500 and 44,500 M(-1) cm(-1). These dyes are excitable not only with red but also with blue diode lasers or light emitting diodes. Due to the favourable spectral and photophysical properties these dyes can be used as fluorescent probes and labels for intensity- and fluorescence lifetime-based biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy L Tatarets
- SSI Institute for Single Crystals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 60 Lenin Ave., Kharkov 61001, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Hung J, Castillo J, Jiménez G, Hasegawa M, Rodriguez M. Spectroscopic study of antileishmanial drug incubated in the promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2003; 59:3177-3183. [PMID: 14583293 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(03)00136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present spectroscopic study of Boldine (aporphine alkaloid) that possesses important biological activities, in particular, in interaction with the promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. The results show the applicability of autofluorescence of this drug to determinate the possible mechanism of its biological action. The blue shift and hyperchromic effect in the emission spectrum of the drug in interaction with the parasite cells indicate an energy transference process between them. The morphological change of cell shape of the promastigotes treated with the drug is observed using confocal microscopy. This morphological cell-shape transformation evidences an important interaction between the drug studied and some protein of the parasite cell. Here we describe for the first time the fluorescence properties of the Boldine in the promastigotes of L. mexicana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hung
- Laboratorios de Espectroscopia Láser, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Química, Universidad Central de Venezuela, PO Box 47102, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nichkova M, Feng J, Sanchez-Baeza F, Marco MP, Hammock BD, Kennedy IM. Competitive quenching fluorescence immunoassay for chlorophenols based on laser-induced fluorescence detection in microdroplets. Anal Chem 2003; 75:83-90. [PMID: 12530822 DOI: 10.1021/ac025933n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An improved biomonitoring system for the analysis of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) in urine samples has been developed. The principle of the biosensor device is the detection of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in single microdroplets by a homogeneous quenching fluorescence immunoassay (QFIA). The competitive immunoassay occurs in microdroplets (d = 58,4 microm) produced by a piezoelectric generator system with 10-microm-diameter orifice. A continuous Ar ion laser (488 nm) excites the fluorescent tracer; its fluorescence is detected by a spectrometer attached to a 512 x 512 cooled, charge-coupled device camera. Fluorescence is quenched by specific binding of TCP polyclonal antibodies to the fluorescent tracer (hapten A-fluorescein); the quenching effect is diminished by the presence of the analyte. Thus, an increase in the signal is produced in a positive dose-dependent manner when TCP is present in the sample. In 10 mM PBS buffer, the IC50 of the LIF-microdroplet QFIA is 0.45 microg L(-1) reaching a LOD of 0.04 microg L(-1). The QFIA with the same reagents performed in microtiter plate format achieved a LOD of 0.36 microg L(-1) in buffer solution. Performance in human urine was similar to that observed in the buffer. A LOD of 1.6 ,g L(-1), with a dynamic range between 4 and 149.5 microg L(-1) in urine, was obtained without any sample treatment other than dilution with the assay buffer. The detectability achieved is sufficient for occupational exposure risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela Nichkova
- Department of Biological Organic Chemistry. IIQAB-CSIC, Jorge Girona, 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Augustin CM, Oswald B, Wolfbeis OS. Time-resolved luminescence energy transfer immunobinding study using a ruthenium-ligand complex as a donor label. Anal Biochem 2002; 305:166-72. [PMID: 12054445 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2002.5633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel immunosystem is described that exploits the effect of luminescence energy transfer from a luminescently labeled antigen to a fluorescent antibody. A luminescent ruthenium-ligand complex (D-455) with absorption/emission maxima at 456/639 nm, respectively, was employed as the donor label, and a squaraine-type cyanine label (636/655 nm), as the fluorescent acceptor label. Specifically, the system human serum albumin (HSA)/anti-HSA was studied. HSA was labeled with the donor dye D-455, and anti-HSA was labeled with the acceptor dye A-631. On formation of the antigen-antibody complex, energy transfer occurs. The radiationless energy transfer affects both the decay time of D-455 and the intensities of the emissions of both D-455 and A-631. The decay time of around 500 ns of D-455 allows frequency-domain measurements in the low kilohertz range and therefore can be based on the use of conventional optoelectronics. This also suggests gated measurements to be performed. The major difference from existing HSA immunosystems is the use of a slow decaying ruthenium-ligand complex as the donor and of a long-wave emitting cyanine acceptor dye having a high quantum yield and a decay kinetics that is governed by the rate of energy transfer from the slow decaying donor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Augustin
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93040, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wolfbeis OS, Böhmer M, Dürkop A, Enderlein J, Gruber M, Klimant I, Krause C, Kürner J, Liebsch G, Lin Z, Oswald B, Wu M. Advanced Luminescent Labels, Probes and Beads and their Application to Luminescence Bioassay and Imaging. FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY, IMAGING AND PROBES 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56067-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
40
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunosensors are affinity ligand-based biosensor solid-state devices in which the immunochemical reaction is coupled to a transducer. The fundamental basis of all immunosensors is the specificity of the molecular recognition of antigens by antibodies to form a stable complex. This is similar to the immunoassay methodology. Immunosensors can be categorized based on the detection principle applied. The main developments are electrochemical, optical, and microgravimetric immunosensors. In contrast to immunoassay, modern transducer technology enables the label-free detection and quantification of the immune complex. METHODS The analysis of trace substances in environmental science, pharmaceutical and food industries is a challenge since many of these applications demand a continuous monitoring mode. The use of immunosensors in these applications is most appropriate. Similarly, a series of clinical problems may be solved by continuous monitoring of certain analytes. CONCLUSIONS Clinical chemists should take advantage of immunosensors in clinical diagnostics. There are many recent developments in the immunosensor field which have potential impacts. The future role of this technique in intralaboratory, as well as bedside testing, will become even more important as the clinical laboratory is faced with increasing pressure to contain costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P B Luppa
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schobel U, Coille I, Brecht A, Steinwand GM, Gauglitz G. Miniaturization of a homogeneous fluorescence immunoassay based on energy transfer using nanotiter plates as high-density sample carriers. Anal Chem 2001; 73:5172-9. [PMID: 11721915 DOI: 10.1021/ac010456e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The miniaturization of a homogeneous competitive immunoassay to a final assay volume of 70 nL is described. As the sample carrier, disposable plastic nanotiter plates (NTP) with dimensions of 2 x 2 cm2 containing 25 x 25 wells, corresponding to approximately 15,000 wells on a traditional 96-well microtiter plate footprint, were used. Sample handling was accomplished by a piezoelectrically actuated micropipet. To reduce evaporation while pipetting the assays, the NTP was handled in a closed humid chamber and cooled to the point of condensation. To avoid washing steps, a homogeneous assay was developed that was based on energy-transfer (ET). As a model system, an antibody-based assay for the detection of the environmentally relevant compound, simazine, in drinking water was chosen. Antibodies were labeled with the long-wavelength-excitable sulfoindocyanine dye Cy5 (donor), and a tracer was synthesized by labeling BSA with a triazine derivative and the acceptor dye Cy5.5. At low analyte concentrations, the tracer was preferably bound to the antibody binding sites. As a result of the close proximity of Cy5.5 and Cy5, an efficient quenching of the Cy5 fluorescence occurred. Higher analyte concentrations led to a progressive binding of the analyte to the antibody binding sites. The increased Cy5 fluorescence was determined by using a scanning laser-induced fluorescence detector. The limit of detection (LOD), using an antibody concentration of 20 nM, was 0.32 microg/L, or 1.11 x 10(-16) mol of simazine. In comparison, the LOD of the 96-well microtiter-plate-based ET immunoassay (micro-ETIA) was 0.15 microg/L, or 1.87 x 10(-13) mol. The LOD of the optimized micro-ETIA at 1 nM IgG, was 0.01 microg/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Schobel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Oswald B, Gruber M, Böhmer M, Lehmann F, Probst M, Wolfbeis OS. Novel diode laser-compatible fluorophores and their application to single molecule detection, protein labeling and fluorescence resonance energy transfer immunoassay. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:237-45. [PMID: 11547561 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0237:ndlcfa>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe a series of new long-wave absorbing and fluorescing cyanine dyes and labels (based on a general logic for the design of such dyes), their spectra, covalent and noncovalent linkage to proteins, their use in single molecule detection (SMD) and as donors and acceptors, respectively, in fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies. The new labels represent water-soluble and reactive fluorophores whose quantum yields increase substantially if noncovalently or covalently bound to proteins. Due to their strong absorptions between 550 and 700 nm they are excitable by light-emitting diodes or diode lasers. Their high absorbances (epsilon around 100,000) and adequate fluorescence quantum yields (phi up to 0.68 if bound to proteins) along with their availability as reactive NHS esters make them viable labels for proteins and oligomers, e.g. in context with SMD or fluorescence energy transfer immunoassay which is demonstrated for the system HSA/anti-HSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Oswald
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|