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Rodrigues TB, Cunha RL, Barci PEP, Santos-Neto ÁJ, Lanças FM. Analysis of human biological samples using porous graphitic carbon columns and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05458-8. [PMID: 39158631 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for analyzing complex biological samples. Among various chromatographic stationary phases, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) columns have attracted significant attention due to their unique properties-such as the ability to separate both polar and non-polar compounds and their stability through all pH ranges and to high temperatures-besides the compatibility with LC-MS. This review discusses the applicability of PGC for SPE and separation in LC-MS-based analyses of human biological samples, highlighting the diverse applications of PGC-LC-MS in analyzing endogenous metabolites, pharmaceuticals, and biomarkers, such as glycans, proteins, oligosaccharides, sugar phosphates, and nucleotides. Additionally, the fundamental principles underlying PGC column chemistry and its advantages, challenges, and advances in method development are explored. This comprehensive review aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a valuable resource for understanding the capabilities and limitations of PGC columns in LC-MS-based analysis of human biological samples, thereby facilitating advancements in analytical methodologies and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís Betoni Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Leal Cunha
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Scientific Police, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Emílio Pereira Barci
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Álvaro José Santos-Neto
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Laboratory of Chromatography (CROMA), São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
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Soprano LL, Ferrero MR, Jacobs T, Couto AS, Duschak VG. Hallmarks of the relationship between host and Trypanosoma cruzi sulfated glycoconjugates along the course of Chagas disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1028496. [PMID: 37256110 PMCID: PMC10225527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1028496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease (ChD), a major problem that is still endemic in large areas of Latin America, is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. This agent holds a major antigen, cruzipain (Cz). Its C-terminal domain (C-T) is retained in the glycoprotein mature form and bears several post-translational modifications. Glycoproteins containing sulfated N-linked oligosaccharides have been mostly implicated in numerous specific procedures of molecular recognition. The presence of sulfated oligosaccharides was demonstrated in Cz, also in a minor abundant antigen with serine-carboxypeptidase (SCP) activity, as well as in parasite sulfatides. Sulfate-bearing glycoproteins in Trypanosomatids are targets of specific immune responses. T. cruzi chronically infected subjects mount specific humoral immune responses to sulfated Cz. Unexpectedly, in the absence of infection, mice immunized with C-T, but not with sulfate-depleted C-T, showed ultrastructural heart anomalous pathological effects. Moreover, the synthetic anionic sugar conjugate GlcNAc6SO3-BSA showed to mimic the N-glycan-linked sulfated epitope (sulfotope) humoral responses that natural Cz elicits. Furthermore, it has been reported that sulfotopes participate via the binding of sialic acid Ig-like-specific lectins (Siglecs) to sulfosialylated glycoproteins in the immunomodulation by host-parasite interaction as well as in the parasite infection process. Strikingly, recent evidence involved Cz-sulfotope-specific antibodies in the immunopathogenesis and infection processes during the experimental ChD. Remarkably, sera from chronically T. cruzi-infected individuals with mild disease displayed higher levels of IgG2 antibodies specific for sulfated glycoproteins and sulfatides than those with more severe forms of the disease, evidencing that T. cruzi sulfotopes are antigenic independently of the sulfated glycoconjugate type. Ongoing assays indicate that antibodies specific for sulfotopes might be considered biomarkers of human cardiac ChD progression, playing a role as predictors of stability from the early mild stages of chronic ChD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana L. Soprano
- Area of Protein Biochemistry and Parasite Glycobiology, Research Department National Institute of Parasitology (INP)”Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, National Administration of Health Institutes (ANLIS)-Malbrán, National Health Department, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano R. Ferrero
- Max-Planck Heart and Lung Laboratory, Research Institute in Biomedicine in Buenos Aires (IBioBA), Argentine-Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Immunology Department, Bernhard Notch Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alicia S. Couto
- Faculty in Exact and Natural Sciences (FCEN), Chemical Organic Department-National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Center of CarboHydrates (CHIHIDECAR), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vilma G. Duschak
- Area of Protein Biochemistry and Parasite Glycobiology, Research Department National Institute of Parasitology (INP)”Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”, National Administration of Health Institutes (ANLIS)-Malbrán, National Health Department, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Peng W, Reyes CDG, Gautam S, Yu A, Cho BG, Goli M, Donohoo K, Mondello S, Kobeissy F, Mechref Y. MS-based glycomics and glycoproteomics methods enabling isomeric characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:577-616. [PMID: 34159615 PMCID: PMC8692493 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most significant and abundant posttranslational modifications in mammalian cells. It mediates a wide range of biofunctions, including cell adhesion, cell communication, immune cell trafficking, and protein stability. Also, aberrant glycosylation has been associated with various diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, inflammation, immune deficiencies, congenital disorders, and cancers. The alterations in the distributions of glycan and glycopeptide isomers are involved in the development and progression of several human diseases. However, the microheterogeneity of glycosylation brings a great challenge to glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis, including the characterization of isomers. Over several decades, different methods and approaches have been developed to facilitate the characterization of glycan and glycopeptide isomers. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been a powerful tool utilized for glycomic and glycoproteomic isomeric analysis due to its high sensitivity and rich structural information using different fragmentation techniques. However, a comprehensive characterization of glycan and glycopeptide isomers remains a challenge when utilizing MS alone. Therefore, various separation methods, including liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and ion mobility, were developed to resolve glycan and glycopeptide isomers before MS. These separation techniques were coupled to MS for a better identification and quantitation of glycan and glycopeptide isomers. Additionally, bioinformatic tools are essential for the automated processing of glycan and glycopeptide isomeric data to facilitate isomeric studies in biological cohorts. Here in this review, we discuss commonly employed MS-based techniques, separation hyphenated MS methods, and software, facilitating the separation, identification, and quantitation of glycan and glycopeptide isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sakshi Gautam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Aiying Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Byeong Gwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Mona Goli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Donohoo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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4
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Uncertainty of measurement and validation of a ballistic method by RP-HPLC for determination of rhEPO in 2000, 4000 and 10000 IU pharmaceutical formulations. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lippold S, Thavarajah R, Reusch D, Wuhrer M, Nicolardi S. Glycoform analysis of intact erythropoietin by MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1185:339084. [PMID: 34711323 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is a complex therapeutic glycoprotein with three N- and one O-glycosylation sites. Glycosylation of EPO influences its safety and efficacy and is defined as a critical quality attribute. Thus, analytical methods for profiling EPO glycosylation are highly demanded. Owing to the complexity of the intact protein, information about EPO glycosylation is commonly derived from released glycan and glycopeptide analysis using mass spectrometry (MS). Alternatively, comprehensive insights into the glycoform heterogeneity of intact EPO are obtained using ESI MS-based methods with or without upfront separation of EPO glycoforms. MALDI MS, typically performed with TOF mass analyzers, has been also used for the analysis of intact EPO but, due to the poor glycoform resolution, has only provided limited glycoform information. Here, we present a MALDI FT-ICR MS method for the glycosylation profiling of intact EPO with improved glycoform resolution and without loss of sialic acid residues commonly observed in MALDI analysis. Three EPO variants were characterized in-depth and up to 199 glycoform compositions were assigned from the evaluation of doubly-charged ions, without any deconvolution of the mass spectra. Key glycosylation features such as sialylation, acetylation, and N-acetyllactosamine repeats were determined and found to agree with previously reported data obtained from orthogonal analyses. The developed method allowed for a fast and straightforward data acquisition and evaluation and can be potentially used for the high-throughput comparison of EPO samples throughout its manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Lippold
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Raashina Thavarajah
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Toward robust N-glycomics of various tissue samples that may contain glycans with unknown or unexpected structures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6334. [PMID: 33737529 PMCID: PMC7973440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans in tissues are structurally diverse and usually include a large number of isomers that cannot be easily distinguished by mass spectrometry (MS). To address this issue, we developed a combined method that can efficiently separate and identify glycan isomers. First, we separated 2-aminopyridine (PA)-derivatized N-glycans from chicken colon by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) and directly analyzed them by electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and MS/MS to obtain an overview of the structural features of tissue glycans. Next, we deduced the structures of isomers based on their elution positions, full MS, and MS/MS data, before or after digestions with several exoglycosidases. In this method, the elution position differed greatly depending on the core structure and branching pattern, allowing multiantennary N-glycan structures to be easily distinguished. To further determine linkages of branch sequences, we modified PA-N-glycans with sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidation and/or permethylation, and analyzed the products by LC–MS and multistage MS. We determined the relative abundances of core structures, branching patterns, and branch sequences of N-glycans from chicken colon, and confirmed presence of characteristic branch sequences such as Lex, sialyl Lex, sulfated LacNAc, LacNAc repeat, and LacdiNAc. The results demonstrated that our method is useful for comparing N-glycomes among various tissue samples.
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Gautam S, Banazadeh A, Cho BG, Goli M, Zhong J, Mechref Y. Mesoporous Graphitized Carbon Column for Efficient Isomeric Separation of Permethylated Glycans. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5061-5070. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Gautam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Alireza Banazadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Byeong Gwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Mona Goli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Jieqiang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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Sun P, Frommhagen M, Kleine Haar M, van Erven G, Bakx EJ, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns discriminate C1- and C4-oxidised cello-oligosaccharides from their non-oxidised and reduced forms. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 234:115917. [PMID: 32070536 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are powerful enzymes that degrade recalcitrant polysaccharides, such as cellulose. However, the identification of LPMO-generated C1- and/or C4-oxidised oligosaccharides is far from straightforward. In particular, their fragmentation patterns have not been well established when using mass spectrometry. Hence, we studied the fragmentation behaviours of non-, C1- and C4-oxidised cello-oligosaccharides, including their sodium borodeuteride-reduced forms, by using hydrophilic interaction chromatography and negative ion mode collision induced dissociation - mass spectrometry. Non-oxidised cello-oligosaccharides showed predominantly C- and A-type cleavages. In comparison, C4-oxidised ones underwent B-/Y- and X-cleavage close to the oxidised non-reducing end, while closer to the reducing end C-/Z- and A-fragmentation predominated. C1-oxidised cello-oligosaccharides showed extensively A-cleavage. Reduced oligosaccharides showed predominant glycosidic bond cleavage, both B-/Y- and C-/Z-, close to the non-reducing end. Our findings provide signature mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns to unambiguously elucidate the catalytic behaviour and classification of LPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Matthias Frommhagen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Maloe Kleine Haar
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Edwin J Bakx
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Habib MAH, Ismail MN. Characterization of erythropoietin biosimilars using mass spectrometric CID and HCD techniques. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1615502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
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Lee DJ, Cameron AJ, Wright TH, Harris PWR, Brimble MA. A synthetic approach to 'click' neoglycoprotein analogues of EPO employing one-pot native chemical ligation and CuAAC chemistry. Chem Sci 2019; 10:815-828. [PMID: 30774876 PMCID: PMC6345360 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03409e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of batch-wise variability on the pharmacokinetics and potency of commercial erythropoietin (EPO), prepared recombinantly as a heterogeneous mixture of glycoforms, necessitates the development of synthetic strategies to afford homogenous EPO formulations. Herein we present a previously unexplored and divergent route towards 'click' neoglycoprotein analogues of EPO, employing one-pot native chemical ligation (NCL) of alkynylated peptides and copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with azido monosaccharides. By design, our synthetic platform permits glycosylation at virtually any stage, providing flexibility for the synthesis of various glycoforms for biological analysis. Insights obtained from attempted folding of our 'click' neoglycoprotein EPO analogue, bearing four different neutral sugar moieties, highlight the important role played by the charged oligosaccharides present in native EPO glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lee
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds St , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; ; Tel: +64 9 3737599
| | - A J Cameron
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds St , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; ; Tel: +64 9 3737599
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3 Symonds St , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - T H Wright
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3 Symonds St , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - P W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds St , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; ; Tel: +64 9 3737599
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3 Symonds St , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
| | - M A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences , The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds St , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand . ; ; Tel: +64 9 3737599
- School of Biological Sciences , The University of Auckland , 3 Symonds St , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery , The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019 , Auckland 1142 , New Zealand
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Improvement of electrospray stability in negative ion mode for nano-PGC-LC-MS glycoanalysis via post-column make-up flow. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:499-509. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Soprano LL, Parente JE, Landoni M, Couto AS, Duschak VG. Trypanosoma cruzi serinecarboxipeptidase is a sulfated glycoprotein and a minor antigen in human Chagas disease infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 207:117-128. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Veillon L, Huang Y, Peng W, Dong X, Cho BG, Mechref Y. Characterization of isomeric glycan structures by LC-MS/MS. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2100-2114. [PMID: 28370073 PMCID: PMC5581235 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of glycosylation is critical for obtaining a comprehensive view of the regulation and functions of glycoproteins of interest. Due to the complex nature of oligosaccharides, stemming from variable compositions and linkages, and ion suppression effects, the chromatographic separation of glycans, including isomeric structures, is necessary for exhaustive characterization by MS. This review introduces the fundamental principles underlying the techniques in LC utilized by modern day glycomics researchers. Recent advances in porous graphitized carbon, reverse phase, ion exchange, and hydrophilic interaction LC utilized in conjunction with MS, for the characterization of protein glycosylation, are described with an emphasis on methods capable of resolving isomeric glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Veillon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | | | | | | | - Byeong G. Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
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An Integrated Approach for a Structural and Functional Evaluation of Biosimilars: Implications for Erythropoietin. BioDrugs 2016; 29:285-300. [PMID: 26334631 PMCID: PMC4562010 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-015-0136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Authorization to market a biosimilar product by the appropriate institutions is expected based on biosimilarity with its originator product. The analogy between the originator and its biosimilar(s) is assessed through safety, purity, and potency analyses. OBJECTIVE In this study, we proposed a useful quality control system for rapid and economic primary screening of potential biosimilar drugs. For this purpose, chemical and functional characterization of the originator rhEPO alfa and two of its biosimilars was discussed. METHODS Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the originator rhEPO alfa and its biosimilars were performed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The identification of proteins and the separation of isoforms were studied using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), respectively. Furthermore, the biological activity of these drugs was measured both in vitro, evaluating the TF-1 cell proliferation rate, and in vivo, using the innovative experimental animal model of the zebrafish embryos. RESULTS Chemical analyses showed that the quantitative concentrations of rhEPO alfa were in agreement with the labeled claims by the corresponding manufacturers. The qualitative analyses performed demonstrated that the three drugs were pure and that they had the same amino acid sequence. Chemical differences were found only at the level of isoforms containing N-glycosylation; however, functional in vitro and in vivo studies did not show any significant differences from a biosimilar point of view. CONCLUSION These rapid and economic structural and functional analyses were effective in the evaluation of the biosimilarity between the originator rhEPO alfa and the biosimilars analyzed.
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Rainville N, Jachimowicz E, Wojchowski DM. Targeting EPO and EPO receptor pathways in anemia and dysregulated erythropoiesis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:287-301. [PMID: 26419263 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1090975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is a first-line therapeutic for the anemia of chronic kidney disease, cancer chemotherapy, AIDS (Zidovudine therapy), and lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. However, rhEPO frequently elevates hypertension, is costly, and may affect cancer progression. Potentially high merit therefore exists for defining new targets for anti-anemia agents within erythropoietin (EPO) and EPO receptor (EPOR) regulatory circuits. AREAS COVERED EPO production by renal interstitial fibroblasts is subject to modulation by several regulators of hypoxia-inducible factor 2a (HIF2a) including Iron Response Protein-1, prolyl hydroxylases, and HIF2a acetylases, each of which holds potential as anti-anemia drug targets. The cell surface receptor for EPO (EPOR) preassembles as a homodimer, together with Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2), and therefore it remains attractive to develop novel agents that trigger EPOR complex activation (activating antibodies, mimetics, small-molecule agonists). Additionally, certain downstream transducers of EPOR/JAK2 signaling may be druggable, including Erythroferrone (a hepcidin regulator), a cytoprotective Spi2a serpin, and select EPOR-associated protein tyrosine phosphatases. EXPERT OPINION While rhEPO (and biosimilars) are presently important mainstay erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), impetus exists for studies of novel ESAs that fortify HIF2a's effects, act as EPOR agonists, and/or bolster select downstream EPOR pathways to erythroid cell formation. Such agents could lessen rhEPO dosing, side effects, and/or costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rainville
- a 1 Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Molecular Medicine Division , Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Edward Jachimowicz
- a 1 Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Molecular Medicine Division , Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Don M Wojchowski
- a 1 Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Molecular Medicine Division , Scarborough, ME, USA.,b 2 Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston, MA, USA.,c 3 Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center of Excellence in Stem & Progenitor Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Scarborough, ME 04074, USA ; .,d 4 Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston, MA, USA
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Geuijen KPM, Halim LA, Schellekens H, Schasfoort RB, Wijffels RH, Eppink MH. Label-Free Glycoprofiling with Multiplex Surface Plasmon Resonance: A Tool To Quantify Sialylation of Erythropoietin. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8115-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin P. M. Geuijen
- Downstream
Processing, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, P.O. Box 7071, 6503 GN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Bioprocess
Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liem A. Halim
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Schellekens
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard B. Schasfoort
- IBIS Technologies, Pantheon
5, 7521 PR Enschede, The Netherlands
- Medical
Cell Biophysics Group, MIRA Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente,
P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - René H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess
Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- University of Nordland, Faculty of Biosciences and
Aquaculture, N-8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Michel H. Eppink
- Downstream
Processing, Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV, P.O. Box 7071, 6503 GN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Bioprocess
Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Involvement of sulfates from cruzipain, a major antigen of Trypanosoma cruzi, in the interaction with immunomodulatory molecule Siglec-E. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 205:21-35. [PMID: 26047932 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the involvement of sulfated groups in the Trypanosoma cruzi host-parasite relationship, we studied the interaction between the major cysteine proteinase of T. cruzi, cruzipain (Cz), a sulfate-containing sialylated molecule and the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin like lectin-E (Siglec-E). To this aim, ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence assays and flow cytometry, using mouse Siglec-E-Fc fusion molecules and glycoproteins of parasites, were performed. Competition assays verified that the lectins, Maackia amurensis II (Mal II) and Siglec-E-Fc, compete for the same binding sites. Taking into account that Mal II binding remains unaltered by sulfation, we established this lectin as sialylation degree control. Proteins of an enriched microsomal fraction showed the highest binding to Siglec-E as compared with those from the other parasite subcellular fractions. ELISA assays and the affinity purification of Cz by a Siglec-E column confirmed the interaction between both molecules. The significant decrease in binding of Siglec-E-Fc to Cz and to its C-terminal domain (C-T) after desulfation of these molecules suggests that sulfates contribute to the interaction between Siglec-E-Fc and these glycoproteins. Competitive ELISA assays confirmed the involvement of sulfated epitopes in the affinity between Siglec-E and Cz, probably modified by natural protein environment. Interestingly, data from flow cytometry of untreated and chlorate-treated parasites suggested that sulfates are not primary receptors, but enhance the binding of Siglec-E to trypomastigotic forms. Altogether, our findings support the notion that sulfate-containing sialylated glycoproteins interact with Siglec-E, an ortholog protein of human Siglec-9, and might modulate the immune response of the host, favoring parasitemia and persistence of the parasite.
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Effects of chlorate on the sulfation process of Trypanosoma cruzi glycoconjugates. Implication of parasite sulfates in cellular invasion. Acta Trop 2014; 137:161-73. [PMID: 24879929 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfation, a post-translational modification which plays a key role in various biological processes, is inhibited by competition with chlorate. In Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, sulfated structures have been described as part of glycolipids and we have reported sulfated high-mannose type oligosaccharides in the C-T domain of the cruzipain (Cz) glycoprotein. However, sulfation pathways have not been described yet in this parasite. Herein, we studied the effect of chlorate treatment on T. cruzi with the aim to gain some knowledge about sulfation metabolism and the role of sulfated molecules in this parasite. In chlorate-treated epimastigotes, immunoblotting with anti-sulfates enriched Cz IgGs (AS-enriched IgGs) showed Cz undersulfation. Accordingly, a Cz mobility shift toward higher isoelectric points was observed in 2D-PAGE probed with anti-Cz antibodies. Ultrastructural membrane abnormalities and a significant decrease of dark lipid reservosomes were shown by electron microscopy and a significant decrease in sulfatide levels was confirmed by TLC/UV-MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Altogether, these results suggest T. cruzi sulfation occurs via PAPS. Sulfated epitopes in trypomastigote and amastigote forms were evidenced using AS-enriched IgGs by immunoblotting. Their presence on trypomastigotes surface was demonstrated by flow cytometry and IF with Cz/dCz specific antibodies. Interestingly, the percentage of infected cardiac HL-1 cells decreased 40% when using chlorate-treated trypomastigotes, suggesting sulfates are involved in the invasion process. The same effect was observed when cells were pre-incubated with dCz, dC-T or an anti-high mannose receptor (HMR) antibody, suggesting Cz sulfates and HMR are also involved in the infection process by T. cruzi.
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Jayo RG, Thaysen-Andersen M, Lindenburg PW, Haselberg R, Hankemeier T, Ramautar R, Chen DDY. Simple Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry Method for Complex Glycan Analysis Using a Flow-Through Microvial Interface. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6479-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana G. Jayo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Petrus W. Lindenburg
- Division
of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333
CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS research group BioMolecular Analysis, VU University 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division
of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333
CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rawi Ramautar
- Division
of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333
CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - David D. Y. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
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Stanley SMR, Chua D. Improved Recovery of Erythropoietin and Darbepoetin from Equine Plasma by the Application of a Wheat Germ Agglutinin Mediated Pre-Extraction Prior to Immunoaffinity Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2014.57077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Harazono A, Hashii N, Kuribayashi R, Nakazawa S, Kawasaki N. Mass spectrometric glycoform profiling of the innovator and biosimilar erythropoietin and darbepoetin by LC/ESI-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Alley WR, Mann BF, Novotny MV. High-sensitivity analytical approaches for the structural characterization of glycoproteins. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2668-732. [PMID: 23531120 PMCID: PMC3992972 DOI: 10.1021/cr3003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Alley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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Couto AS, Soprano LL, Landoni M, Pourcelot M, Acosta DM, Bultel L, Parente J, Ferrero MR, Barbier M, Dussouy C, Esteva MI, Kovensky J, Duschak VG. An anionic synthetic sugar containing 6-SO3-NAcGlc mimics the sulfated cruzipain epitope that plays a central role in immune recognition. FEBS J 2012; 279:3665-3679. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lingg N, Zhang P, Song Z, Bardor M. The sweet tooth of biopharmaceuticals: importance of recombinant protein glycosylation analysis. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1462-72. [PMID: 22829536 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals currently represent the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry, mainly driven by a rapid expansion in the manufacture of recombinant protein-based drugs. Glycosylation is the most prominent post-translational modification occurring on these protein drugs. It constitutes one of the critical quality attributes that requires thorough analysis for optimal efficacy and safety. This review examines the functional importance of glycosylation of recombinant protein drugs, illustrated using three examples of protein biopharmaceuticals: IgG antibodies, erythropoietin and glucocerebrosidase. Current analytical methods are reviewed as solutions for qualitative and quantitative measurements of glycosylation to monitor quality target product profiles of recombinant glycoprotein drugs. Finally, we propose a framework for designing the quality target product profile of recombinant glycoproteins and planning workflow for glycosylation analysis with the selection of available analytical methods and tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lingg
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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Du Y, May K, Xu W, Liu H. Detection and quantitation of afucosylated N-linked oligosaccharides in recombinant monoclonal antibodies using enzymatic digestion and LC-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1241-1249. [PMID: 22569911 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of N-linked oligosaccharides in the CH2 domain has a significant impact on the structure, stability, and biological functions of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. The impact is also highly dependent on the specific oligosaccharide structures. The absence of core-fucose has been demonstrated to result in increased binding affinity to Fcγ receptors and, thus, enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Therefore, a method that can specifically determine the level of oligosaccharides without the core-fucose (afucosylation) is highly desired. In the current study, recombinant monoclonal antibodies and tryptic peptides from the antibodies were digested using endoglycosidases F2 and H, which cleaves the glycosidic bond between the two primary GlcNAc residues. As a result, various oligosaccharides of either complex type or high mannose type that are commonly observed for recombinant monoclonal antibodies are converted to either GlcNAc residue only or GlcNAc with the core-fucose. The level of GlcNAc represents the sum of all afucosylated oligosaccharides, whereas the level of GlcNAc with the core-fucose represents the sum of all fucosylated oligosaccharides. LC-MS analysis of the enzymatically digested antibodies after reduction provided a quick estimate of the levels of afucosylation. An accurate determination of the level of afucosylation was obtained by LC-MS analysis of glycopeptides after trypsin digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Du
- Merck Research Laboratories, 1011 Morris Ave, Union, NJ 07083, USA
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Doohan RA, Hayes CA, Harhen B, Karlsson NG. Negative ion CID fragmentation of O-linked oligosaccharide aldoses--charge induced and charge remote fragmentation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:1052-1062. [PMID: 21953046 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Collision induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation was compared between reducing and reduced sulfated, sialylated, and neutral O-linked oligosaccharides. It was found that fragmentation of the [M - H](-) ions of aldoses with acidic residues gave unique Z-fragmentation of the reducing end GalNAc containing the acidic C-6 branch, where the entire C-3 branch was lost. This fragmentation pathway, which is not seen in the alditols, showed that the process involved charge remote fragmentation catalyzed by a reducing end acidic anomeric proton. With structures containing sialic acid on both the C-3 and C-6 branch, the [M - H](-) ions were dominated by the loss of sialic acid. This fragmentation pathway was also pronounced in the [M - 2H](2-) ions revealing both the C-6 Z-fragment plus its complementary C-3 C-fragment in addition to glycosidic and cross ring fragmentation. This generation of the Z/C-fragment pairs from GalNAc showed that the charges were not participating in their generation. Fragmentation of neutral aldoses showed pronounced Z-fragmentation believed to be generated by proton migration from the C-6 branch to the negatively charged GalNAc residue followed by charge remote fragmentation similar to the acidic oligosaccharides. In addition, A-type fragments generated by charge induced fragmentation of neutral oligosaccharides were observed when the charge migrated from C-1 of the GalNAc to the GlcNAc residue followed by rearrangement to accommodate the (0,2)A-fragmentation. LC-MS also showed that O-linked aldoses existed as interchangeable α/β pyranose anomers, in addition to a third isomer (25% of the total free aldose) believed to be the furanose form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roisin A Doohan
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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29
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Bones J, McLoughlin N, Hilliard M, Wynne K, Karger BL, Rudd PM. 2D-LC analysis of BRP 3 erythropoietin N-glycosylation using anion exchange fractionation and hydrophilic interaction UPLC reveals long poly-N-acetyl lactosamine extensions. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4154-62. [PMID: 21504189 DOI: 10.1021/ac200406z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications, in particular glycosylation, represent critical structural attributes that govern both the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutic glycoproteins. To guarantee safety and efficacy of recombinant therapeutics, characterization of glycosylation present is a regulatory requirement. In the current paper, we applied a multidimensional strategy comprising a shallow anion exchange gradient in the first dimension, followed by analysis using the recently introduced 1.7 μm HILIC phase in the second dimension for the comprehensive separation of complex N-glycans present on the European Biological Reference Preparation (BRP) 3 erythropoietin standard. Tetra-antennary glycans with multiple sialic acids and poly-N-acetyl lactosamine extensions were the most abundant oligosaccharides present on the molecule. Site-specific glycan analysis was performed to examine microheterogeneity. Tetra-antennary glycans with up to four sialic acids and up to five poly-N-acetyl lactosamine extensions were observed at asparagine 24 and 83, while biantennary glycans were the major structures at asparagine 38. The combined AEC x UPLC HILIC allows for the rapid and comprehensive analysis of complex N-glycosylation present on therapeutic glycoproteins, such as BRP3 erythropoietin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bones
- NIBRT Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Pereira L. Porous Graphitic Carbon as a Stationary Phase in HPLC: Theory and Applications. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802126429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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West C, Elfakir C, Lafosse M. Porous graphitic carbon: A versatile stationary phase for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3201-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein hormone, stimulates the growth of red blood cells and as a consequence it increases tissue oxygenation. This performance enhancing effect is responsible for the ban of erythropioetin in sports since 1990. Especially its recombinant synthesis led to the abuse of this hormone, predominatly in endurance sports. The analytical differentiation of endogenously produced erythropoietin from its recombinant counterpart by using isoelectric focusing and double blotting is a milestone in the detection of doping with recombinant erythropoietin. However, various analogous of the initial recombinant products, not always easily detectable by the standard IEF-method, necessitate the development of analytical alternatives for the detection of EPO doping. The following chapter summarizes its mode of action, the various forms of recombinant erythropoietin, the main analytical procedures and strategies for the detection of EPO doping as well as a typical case report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, Doping Control Laboratory, A-2444, Seibersdorf, Austria.
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Beck A, Cochet O, Wurch T. GlycoFi's technology to control the glycosylation of recombinant therapeutic proteins. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 5:95-111. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903413504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Hashii N, Kawasaki N, Itoh S, Nakajima Y, Harazono A, Kawanishi T, Yamaguchi T. Identification of glycoproteins carrying a target glycan-motif by liquid chromatography/multiple-stage mass spectrometry: identification of Lewis x-conjugated glycoproteins in mouse kidney. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3415-29. [PMID: 19453144 DOI: 10.1021/pr9000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Certain glycan motifs in glycoproteins are involved in several biological events and diseases. To understand the roles of these motifs, a method is needed to identify the glycoproteins that carry them. We previously demonstrated that liquid chromatography-multiple-stage mass spectrometry (LC-MSn) allowed for differentiation of oligosaccharides attached to Lewis-motifs, such as Lewisx(Lex, Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc) from other glycans. We successfully discriminated Lex-conjugated oligosaccharides from other N-linked oligosaccharides derived from mouse kidney proteins by using Lewis-motif-distinctive ions, a deoxyhexose (dHex)+hexose (Hex)+N-acetylhexsosamine (HexNAc) fragment (m/z 512), and a Hex+HexNAc fragment (m/z 366). In the present study, we demonstrated that this method could be used to identify the Lex-conjugated glycoproteins. All proteins in the mouse kidney were digested into peptides, and the fucosylated glycopeptides were enriched by lectin-affinity chromatography. The resulting fucosylated glycopeptides were subjected to two different runs of LC-MSn using a Fourier- transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICR-MS) and an ion trap-type mass spectrometer. After the first run, we picked out product ion spectra of the expected Lex-conjugated glycopeptides based on the presence of Lewis-motif-distinctive ions and assigned a peptide+HexNAc or peptide+(dHex)HexNAc fragment in each spectrum. Then the fucosylated glycopeptides were subjected to a second run in which the peptide-related fragments were set as precursor ions. We successfully identified gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase 1 (gamma-GTP1), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), and a cubilin precursor as Lex-conjugated glycoproteins by sequencing of 2-5 glycopeptides. In addition, it was deduced that cadherin 16, dipeptidase I, H-2 class I histocompatibility antigen, K-K alpha precursor (H2-Kk), and alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase could be Lex-conjugated glycoproteins from the good agreement between the experimental and theoretical masses and fragment patterns. The results indicated that our method could be applicable for the identification and screening of glycoproteins carrying target glycan-motifs, such as Lewis epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyouga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Chu CS, Niñonuevo MR, Clowers BH, Perkins PD, An HJ, Yin H, Killeen K, Miyamoto S, Grimm R, Lebrilla CB. Profile of native N-linked glycan structures from human serum using high performance liquid chromatography on a microfluidic chip and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2009; 9:1939-51. [PMID: 19288519 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation involves the addition of monosaccharides in a stepwise process requiring no glycan template. Therefore, identifying the numerous glycoforms, including isomers, can help elucidate the biological function(s) of particular glycans. A method to assess the diversity of the N-linked oligosaccharides released from human serum without derivatization has been developed using on-line nanoLC and high resolution TOF MS. The N-linked oligosaccharides were analyzed with MALDI FT-ICR MS and microchip LC MS (HPLC-Chip/TOF MS). Two microfluidic chips were employed, the glycan chip (40 nL enrichment column, 43 x 0.075 mm(2) i.d. analytical column) and the high capacity chip (160 nL enrichment column, 140 x 0.075 mm(2) i.d. analytical column), both with graphitized carbon as the stationary phase. Both chips offered good sensitivity and reproducibility in separating a heterogeneous mixture of neutral and anionic oligosaccharides between injections. Increasing the length and volume of the enrichment and the analytical columns improved resolution of the peaks. Complex type N-linked oligosaccharides were the most abundant oligosaccharides in human serum accounting for approximately 96% of the total glycans identified, while hybrid and high mannose type oligosaccharides comprise the remaining approximately 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Staples GO, Bowman MJ, Costello CE, Hitchcock AM, Lau JM, Leymarie N, Miller C, Naimy H, Shi X, Zaia J. A chip-based amide-HILIC LC/MS platform for glycosaminoglycan glycomics profiling. Proteomics 2009; 9:686-95. [PMID: 19137549 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200701008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A key challenge to investigations into the functional roles of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in biological systems is the difficulty in achieving sensitive, stable, and reproducible mass spectrometric analysis. GAGs are linear carbohydrates with domains that vary in the extent of sulfation, acetylation, and uronic acid epimerization. It is of particular importance to determine spatial and temporal variations of GAG domain structures in biological tissues. In order to analyze GAGs from tissue, it is useful to couple MS with an on-line separation system. The purposes of the separation system are both to remove components that inhibit GAG ionization and to enable the analysis of very complex mixtures. This contribution presents amide-silica hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) in a chip-based format for LC/MS of heparin, heparan sulfate (HS) GAGs. The chip interface yields robust performance in the negative ion mode that is essential for GAGs and other acidic glycan classes while the built-in trapping cartridge reduces background from the biological tissue matrix. The HILIC chromatographic separation is based on a combination of the glycan chain lengths and the numbers of hydrophobic acetate (Ac) groups and acidic sulfate groups. In summary, chip based amide-HILIC LC/MS is an enabling technology for GAG glycomics profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory O Staples
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Zaia J. On-line separations combined with MS for analysis of glycosaminoglycans. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:254-72. [PMID: 18956477 PMCID: PMC4119066 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family of polysaccharides includes the unsulfated hyaluronan and the sulfated heparin, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate. GAGs are biosynthesized by a series of enzymes, the activities of which are controlled by complex factors. Animal cells alter their responses to different growth conditions by changing the structures of GAGs expressed on their cell surfaces and in extracellular matrices. Because this variation is a means whereby the functions of the limited number of protein gene products in animal genomes is elaborated, the phenotypic and functional assessment of GAG structures expressed spatially and temporally is an important goal in glycomics. On-line mass spectrometric separations are essential for successful determination of expression patterns for the GAG compound classes due to their inherent complexity and heterogeneity. Options include size exclusion, anion exchange, reversed phase, reversed phase ion pairing, hydrophilic interaction, and graphitized carbon chromatographic modes and capillary electrophoresis. This review summarizes the application of these approaches to on-line MS analysis of the GAG classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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38
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Sparbier K, Wenzel T, Dihazi H, Blaschke S, Müller GA, Deelder A, Flad T, Kostrzewa M. Immuno-MALDI-TOF MS: New perspectives for clinical applications of mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2009; 9:1442-50. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Huang Z, Zhang L. Chemical structures of water-soluble polysaccharides from Rhizoma Panacis Japonici. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1136-40. [PMID: 19410242 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Five polysaccharide samples, coded as RPS1, RPS2, RPS3, RPS4, and RPS5, were isolated stepwise from Rhizoma Panacis Japonici (RPJ) by using 0.15M NaCl aqueous solution at 25 degrees C, boiling water at 120 degrees C, 0.5M NaOH/0.01M NaBH(4) at 10 degrees C, 1.0M NaOH/0.02M NaBH(4) at 10 degrees C, and 19M HCOOH at 4 degrees C, respectively. The yields were 0.39%, 1.08%, 2.41%, 0.32%, and 0.04% for RPS1 to RPS5, respectively. The chemical structures of the polysaccharides were highly branched alpha-(1-->4)-D-glucan heteropolysaccharides and the values of degree of branch (DB) were in the range of 35-45% for RPS1 to RPS5. All of the polysaccharides were water soluble, and their solubility decreased from RPS1 to RPS5. The weight average molecular mass were 3.5 x 10(4), 1.47 x 10(5), 1.24 x 10(6), 9.26 x 10(5), and 1.36 x 10(6) for RPS1 to RPS5, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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40
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Alley WR, Mechref Y, Novotny MV. Use of activated graphitized carbon chips for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric and tandem mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic glycopeptides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:495-505. [PMID: 19145579 PMCID: PMC3658454 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation has a significant medical importance as changes in glycosylation patterns have been associated with a number of diseases. Therefore, monitoring potential changes in glycan profiles, and the microheterogeneities associated with glycosylation sites, are becoming increasingly important in the search for disease biomarkers. Highly efficient separations and sensitive methods must be developed to effectively monitor changes in the glycoproteome. These methods must not discriminate against hydrophobic or hydrophilic analytes. The use of activated graphitized carbon as a desalting media and a stationary phase for the purification and the separation of glycans, and as a stationary phase for the separation of small glycopeptides, has previously been reported. Here, we describe the use of activated graphitized carbon as a stationary phase for the separation of hydrophilic tryptic glycopeptides, employing a chip-based liquid chromatographic (LC) system. The capabilities of both activated graphitized carbon and C(18) LC chips for the characterization of the glycopeptides appeared to be comparable. Adequate retention time reproducibility was achieved for both packing types in the chip format. However, hydrophilic glycopeptides were preferentially retained on the activated graphitized carbon chip, thus allowing the identification of hydrophilic glycopeptides which were not effectively retained on C(18) chips. On the other hand, hydrophobic glycopeptides were better retained on C(18) chips. Characterization of the glycosylation sites of glycoproteins possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic glycopeptides is comprehensively achieved using both media. This is feasible considering the limited amount of sample required per analysis (<1 pmol). The performance of both media also appeared comparable when analyzing a four-protein mixture. Similar sequence coverage and MASCOT ion scores were observed for all proteins when using either stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Alley
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
- MetaCyt Biochemical Analysis Center, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
- MetaCyt Biochemical Analysis Center, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
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41
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Pabst M, Altmann F. Influence of electrosorption, solvent, temperature, and ion polarity on the performance of LC-ESI-MS using graphitic carbon for acidic oligosaccharides. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7534-42. [PMID: 18778038 DOI: 10.1021/ac801024r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porous graphitic carbon (PGC) emerges as an ideal stationary phase for LC-ESI-MS of complex oligosaccharides. Therefore, we studied the factors influencing detection and elution of charged oligosaccharides from PGC columns coupled to an ESI source. Electrosorption by the carbon surface leads to total retention of very acidic glycans on instruments where voltage is applied to the spray needle. This problem can be eliminated by thorough electrical grounding. A point of general importance is the influence of ionic strength on the elution and peak shape of glycans containing several carboxylic acid groups in the form of sialic acids or uronic acids. Solvent pH had a marginal effect on the ionization efficiency in both ion polarities, but the content of organic solvent strongly influenced signal intensity of acidic glycans in the negative mode. As a consequence, detection in the positive ion mode appears preferable when neutral and charged glycans shall be quantitated in the same sample. While retention of neutral glycans is not affected by pH, sialylated species are retained somewhat stronger at acidic pH resulting in a larger spread of the entire elution range of N-glycans. Remarkably, retention of glycans on PGC increased at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pabst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
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42
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Groleau PE, Desharnais P, Coté L, Ayotte C. Low LC-MS/MS detection of glycopeptides released from pmol levels of recombinant erythropoietin using nanoflow HPLC-chip electrospray ionization. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:924-935. [PMID: 18563860 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The test used by anti-doping laboratories to detect the misuse of recombinant erythropoietin (rhEPO) is based on its different migration pattern on isoelectric focusing (IEF) gel compared with the endogenous human erythropoietin (hEPO) that can possibly be explained by structural differences. While there is definitely a need to identify those differences by LC-MS/MS, the extensive characterization that was achieved for the rhEPO was never performed on human endogenous EPO because its standard is not available in sufficient amount. The goal of this study was to develop an analytical method to detect pmol amounts of N-linked and O-linked glycopeptides of the recombinant hormone as a model. Using a nanoflow HPLC-Chip electrospray ionization/ion trap mass spectrometer, the diagnostic ion at m/z 366 of oligosaccharides was monitored in the product ion spectra to identify the four theoretical glycosylation sites, Asn24, Asn38, Asn83 and Ser126, respectively, on glycopeptides 22-37, 38-55, 73-96 and 118-136. With 3 pmol of starting material applied on Chip, only the desialylated N-glycopeptides 22-37 and 38-55/38-43 could be observed, and of all the glycan isoforms, those with the smaller structures were predominantly detected. While the preservation of the sialic acid moieties decreased the detection of all the N-glycopeptides, it allowed a more extensive characterization of the O-linked glycopeptide 118-136. The technique described herein provides a mean to detect glycopeptides from commercially available pharmaceutical preparations of rhEPO with the sensitivity required to analyze pmol amounts of hEPO, which could ultimately lead to the identification of structural differences between the recombinant and the human forms of the hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paule Emilie Groleau
- Laboratoire de contrôle du dopage, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada.
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43
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Acosta DM, Arnaiz MR, Esteva MI, Barboza M, Stivale D, Orlando UD, Torres S, Laucella SA, Couto AS, Duschak VG. Sulfates are main targets of immune responses to cruzipain and are involved in heart damage in BALB/c immunized mice. Int Immunol 2008; 20:461-70. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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Kawasaki N, Itoh S, Hashii N, Harazono A, Takakura D, Yamaguchi T. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2008; 20:97-116. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.20.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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45
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Ortner K, Sivanandam VN, Buchberger W, Müller N. Analysis of glycans in glycoproteins by diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:173-7. [PMID: 17393152 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatically cleaved glycans from sub-milligram quantities of erythropoietin (EPO) and ovalbumin have been analyzed, without further purification, by two-dimensional diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. At NMR sample concentrations below 50 micromol L-1 the major components of the oligosaccharide fractions could be distinguished by their anomeric proton chemical shift and their size-dependent diffusion coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ortner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
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46
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47
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Kim YG, Jang KS, Joo HS, Kim HK, Lee CS, Kim BG. Simultaneous profiling of N-glycans and proteins from human serum using a parallel-column system directly coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 850:109-19. [PMID: 17142114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method for the rapid identification of proteins and their N-glycans was developed through the use of two parallel columns directly connected to a mass spectrometer. Both porous graphitic carbon (PGC) and C18 capillary columns were connected in parallel with two switching valves for the simultaneous analysis of glycans and peptides, respectively. To verify the efficiency of the analytical system, profiling of N-glycans and proteins from human serum was demonstrated. This method is suitable for high-throughput analysis and automation, is contamination-free for the identification of N-glycans and proteins in a complex biological sample, and can be applied to glycomics and proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Gon Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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48
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Morelle W, Canis K, Chirat F, Faid V, Michalski JC. The use of mass spectrometry for the proteomic analysis of glycosylation. Proteomics 2006; 6:3993-4015. [PMID: 16786490 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Of all protein PTMs, glycosylation is by far the most common, and is a target for proteomic research. Glycosylation plays key roles in controlling various cellular processes and the modifications of the glycan structures in diseases highlight the clinical importance of this PTM. Glycosylation analysis remains a difficult task. MS, in combination with modern separation methodologies, is one of the most powerful and versatile techniques for the structural analysis of glycoconjugates. This review describes methodologies based on MS for detailed characterization of glycoconjugates in complex biological samples at the sensitivity required for proteomic work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Morelle
- Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS/USTL 8576, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
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Cindrić M, Bindila L, Cepo T, Peter-Katalinić J. Mass Spectrometry-Based Glycoproteomic Approach Involving Lysine Derivatization for Structural Characterization of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:3066-76. [PMID: 17081058 DOI: 10.1021/pr060177d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-containing peptides comprising glycosylation sites derived from recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) by trypsin or Lys-C and PNGase F dual digestion were derivatized with 2-methoxy-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole and its deuterated analogues. In the same reaction, under reducing conditions (beta-mercaptoethanol), cysteines were converted into methyl-cysteines and lysines into Lys-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole. Both modifications on cysteines and lysines simplified the CID-MS/MS spectra, while preserving the structural information by yielding y-series ions and improved the mass spectral signal intensity up to 25 times. Moreover, by this approach, the N-glycan occupation sites were unambiguously determined. O-Glycosylation sites as well as O-glycan structures were determined by a LC-MS/MS experiment carried out on dually digested rHuEPO. N-Glycan mixture purified on a graphitized carbon column using a newly developed method that extracted only sialylated carbohydrates was analyzed first using MALDI-TOF in negative linear ion mode with low mass accuracy but without interferences and metastabile ions and then a reflectron with high mass accuracy. After defining the precursor ions, we performed the nanoESI QTOF MS/MS analysis on N-glycans, mainly targeting the distinction between carbohydrates with sialylated antennae and those lacking sialic acid moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cindrić
- Pliva-Research & Development Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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50
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Kamoda S, Kakehi K. Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of glycoprotein pharmaceuticals. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2495-504. [PMID: 16718643 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate chains in glycoprotein pharmaceuticals play important roles for the expression of their biological activities, but the structure and compositions of carbohydrate chains are dependent on the conditions for their production. Therefore, evaluation of the carbohydrate chains is quite important for productive process development, characterization of product for approval application, and routine quality control. The oligosaccharides themselves have complex structure including blanching and various glycosidic linkages, and oligosaccharides in one glycoprotein pharmaceutical generally have high heterogeneity, and characterization of oligosaccharide moiety in glycoprotein has been a challenging target. In these situations, CE has been realized as a powerful tool for oligosaccharide analysis due to its high resolution and automatic operating system. This review focuses on the application of CE to the glycoform analysis of glycoproteins and profiling of the N-linked glycans released from glycoprotein pharmaceuticals. Current applications for structure analysis using CE-MS(n) technique and glycan profiling method for therapeutic antibody are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kamoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
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