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Liang Z, Wang H, Wu F, Wang L, Li C, Ding CF. Drug Adulteration Analysis Based on complexation with CD and Metal Ions Using Ion Mobility Spectrometry. J Pharm Anal 2022; 13:287-295. [PMID: 37102111 PMCID: PMC10123940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug adulteration and contamination are serious threats to human health therefore, their accurate monitoring is very important. Allopurinol (Alp) and theophylline (Thp) are commonly used drugs for the treatment of gout and bronchitis, while their isomers hypoxanthine (Hyt) and theobromine (Thm) have no effect and affect the efficacy of the drug. In this work, the drug isomers of Alp/Hyt and Thp/Thm are simply mixed with α-, β-, γ-cyclodextrin (CD) and metal ions and separated using trapped ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (TIMS-MS). TIMS-MS results showed that Alp/Hyt and Thp/Thm isomers could interact with CD and metal ions and form corresponding binary or ternary complexes to achieve their TIMS separation. Different metal ions and CDs showed different separation effect for the isomers, among which Alp and Hyt could be successfully distinguished from the complexes of [Alp/Hyt+γ-CD + Cu-H]+ with separation resolution (R P-P) of 1.51; whereas Thp and Thm could be baseline separated by [Thp/Thm+γ-CD + Ca-H]+ with R P-P of 1.96. Besides, chemical calculations revealed that the complexes were in the inclusion forms, and microscopic interactions were somewhat different, making their mobility separation. Moreover, relative and absolute quantification was investigated with an internal standard to determine the precise isomers content, and good linearity (R 2 > 0.99) was obtained. Finally, the method was applied for the adulteration detection where different drugs and urine were analyzed. In addition, due to the advantages of fast speed, simple operation, high sensitivity, and no chromatographic separation required, the proposed method provides an effective strategy for the drug adulteration detection of isomers.
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Pugin B, Plüss S, Mujezinovic D, Nielsen RC, Lacroix C. Optimized UV-Spectrophotometric Assay to Screen Bacterial Uricase Activity Using Whole Cell Suspension. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:853735. [PMID: 35495677 PMCID: PMC9043897 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.853735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uricase catalyzes the conversion of uric acid into allantoin with concomitant reduction of molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. In humans, uricase is not functional, thereby predisposing individuals to hyperuricemia, a metabolic disturbance associated with gout, chronic kidney disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. The efficacy of current therapies to treat hyperuricemia is limited, and novel approaches are therefore desired, for instance using uricase-expressing probiotic strains. Here, we evaluated UV-spectrophotometric and H2O2-based fluorescent assays to enable the rapid identification of uricase activity in a broad panel of lactobacilli, Bacillus, and Bifidobacterium species. We highlighted abiotic (medium composition and mode of sterilization) and biotic (H2O2-producing strains) factors impacting the measurements' accuracy, and reported on the stepwise optimization of a simple, fast, and robust high-throughput UV-spectrophotometric method to screen uricase activity using whole bacterial suspension, thereby assessing both cell-associated and extracellular activity. The validity of the optimized assay, based on the monitoring of uric acid degradation at 300 nm, was confirmed via liquid chromatography. Finally, a panel of 319 Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) strains of lactobacilli (18 species covering nine genera), Bacillus (three species), and Bifidobacterium (four species) were screened for uricase activity using the optimized method. All 319 strains, but the positive control Bacillus sp. DSM 1306, were uricase-negative, indicating that this activity is rare among these genera, especially in isolates from food or feces. Altogether, the UV-spectrophotometric high-throughput assay based on whole bacterial suspension reported here can be used to rapidly screen large microbial collections, by simultaneously detecting cell-associated and extracellular uricase activity, thereby accelerating the identification of uricolytic strains with therapeutic potential to treat hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Pugin
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Serafina Plüss
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Denisa Mujezinovic
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Sarakhman O, Benková A, Švorc Ľ. A modern and powerful electrochemical sensing platform for purines determination: Voltammetric determination of uric acid and caffeine in biological samples on miniaturized thick-film boron-doped diamond electrode. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Akram M, Asghar MN, Saleem Khan M, Shahid S, Abdur Rahman HM, Nadeem I. Development and validation of an economical uric acid-Fe3+/Fe2+-ferrozine-based colorimetric assay to estimate uric acid level of pure and biological samples. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1967-1974. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1781593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This work presents the development and validation of a simple, rapid, and cost-effective spectrophotometric method for quantitative analysis of uric acid in biological samples. The method relies upon uric acid-led reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) of sample/standard solutions which stoichiometrically engages ferrozine to form a magenta-colored complex. Different parameters including pH, metal and chelator concentrations, temperature, etc., were optimized for the maximum intensity and stability of the complex. The uric acid concentrations of synthetic/plasma solutions were determined by comparing the color intensity of Fe(ferrozine)32+ complex produced by test solution with the standard curve formed by known uric acid concentrations. The method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines and subjected to human plasma analysis. The results obtained were compared with a reference (enzymatic) method which revealed that there was no significant difference between the two methods at 95% confidence level. The method is highly specific, precise, linear, accurate, and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Asghar
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Saleem Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sammia Shahid
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Iram Nadeem
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
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5
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Godoy ALPC, de Jesus C, Gonçalves RS, Azeredo FJ, Rocha A, Marques MP, Lanchote VL, Larangeira DF, Barrouin-Melo SM. Detection of allopurinol and oxypurinol in canine urine by HPLC/MS-MS: Focus on veterinary clinical pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113204. [PMID: 32126445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Allopurinol is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of hyperuricemia in people, and in view of the risks of fatal hypersensitivity in patients with renal dysfunction, doses based on the glomerular filtration rate are proposed. In veterinary medicine, allopurinol is used in the treatment of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum owing to the drug action of inhibiting the parasite's RNA synthesis. However, renal dysfunction frequently ensues from disease progression in dogs. The purpose of the present study was to standardize and validate a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) method to determine the concentration of allopurinol and its active metabolite oxypurinol in canine urine for clinical pharmacokinetic investigation. Urine samples of eleven (11) dogs with naturally occurring CanL and in the maintenance phase of the treatment with alopurinol were used. For the chromatographic analysis of urine, the mobile phase consisted of a solution of 0.1 % formic acid (88 %) in 10 mM ammonium acetate. Separation of allopurinol and oxypurinol occurred in a flow of 0.8 mL/min on a C8 reverse phase column 5 μm, and acyclovir was the internal standard. The HPLC-MS/MS method was validated by reaching the limits of detection and quantification, reproducibility and linearity. The lower limit of quantification achieved by the method was 10 μg/mL for both allopurinol and oxypurinol. Calibration curves were prepared in blank urine added with allopurinol at concentrations of 10-1000 μg/mL, and oxypurinol at 10-200 μg/mL. Coefficients of variation of less than 15 % between intracurrent and intercurrent accuracy values were observed for both allopurinol and oxypurinol. Urine test samples remained stable after being subjected to freeze-thaw cycles and remaining at room temperature for 4 h. The method proved to be adequate to quantify allopurinol and oxypurinol in urine samples from dogs under treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Leonor P C Godoy
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 147, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Clauceane de Jesus
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, UFBA, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S Gonçalves
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, UFBA, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Francine Johansson Azeredo
- Department of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 147, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Adriana Rocha
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyzes, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S / N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Maria P Marques
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyzes, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S / N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Vera L Lanchote
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyzes, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S / N, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Daniela F Larangeira
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, UFBA, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, UFBA, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil.
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Effect of bovine ABCG2 polymorphism Y581S SNP on secretion into milk of enterolactone, riboflavin and uric acid. Animal 2016; 10:238-47. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115002141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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7
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Kasawar G, Razzak M, Zaheer Z, Farooqui M. VALIDATED RP-LC-MS/MS METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ALLOPURINOL AND ITS MAJOR METABOLITE, OXYPURINOL, IN HUMAN PLASMA. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.534692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan Kasawar
- a Post Graduate and Research Centre, Maulana Azad College , Aurangabad, India
| | - Mushtaq Razzak
- a Post Graduate and Research Centre, Maulana Azad College , Aurangabad, India
| | - Zahid Zaheer
- b Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Campus , Rauza Bagh, Aurangabad, India
| | - Mazahar Farooqui
- a Post Graduate and Research Centre, Maulana Azad College , Aurangabad, India
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Refat MS, Mohamed GG, Fathi A. Spectrophotometric Determination of Allopurinol Drug in Tablets: Spectroscopic Characterization of the Solid CT Complexes. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.6.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Analysis of seven purines and pyrimidines in pork meat products by ultra high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4294-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Ru(DMSO)4Cl2 nano-aggregated Nafion membrane modified electrode for simultaneous electrochemical detection of hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Hason S, Stepankova S, Kourilova A, Vetterl V, Lata J, Fojta M, Jelen F. Simultaneous Electrochemical Monitoring of Metabolites Related to the Xanthine Oxidase Pathway Using a Grinded Carbon Electrode. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4302-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900201g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Hason
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Stepankova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kourilova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Vetterl
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lata
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fojta
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Jelen
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Koehler LA, Osborne CA, Buettner MT, Lulich JP, Behnke R. Canine Uroliths: Frequently Asked Questions and Their Answers. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2009; 39:161-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Quiming NS, Denola NL, Saito Y, Catabay AP, Jinno K. Chromatographic Behavior of Uric Acid and Methyl Uric Acids on a Diol Column in HILIC. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Chi Y, Dong Y, Chen G. Investigation on the electrochemiluminescent behaviors of oxypurinol in alkaline Ru(bpy)32+ solution using a flow injection analytical system. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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15
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Kou HS, Lin TP, Chung TC, Wu HL. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic method for the quantitative analysis of uricosuric and antigout drugs in pharmaceutical preparations. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2293-9. [PMID: 16718644 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple MEKC method is described for the separation and quantification of seven widely used uricosuric and antigout drugs, including allopurinol (AP), benzbromarone (BZB), colchicine (COL), orotic acid (OA), oxypurinol (OP), probenecid (PB), and sulfinpyrazone (SPZ). The drugs were separated in a BGE of borate buffer (45 mM; pH 9.00) with SDS (20 mM) as the micellar source and the separated drugs were directly monitored with a UV detector (214 nm). Several parameters affecting the separation and analysis of the drugs were studied. Based on the normalized peak-area ratios of the drugs to an internal standard versus the concentration of the drugs, the method is applicable to quantify BZB, COL, and SPZ (each 5-200 microM), AP, OA, OP, and PB (each 10-200 microM) with detection limits (S/N = 3, 0.5 psi, 5 s injection) in the range of 0.6-4.0 microM. The precision (RSD; n = 5) and accuracy (relative error; n = 5) of the method for intraday and interday analyses of the analytes at three levels (30, 120, and 180 microM) are below 4% (n = 3). The method was demonstrated to be suitable for the analysis of AP and COL in commercial tablets with speed and simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Shang Kou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to measure the content of methylated purines that appear as admixtures in uric acid stones. METHODS We analyzed urinary calculi from 48 residents of Western Pomerania who underwent surgery at the urology ward in Szczecin. Stone samples were dissolved in 0.1 mol/L NaOH. Extracts were diluted in 50 mmol/L KH(2)PO(4) and analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC with ultraviolet detection and use of a gradient of methanol concentration and pH. RESULTS Uric acid was the main component of 9 stones. All 9 showed admixtures of 9 other purine derivatives: endogenous purine breakdown products (xanthine, hypoxanthine, and 2,8-dihydroxyadenine) and exogenous methyl derivatives of uric acid and xanthine (1-, 3-, and 7-methyluric acid; 1,3-dimethyluric acid; and 3- and 7-methylxanthine). Amounts of these purine derivatives ranged from the limit of detection to 12 mg/g of stone weight and showed a strong positive correlation (Spearman rank correlation coefficients, 0.63-0.94) with the uric acid content of the samples. The main methylated purine in the stones was 1-methyluric acid. CONCLUSIONS Urinary purines at concentrations below their saturation limits may coprecipitate in samples supersaturated with uric acid and appear as admixtures in urinary stones. The amount of each purine depends on its average urinary excretion, similarity to the chemical structure of uric acid, and concentration of the latter in the stone. These findings suggest that purines in stones represent a substitutional solid solution with uric acid as solvent. Methylxanthines, which are ubiquitous components of the diet, drugs, and uric acid calculi, may be involved in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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Rac M, Safranow K, Jakubowska K, Chlubek D, Machoy Z. Adenine nucleotides in snail muscles as one of biomarkers of fluoride toxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:631-4. [PMID: 15931426 DOI: 10.1039/b415833b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine the extent of bioaccumulation of fluorides in tissues of Helix aspersa maxima. The toxicity of fluorides administered orally on the energy balance of the snail's foot was investigated based on measurements of concentrations of adenine nucleotides and their metabolism degradation products. Quantitation of fluoride levels was done in soft tissues (foot, hepatopancreas) and shells of mature snails. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of purine compounds was performed in slices of foot from mature snails. Fluoride concentrations in pulverized shells were measured using an ion-selective electrode. Gas chromatography was used to determine fluoride concentrations in soft tissues (hepatopancreas and foot). Purines were measured in foot muscle slices with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fluoride levels in soft tissues of the snail cannot serve as an indicator for biomonitoring purposes as no significant accumulation was observed during exposure to maximum allowable concentrations of fluoride in drinking water. Contrary to this, levels of fluoride in the shell rose significantly with this concentration of fluoride in drinking water. The effect of fluorides on energy metabolism of foot muscle was evidenced by elevated AMP levels, increased adenine nucleotide pool and reduced conversion of ADP to ATP. Exposure to rising F(-) concentrations was accompanied by decreasing values of the adenylate energy charge AEC. Determination of AMP or AEC in foot muscle of exposed snails seems to be a useful indicator of fluoride effects on metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rac
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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Safranow K, Machoy Z. Simultaneous determination of 16 purine derivatives in urinary calculi by gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 819:229-35. [PMID: 15833286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection has been developed for the analysis of purines in urinary calculi. The method using gradient of methanol concentration and pH was able to separate 16 compounds: uric acid, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, allopurinol and oxypurinol as well as 10 methyl derivatives of uric acid or xanthine (1-, 3-, 7- and 9-methyluric acid, 1,3-, 1,7- and 3,7-dimethyluric acid, 1-, 3- and 7-methylxanthine). Limits of detection for individual compounds ranged from 0.006 to 0.035 mg purine/g of the stone weight and precision (CV%) was 0.5-2.4%. The method enabled us to detect in human uric acid stones admixtures of nine other purine derivatives: natural metabolites (hypoxanthine, xanthine, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine) and methylated purines (1-, 3- and 7-methyluric acid, 1,3-dimethyluric acid, 3- and 7-methylxanthine) originating from the metabolism of methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline and theobromine). The method allows simultaneous quantitation of all known purine constituents of urinary stones, including methylated purines, and may be used as a reference one for diagnosing disorders of purine metabolism and research on the pathogenesis of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
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Pérez-Ruiz T, Martínez-Lozano C, Tomás V, Galera R. Development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of allopurinol and its active metabolite oxypurinol. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 798:303-8. [PMID: 14643510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive capillary zone electrophoresis method with UV absorbance detection is described for the quantitation of allopurinol and its metabolite oxypurinol in aqueous solution. The influence of different parameters on migration times, peak symmetry, efficiency and resolution was systematically investigated; these parameters included the nature and concentration of the separation buffer, pH and applied voltage. A buffer consisting of 15 mM 2-[N-cyclohexylamino]ethanesulfonic acid (CHES) adjusted to pH 8.8 was found to provide a very efficient and stable electrophoretic system for the analysis of these compounds. The optimized method was validated with respect to precision, linearity, limits of detection and quantification, accuracy and robustness. The applicability of the assay was demonstrated by analyzing these compounds in serum and allopurinol in commercial pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Pérez-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Murcia, 30071, Murcia, Spain
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Truglio JJ, Theis K, Leimkühler S, Rappa R, Rajagopalan KV, Kisker C. Crystal structures of the active and alloxanthine-inhibited forms of xanthine dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter capsulatus. Structure 2002; 10:115-25. [PMID: 11796116 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00697-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), a complex molybdo/iron-sulfur/flavoprotein, catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine followed by oxidation of xanthine to uric acid with concomitant reduction of NAD+. The 2.7 A resolution structure of Rhodobacter capsulatus XDH reveals that the bacterial and bovine XDH have highly similar folds despite differences in subunit composition. The NAD+ binding pocket of the bacterial XDH resembles that of the dehydrogenase form of the bovine enzyme rather than that of the oxidase form, which reduces O(2) instead of NAD+. The drug allopurinol is used to treat XDH-catalyzed uric acid build-up occurring in gout or during cancer chemotherapy. As a hypoxanthine analog, it is oxidized to alloxanthine, which cannot be further oxidized but acts as a tight binding inhibitor of XDH. The 3.0 A resolution structure of the XDH-alloxanthine complex shows direct coordination of alloxanthine to the molybdenum via a nitrogen atom. These results provide a starting point for the rational design of new XDH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Truglio
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Antonio Orts Costa J, Zúñiga Cabrera Á, Ferrando Monleón S. Litiasis purínicas infrecuentes: déficit de adenina fosforribosiltransferasa y xantinuria hereditaria. Med Clin (Barc) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(02)73476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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