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Kou HS, Lin KH, Sebuyoya R, Chueh KS, Cheng CW, Wang CC. Dual-probe ligation without PCR for fluorescent sandwich assay of EGFR nucleotide variants in magnetic gene capture platform. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:375. [PMID: 37653003 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and highly efficient fluorescent detection technique without PCR through dual-probe ligation with the genetic capture of magnetic beads and reported probe was developed for determination of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene exon 19 deletions. The EGFR exon 19 deletion mutation makes up 48% of all mutations associated with anti-tyrosine kinase inhibition sensitivity, and thus, the EGFR nucleotide variant is very important in clinical diagnosis. In this approach, the dual-probe ligation was designed to target exon 19 deletion. The magnetic genetic captured system was then applied to capture the successful dual-probe ligation. Thereafter, a reporter probe which is coupled with 6-fluorescein amidite (6-FAM) was introduced to hybridize with dual-probe ligation product on the surface of streptavidin magnetic beads, and finally, the supernatant was taken for fluorescence measurements for distinguishing mutant types from wild types. After optimization (the RSD of the fluorescent intensity was less than 4.5% (n = 3) under the optimal condition), 20 blind DNA samples from the population were analyzed by this technique and further confirmed by direct sequencing. The results of our assay matched to those from direct sequencing data, evidencing that the developed method is accurate and successful. These 20 blind DNA samples were diagnosed as wild and then spiked with different percentages of the mutant gene to quantify the ratio of the wild and mutant genes. This strategy was also successfully applied to quantify the ratio of the wild and mutant genes with good linearity at the λex/λem of 480 nm/520 nm (r = 0.996), and the limit of detection reached 1.0% mutant type. This simple fluorescent detection of nucleotide variants shows its potential to be considered a tool in biological and clinical diagnosis. Importantly, this strategy offers a universal detection capability for any kind of mutation (point, deletion, insertion, or substitution) in a gene of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Shang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shi-chuan 1st Rd, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kung-Hung Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shi-chuan 1st Rd, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ravery Sebuyoya
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shi-chuan 1st Rd, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuang-Shun Chueh
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shi-chuan 1st Rd, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shi-chuan 1st Rd, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Kou HS, Lo ST, Wang CC. One Single Tube Reaction of Aptasensor-Based Magnetic Sensing System for Selective Fluorescent Detection of VEGF in Plasma. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:574. [PMID: 37366939 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple, easy and convenient fluorescent sensing system for the detection of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) based on VEGF aptamers, aptamer-complementary fluorescence-labeled probe and streptavidin magnetic beads was developed in one single tube. The VEGF is the most important biomarker in cancer, and it is investigated that the serum VEGF level varied according to the different types and courses of cancers. Hence, efficient quantification of VEGF is able to improve the accuracy of cancer diagnoses and the precision of disease surveillance. In this research, the VEGF aptamer was designed to be able to bind with the VEGF by forming G-quadruplex secondary structures; then, the magnetic beads would capture the non-binding aptamers due to non-steric interference; and finally, the fluorescence-labeled probes were hybridized with the aptamers captured by the magnetic beads. Therefore, the fluorescent intensity in the supernatant would specifically reflect the present VEGF. After an overall optimization, the optimal conditions for the detection of VEGF were as followed, KCl, 50 μM; pH 7.0; aptamer, 0.1 μM; and magnetic beads, 10 μL (4 μg/μL). The VEGF could be well quantified within a range of 0.2-2.0 ng/mL in plasma, and the calibration curve possessed a good linearity (y = 1.0391x + 0.5471, r = 0.998). The detection limit (LOD) was calculated to be 0.0445 ng/mL according to the formula (LOD = 3.3 × σ/S). The specificity of this method was also investigated under the appearance of many other serum proteins, and the data showed good specificity in this aptasensor-based magnetic sensing system. This strategy provided a simple, sensitive and selective biosensing platform for the detection of serum VEGF. Finally, it was expected that this detection technique can be used to promote more clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Shang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Tsung Lo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Cheng CW, Kou HS, Wu SM, Wang CC. A chemometric experimental design with three-step stacking capillary electrophoresis for analysis of five tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette products. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463283. [PMID: 35810639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) as carcinogens endanger our health and life from cigarette products. However, the safe range of TSNAs levels in commercial cigarette products has not yet been established. For the purpose of safety and supervision, a three-step stacking approach including field amplified sample injection (FASI), sweeping, and analyte focusing by micelle collapse (AFMC), was developed for the simultaneous determination of five TSNAs levels in cigarette products. This approach also involved aspects of chemometric experimental design, including fractional factorial design and central composite design. After the multilevel optimization of the experimental design, the five TSNAs were well separated. The LOD (S/N = 3) values of the N´-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N´-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), N´-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in the FASI-sweeping-AFMC CE approach were 1.000 ng/mL, 0.500 ng/mL, 0.125 ng/mL, 1.000 ng/mL, and 0.500 ng/mL respectively. The results of relative standard deviation (RSD) and relative error (RE) were all less than 3.35%, demonstrating good precision and accuracy. Finally, this novel approach was further applied to monitor three commercial cigarette products, and a range of 250.1-336.6 ng/g for NNN, 481.6-526.7 ng/g for NAT, 82.2-247.6 ng/g for NAB, 167.7-473.7 ng/g for NNAL, and 39.4-246.7 ng/g for NNK could be observed among these. Based on these results, the novel CE stacking strategy was successfully applied for the analysis of five TSNAs levels in cigarette products and could serve as a tool for assays of quality control of nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shou-Mei Wu
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Taiwan Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Pan TY, Kou HS, Wu SM, Wang CC. Identifiable universal fluorescent multiplex PCR equipped with capillary electrophoresis for genotyping of exons 1 to 5 in human red and green pigment genes. Talanta 2022; 241:123199. [PMID: 35033897 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Congenital red and green color blindness is the most X-linked recessive disorder in humans caused by deletions or gross structural rearrangements of the visual pigment gene array that lead to altered the functions of visual pigments in their retina differ from normal. The incidence is about 7-10% in male and close association of X-linked recessive disorders (such as: hemophilia A, hemophilia B, duchenne muscular dystrophy). However, the traditional genetic analysis methods are time-consuming and low-efficiencies. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to develop a rapid method for genotyping of red and green pigment genes. We describe herein the first method for simultaneous evaluation of ten exons in the red and green pigment genes for genetic analysis. A forward specific primers with identifiable universal fluorescent multiplex PCR (FSIUFM-PCR) method utilized one universal primer (containing two universal non-human sequences) and forward specific primers in the multiplex PCR reaction system for simultaneously fluorescent labeling of eleven gene fragments (ten exons in red and green pigment genes and one internal standard). All the PCR products were analyzed on capillary electrophoresis with short-end injection, which had the advantage of high resolution and rapid separation. Of all 80 detected individuals, 7 subjects with color vision deficiencies (including 3 subjects only had red exons 1-5, 4 subjects had a specific red-green or green-red hybrid gene and 73 subjects with normal color vision). All genotyping results showed good agreement with DNA sequencing data. This method provided a better potential technique for genotyping and identifying of red and green pigment genes. In addition, FSIUFM-PCR method will be useful in many fields, such as diagnosis of diseases, analysis of polymorphisms and quantitative assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Pan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shou-Mei Wu
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lai KP, Su YC, Fu BS, Lin KH, Kou HS, Wang CC. Copper nanoclusters on specific-primer PCR fragments with magnetic capture for the label-free fluorescent sensing of the T315I single nucleotide variant in the BCR– ABL1 gene. Analyst 2022; 147:5732-5738. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01433e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple and facile strategy using the all or none formation of dsDNA-templated copper nanoclusters on specific-primer PCR fragments was designed to fluorescently identify the T315I single nucleotide variant on the BCR–ABL1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Peng Lai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chen Su
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bo-Siang Fu
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kung-Hung Lin
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Lin HJ, Wang CC, Kou HS, Cheng CW, Wu SM. Stable Luminescent Poly(Allylaminehydrochloride)-Templated Copper Nanoclusters for Selectively Turn-Off Sensing of Deferasirox in β-Thalassemia Plasma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1314. [PMID: 34959714 PMCID: PMC8706525 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly stable and facile one-pot copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) coated with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) have been synthesized for selectively sensing deferasirox (DFX) in β-thalassemia plasma. DFX is an important drug used for treating iron overloading in β-thalassemia, but needs to be monitored due to certain toxicity. In this study, the PAH-Cu NCs showed highly stable fluorescence with emission wavelengths at 450 nm. The DFX specifically interacted with the copper nanocluster to turn off the fluorescence of the PAH-Cu NCs, and could be selectively quantified through the fluorescence quenching effect. The linear range of DFX in plasma analyzed by PAH-Cu NCs was 1.0-100.0 µg/mL (r = 0.985). The relative standard deviation (RSD) and relative error (RE) were lower than 6.51% and 7.57%, respectively, showing excellent reproducibility of PAH-Cu NCs for sensing DFX in plasma. This method was also successfully applied for an analysis of three clinical plasma samples from β-thalassemia patients taking DFX. The data presented high similarity with that obtained through a capillary electrophoresis method. According to the results, the PAH-Cu NCs could be used as a tool for clinically sensing DFX in human plasma for clinical surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ju Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (H.-S.K.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (H.-S.K.); (C.-W.C.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (H.-S.K.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Cheng-Wei Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-J.L.); (H.-S.K.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Shou-Mei Wu
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Taiwan Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11561, Taiwan
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Lin KH, Kou HS, Lin YH, Wang CC. The matrix of SDS integrated with linear hydrophilic polymer for resolution of high- and low-molecular weight hyaluronic acids in MEKC. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 28:159-166. [PMID: 31883604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), a multi-functional material, has a high dispersion in molecular weight, and the functions of HA are determined through the size. Nevertheless, hyaluronic acid mixtures are not easily separated due to their polydispersity. In this study, a capillary electrophoresis strategy was developed for resolution of different molecular-weight HA without enzymatic digestion. Here, hyaluronic acid mixtures with low molecular weight (380 kD; LHA) and high molecular weight (2180 kD; HHA) were successfully resolved by the SDS integrated with low molecular-weight polymer in capillary electrophoresis. By optimizing experimental conditions, the separation of LHA and HHA was completed within 14 min. The optimal conditions were as follows: the running buffer was 25 mM borate buffer (pH 9.75) containing 30 mM SDS and 10% polyethylene glycol (MW: 8000); applied voltage was 20 kV (detector at cathode side) and separation temperature was set at 25 °C. The data of method validation showed that calibration plots were linear (r ≥ 0.9977) over a range of 10-50 μg/mL for LHA, and 40-200 μg/mL for HHA. In the evaluation of precision and accuracy for this method, the RSD and RE values were all less than 4.2%. This fascinating technique was successfully applied to the quality control of cosmetic and pharmaceutical containing different ratios of LHA and HHA, and it was feasible for serving as a tool to quantitatively analyze different sizes of HA for clinical survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Hung Lin
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Wang CC, Chen CA, Jong YJ, Kou HS. Specific Gene Capture Combined with Restriction-Fragment Release for Directly Fluorescent Genotyping of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Diagnosing Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11599-11606. [PMID: 30203652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a fast and simple fluorescent genotyping strategy, streptavidin magnetic beads combined with biotin-coupled PCR and restriction-fragment release, was developed for determination of nucleotide variants. This method was further applied for analyzing SMN1 gene in diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). After biotin-coupled PCR, the streptavidin magnetic beads would capture the biotin-labeled SMN genetic fragments, and then the restriction enzyme of HPY188I could only digest and release the fluorescent end of SMN1 genetic fragment into the supernatant. Therefore, the SMN1 gene could be easily fluorescently quantified, and SMN2 would not, for diagnosis of SMA. The copy number of the SMN1 gene could be regressed using the relative fluorescent unit versus the known copy number, and the coefficient of correlation is equal to 0.9617 ( r = 0.9617). In this research, a total of 16 blind DNA samples were analyzed, including 6 wild types, 5 carriers, and 5 SMA patients. Importantly, this fast, simple, and highly efficient method is universal for detection of all nucleotides variants by replacing the specific restriction enzyme. This technique has the potency to be served as a tool for fast and accurate diagnosis of genotypes in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chung-An Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
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Lin PID, Wu CF, Kou HS, Huang TY, Shiea J, Wu MT. Erratum: Removal of Diethylhexyl Phthalate from Hands by Handwashing: Evidence from Experimental N-of-1 and Crossover Designs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6432. [PMID: 28729632 PMCID: PMC5519718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04860-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pi-I D Lin
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Kaohsiung Medical University, Research Center of Environmental Health, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, 02115, USA.,Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Huang
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- National Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Chemistry, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Kaohsiung Medical University, Research Center of Environmental Health, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Center of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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Kou HS, Wang CC. Molecular inversion probes equipped with discontinuous rolling cycle amplification for targeting nucleotide variants: Determining SMN1 and SMN2 genes in diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 977:65-73. [PMID: 28577599 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The novel techniques of molecular inversion probes (MIPs) combined with discontinuous rolling cycle amplification (DRCA) was developed for determination of the multi-nucleotide variants at single base. The different-length MIPs, a padlock-probe based technology, are designed to simultaneously recognize the identical nucleotide variants. After ligation and DRCA, the different-length genetic products representing the certain genotypes could be simply determined by the short-end capillary electrophoresis (CE) method. By using MIPs-DRCA method, the various gene dosages of SMN1 and SMN2 genes in homologous or heterologous subjects were successfully quantified for diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). The length of the MIP for SMN1 gene was 106 bp, and for SMN2 gene was 86 bp. After method optimization, the MIP products of SMN1 and SMN2 were well separated with the resolution of 1.13 ± 0.17 (n = 3) within 10 min. There were total of 56 DNA blind samples analyzed by this strategy, including 38 wild types, 12 carriers and 6 SMA patients, and the data of gene dosages was corresponding to those analyzed by conformation sensitive CE and denatured high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) methods. This MIPs-DRCA method which could be applied to simultaneously genotype multi nucleotide variants at single base, such as K-ras gene, was very feasible for determination of genetic diseases in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Shang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Hsieh SY, Wang CC, Kou HS, Wu SM. Dialkyl anionic surfactant in field-amplified sample injection and sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography for determination of eight leanness-promoting β-agonists in animal feeds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:222-228. [PMID: 28454056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The beta-adrenergic agonists (β-agonists) working as repartitioning agents that make the carcass leaner and enhance the feeding efficiency in animals have been banned in the European Union, China and Taiwan. Here, traditional anionic surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were replaced with sodium di-(2-ethylhexyl)-sulfosuccinate (AOT) in field-amplified sample injection and sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography (FASI-sweeping MEKC) for simultaneous analysis of eight β-agonists in animal feeds. The AOT vesicles provided a better resolution of β-agonists than micelles of SDS. The detection limits of the eight β-agonists were above 5ng/mL by using this stacking capillary electrophoresis (CE) method. In comparison of traditional MEKC method (sample injection, 1psi for 5s), the stacking strategy provided 400-2000 fold sensitivity enhancement. After method validation, this method was successfully applied for analyzing four animal feeds, and none β-agonist was detected. This strategy possessing good resolution of eight β-agonists was suitable for serving as a tool for routine analysis of animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yu Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Mei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan; Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan.
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Lin PID, Wu CF, Kou HS, Huang TY, Shiea J, Wu MT. Removal of Diethylhexyl Phthalate from Hands by Handwashing: Evidence from Experimental N-of-1 and Crossover Designs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:454. [PMID: 28352099 PMCID: PMC5428717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalate exposure through skin is often neglected due to the small quantity and limited dermal absorption rate. However, free phthalate can be ingested by hand-to-mouth action or by contact with food. To evaluate the effectiveness in removing phthalate exposure on hand, we compare here the removal efficiency of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on hands by handwashing with soap-and-water versus water-only. In two three-day N-of-1 trials, residual DEHP was measured in a single female adult who washed exposed hands with soap-and-water or water-only. Subsequently, a crossover study was performed by randomly assigning another 28 subjects equally to wash with soap-and-water or with water-only, and then each one received the other treatment 24 hrs later. In the N-of-1 trials, mean DEHP removal rates range from 95.9% (SD = 0.1%) to 97.0% (SD = 2.5%) for soap-and-water handwashes, and 1.8% (SD = 0.1%) to 7.0% (SD = 0.3%) (n = 3) for water-only. In the crossover study, mean removal rate was 94.6% (SD = 6.5%) for handwashing with soap-and-water (n = 28) and 8.7% (SD = 5.7%) for water-only (n = 28). We concluded that handwashing with soap-and-water removes 80% more DEHP than handwashing with water alone, and may be a cost-effective way of removing other endocrine disruptors from hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-I D Lin
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Kaohsiung Medical University, Research Center of Environmental Health, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, 02115, USA.,Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Huang
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- National Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Chemistry, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Kaohsiung Medical University, Research Center of Environmental Health, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Center of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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Lin HJ, Hsieh KP, Chiou SS, Kou HS, Wu SM. Determination of deferasirox in human plasma by short-end injection and sweeping with a field-amplified sample stacking and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:497-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Lin HJ, Kou HS, Chiou SS, Wu SM. Therapeutic deferoxamine and deferiprone monitoring in β-thalassemia patients’ plasma by field-amplified sample injection and sweeping in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2091-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ju Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Shin Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shou-Mei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
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Chung TC, Li CT, Kou HS, Wu HL. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Sarcosine as a Fluorescent Levofloxacin Derivative. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1310-5. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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16
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Huang PY, Lin YT, Kou HS, Wu HL. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Perhexiline as a Fluorescent Derivative. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chao YY, Lee CT, Wei YT, Kou HS, Huang YL. Using an on-line microdialysis/HPLC system for the simultaneous determination of melamine and cyanuric acid in non-dairy creamer. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 702:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chung TC, Su WP, Kou HS, Lin YT, Hung MY, Wu HL. A non-fluorescent derivative from derivatizing trans, trans-muconic acid with 2-(2-naphthoxy)ethyl-2-(piperidino)ethanesulfonate. J Fluoresc 2009; 20:421-4. [PMID: 19856084 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-009-0560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
trans, trans-Muconic acid (MA) is a polar metabolite of benzene and used as a biomarker for monitoring human exposure to benzene. Because MA is a trace metabolite, sensitive method is required for its detection. In addition, MA is a highly polar compound with dicarboxyl functions that could incur unfavorable adsorption on silica-based stationary phase usually used for separation. To address these problems, we planned to derivatize MA with a fluorescent reagent 2-(2-naphthoxy)ethyl-2-(piperidino)ethanesulfonate to give a naphthoxy derivative of MA for improving detection sensitivity and chromatographic properties. Surprisingly, the resulting derivative shows no fluorescent activity (lambda(ex): 226 nm; lambda(em): 350 nm). The negative results could be used as an instructive example for discussing on fluorescence quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang-Chia Chung
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collage of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
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Lin YT, Kou HS, Wu HL. A simple micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic method for the quantitative analysis of organic expectorants. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3524-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chung TC, Kou HS, Chao MC, Ou YJ, Wu HL. A simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of free docosanoic, tetracosanoic and hexacosanoic acids in human plasma as fluorescent derivatives. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 611:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chen SH, Wu HL, Wu JK, Kou HS, Wu SM. Determination of Ethosuximide in Plasma By Derivatization and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708010995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwei Chen
- a School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung, Taiwan , 807, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Lung Wu
- a School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung, Taiwan , 807, Republic of China
| | - Jong-Kae Wu
- a School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung, Taiwan , 807, Republic of China
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- a School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung, Taiwan , 807, Republic of China
| | - Shou-Mei Wu
- a School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung, Taiwan , 807, Republic of China
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Chang CF, Wu HL, Wu SM, Chen SH, Kou HS. Trace Analysis of Very Long Chain Free Fatty Acids in Plasma by Fluorogenic Derivatization and Liquid Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079808005849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Fu Chang
- a Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung, Taiwan , 807, ROC
| | - Hsin-Lung Wu
- a Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung, Taiwan , 807, ROC
| | - Shou-Mei Wu
- a Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung, Taiwan , 807, ROC
| | - Su-Hwei Chen
- a Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung, Taiwan , 807, ROC
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- a Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung, Taiwan , 807, ROC
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Chen SH, Yen CH, Wu HL, Wu SM, Kou HS, Lin SJ. Derivatization-High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Methanol in Human Plasma. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708005556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwei Chen
- a School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Ho Yen
- a School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Lung Wu
- a School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shou-Mei Wu
- a School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hwang-Shang Kou
- a School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shun-Jin Lin
- a School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical College , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Lin MC, Wu HL, Kou HS, Wu SM. Simple fluorimetric liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of undecylenic acid and zinc undecylenate in pharmaceutical preparations. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1119:264-9. [PMID: 16297927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and selective liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of undecylenic acid (UA) and zinc undecylenate (ZnUA) in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on the derivatization of the analytes extracted from various samples with 2-(2-naphthoxy)ethyl 2-(piperidino)ethanesulfonate. The resulting derivative was analyzed by liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. The quantitation of the method is in the range of 3.0-50.0 microM UA with a detection limit of about 0.3 microM (S/N = 3 with 10 microl injection). We found that acetonitrile is a selective solvent for differentially dissolving UA from coexisted ZnUA in compound formulation. This results in the specific analysis of UA in the presence of ZnUA and simply analyzing the coexisted ZnUA by the value of total UA (UA+ZnUA) minus that of UA. Application of the method to the analysis of undecylenic acid and zinc undecylenate in ointment, powder and solution preparations proved feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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27
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Kou HS, Lin TP, Chung TC, Wu HL. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic method for the quantitative analysis of uricosuric and antigout drugs in pharmaceutical preparations. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2293-9. [PMID: 16718644 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple MEKC method is described for the separation and quantification of seven widely used uricosuric and antigout drugs, including allopurinol (AP), benzbromarone (BZB), colchicine (COL), orotic acid (OA), oxypurinol (OP), probenecid (PB), and sulfinpyrazone (SPZ). The drugs were separated in a BGE of borate buffer (45 mM; pH 9.00) with SDS (20 mM) as the micellar source and the separated drugs were directly monitored with a UV detector (214 nm). Several parameters affecting the separation and analysis of the drugs were studied. Based on the normalized peak-area ratios of the drugs to an internal standard versus the concentration of the drugs, the method is applicable to quantify BZB, COL, and SPZ (each 5-200 microM), AP, OA, OP, and PB (each 10-200 microM) with detection limits (S/N = 3, 0.5 psi, 5 s injection) in the range of 0.6-4.0 microM. The precision (RSD; n = 5) and accuracy (relative error; n = 5) of the method for intraday and interday analyses of the analytes at three levels (30, 120, and 180 microM) are below 4% (n = 3). The method was demonstrated to be suitable for the analysis of AP and COL in commercial tablets with speed and simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Shang Kou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Chu CS, Kou HS, Lee CJ, Lee KT, Chen SH, Voon WC, Sheu SH, Lai WT. Effect of atorvastatin withdrawal on circulating coenzyme Q10 concentration in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Biofactors 2006; 28:177-84. [PMID: 17473378 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520280304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Statin therapy can reduce the biosynthesis of both cholesterol and coenzyme Q10 by blocking the common upstream mevalonate pathway. Coenzyme Q10 depletion has been speculated to play a potential role in statin-related adverse events, and withdrawal of statin is the choice in patients developing myotoxicity or liver toxicity. However, the effect of statin withdrawal on circulating levels of coenzyme Q10 remains unknown. Twenty-six patients with hypercholesterolemia received atorvastatin at 10 mg/day for 3 months. Serum lipid profiles and coenzyme Q10 were assessed before and immediately after 3 months and were also measured 2 and 3 days after the last day on the statin. After 3 months' atorvastatin therapy, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and coenzyme Q10 (0.43 +/- 0.23 to 0.16 +/- 0.10 microg/mL) were all significantly reduced (all p<0.001). On day 2 after the last atorvastatin, the coenzyme Q10 level was significantly elevated (0.37 +/- 0.16 microg/mL) and maintained the same levels on day 3 (0.39 +/- 0.18 microg/mL) compared with those on month 3 (both p< 0.001), while TC and LDL-C did not significantly change within the same 3 days. These results suggest that statin inhibition of coenzyme Q10 synthesis is less strict than inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sheng Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of amantadine and memantine. The method is based on the derivatization of amantadine and memantine extracted from alkalified samples with (2-naphthoxy)acetyl chloride at mild conditions. The resulting derivatives were analyzed by isocratic HPLC with a fluorimetric detector (lambdaex, 227 nm; lambdaem, 348 nm). The linear range for the determination of amantadine or memantine spiked in urine (1.0 ml) was 1.0-10.0 nmol with a detection limit of about 0.2 nmol (S/N = 3; injected sample 20 microl). Only amantadine preparations are available on our local market, and application of the method to the analysis of amantadine in formulation and in the urine of a dosed subject was demonstrated and proved feasible. Quantitation of AT in tablets or capsules is capable in the linear range of 2.0-50.0 microM. Toluene was used as the solvent for extracting amantadine or memantine in samples and the resulting toluene extract was directly subjected to subsequent derivatization without solvent replacement leading to a simpler analytical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hui Duh
- Faculty of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography is described for the quantitative analysis of enantiomeric (+)-menthol and (-)-menthol that are lack of chromophore. The method is based on the derivatization of (+)-menthol and (-)-menthol with a fluorescent reagent, naproxen acyl chloride, in toluene. The resulting diastereomic derivatives were separated on a C8 column with methanol-water-tetrahydrofuran (80:18:2, v/v) as a mobile phase; they were sensitively monitored with a fluorimetric detector (excitation 235 nm and emission 350 nm). The linear range for the quantitation of the enantiomers was 5.0-50 microM with a detection limit (signal to noise ratio = 3, injected volume 10 microl) of about 1 microM. Application of the method to the enantiomeric analysis of menthol in mint plants proved simple and feasible. Toluene was used for the extraction of menthol from the leaves of mint, and the resulting toluene extract was directly used for subsequent derivatization without solvent replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Lin MC, Kou HS, Chen CC, Wu SM, Wu HL. Simple and sensitive fluorimetric liquid chromatography method for the determination of valproic acid in plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 810:169-72. [PMID: 15358322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of valproic acid in human plasma. The method is based on the derivatization of valproic acid extracted from acidified plasma with 2-(2-naphthoxy)ethyl 2-(piperidino)ethanesulfonate. The resulting derivative is highly responsive to a fluorimetric detector (excitation at 230 nm and emission at 350 nm), giving a low detection limit of 0.6 microM (S/N = 3, 10 microl injected). The relative standard deviations of the method for intra- and inter-day analyses (n = 5) are below 3.3 and 4.1%, respectively. Toluene was used for the extraction of valproic acid from plasma and the toluene extract obtained was subjected to subsequent derivatization without solvent replacement. The simple method was applied to the analysis of valproic acid in plasma of dosed patients using only small amount of sample (10-50 microl plasma).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Lin FM, Kou HS, Wu SM, Chen SH, Kwan AL, Wu HL. An ionizable chromophoric reagent for the analysis of primary amine-containing drugs by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:621-6. [PMID: 15690434 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We found that ofloxacin acyl chloride is a potential chromophoric reagent for labeling amino analytes for capillary electrophoresis. Ofloxacin acyl chloride has a tertiary amino function in its structure and the derivatives from ofloxacin acyl chloride reacting with amino analytes can be ionized by an acid treatment and analyzed by simple capillary zone electrophoresis. Ofloxacin acyl chloride was used to derivatize model analytes (without chromophore) of amantadine (amino drug), tranexamic acid (non-protein amino carboxylic acid), glycine, and methionine (protein amino acids). The resulting derivatives were analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection (300 nm). The detection limits of the analytes studied were in the range of 1.0-2.5 microM (S/N = 3, injection 3 s). The precision (relative standard deviation) and accuracy (relative error) of the method for intra- and inter-day analyses of the analytes were respectively below 4.5% and 3.9%. Application of the method to the analysis of tranexamic acid in plasma proved feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Min Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacentical Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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Kou HS, Chen CC, Huang YH, Ko WK, Wu HL, Wu SM. Method for simultaneous determination of eight cyclic antidepressants by cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis: applications in pharmaceuticals. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lin FM, Kou HS, Wu SM, Chen SH, Wu HL. Capillary electrophoresis analysis of gabapentin and vigabatrin in pharmaceutical preparations as ofloxacin derivatives. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ho YH, Ko WK, Kou HS, Wu HL, Wu SM. Field-amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis for the determination of clozapine, clozapine N-oxide, and desmethylclozapine in schizophrenics’ plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 809:111-6. [PMID: 15282100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A method of field-amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis is described for the simultaneous determination of clozapine (CZP) and its metabolites, clozapine N-oxide (CNO), and desmethylclozapine (DMC), in human plasma. Plasma (0.2 mL) was extracted with organic solvents (ethyl acetate/n-hexane/isopropyl alcohol, 8/1/1 by volume) and centrifuged. An aliquot of supernatant was evaporated and suitably reconstituted with water for CE analysis. An untreated fused-silica capillary was used (31.2 cm; effective length, 20 cm; 50 microm i.d.) for the analysis. The background buffer was phosphate buffer (400 mM, pH 3.0) containing 50% ethylene glycol. The separation voltage was 25 kV with a detection wavelength of 214 nm. In the method validation, the calibration curves were linear (r > or = 0.98) over a range of 50-800 ng/mL for CZP, 30-180 ng/mL for CNO, and 25-600 ng/mL for DMC. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) and relative error (R.E.) were all less than 11% for the intra- and inter-day assays. The limits of detection (S/N = 3, electric-driven injection, 99.9s) of CZP, DMC, and CNO were 5, 5, and 10 ng/mL, respectively. After continuing treatment with the CZP tablets, a blood sample from one male schizophrenic patient (41-year-old, 62 kg) who had been receiving ongoing treatment with the CZP tablets was prepared and analyzed. The levels of CZP, DMC, and CNO were determined and the feasibility of the method's application in clinical treatment was proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Ho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Chen CC, Wu SM, Huang YH, Ko WK, Kou HS, Wu HL. On-line field-amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis for analysis of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline in plasma. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kuo CY, Wu HL, Kou HS, Chiou SS, Wu DC, Wu SM. Simultaneous determination of methotrexate and its eight metabolites in human whole blood by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1014:93-101. [PMID: 14558615 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple and selective capillary electrophoretic method was established for the simultaneous determination of methotrexate (MTX), 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OHMTX), 2,4-diamino-N10-methylpteroic acid (DAMPA), and polyglutamate derivatives [MTX-(Glu)n, n=2-7] in whole blood. After extraction, those analytes were separated by fused-silica capillary and a running buffer containing glycine (1.2 M, pH 9.3). The quantitative ranges were 10-50 microM for each analyte. The intra- and inter-day RSD and RE values were all less than 6 and 11%, respectively. The limits of detection (S/N= 3, injection 5 s) were found to be 1 microM for MTX, 7-OHMTX, MTX-(Glu)2, MTX-(Glu)3, and MTX-(Glu)4; 3 microM for MTX-(Glu)5 and MTX-(Glu)6; 5 microM for MTX-(Glu)7, and 8 microM for DAMPA. All recoveries were greater than 94%. This method was applied to blood MTX monitoring in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yuan Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih Chen 1st RD, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
In continuing the search for fluorescent reagents for analytical derivatization in chromatography, we found a simple chemical, (2-naphthoxy)acetyl chloride, with potential fluorophore/chromophore characteristics for the highly sensitive detection of analytes with an amino function. The reagent has an auxochrome (a substituted alkoxy moiety) attached to the fluorophoric/chromophoric naphthalene system, resulting in favorable spectrophotometric properties. The reagent can be easily prepared from (2-naphthoxy)acetic acid and has been used in organic synthesis; it is initially introduced as a fluorescent reagent to derivatise amantadine and memantine (amino pharmaceuticals) as model analytes. The resulting naphthoxy derivatives of the drugs can be analyzed at sub-microM levels by HPLC with fluorimetric detection (excitation wavelength 227 nm, emission wavelength 348 nm). Application of the reagent to the fluorimetric derivatization of important biological amines for sensitive detection can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hui Duh
- School of Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Lin FM, Wu HL, Kou HS, Lin SJ. Highly sensitive analysis of iodide anion in seaweed as pentafluorophenoxyethyl derivative by capillary gas chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51:867-870. [PMID: 12568540 DOI: 10.1021/jf020861m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive gas chromatography (GC) method is described for the trace analysis of iodide anion (iodide) in processed seaweed as an organic derivative. The method is based on the derivatization of aqueous iodide extracted from seaweed with 2-(pentafluorophenoxy)ethyl 2-(piperidino)ethanesulfonate in toluene using tetra-n-hexylammonium bromide as a phase-transfer catalyst. The resulting pentafluorophenoxyethyl iodide is highly responsive to an electron-capture detector (ECD) and was analyzed by GC-ECD, giving a low detection limit of approximately 2.7 nM (2.7 fmol/microL injected). Interferences of some common anions in the analysis of iodide were studied and proved to be minimal. Application of the method to the analysis of iodide in processed seaweed was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Min Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 807
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Lin FM, Wu HL, Kou HS, Lin SJ. Ultratrace analysis for trans,trans-muconic acid by electrophoric derivatization and capillary gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lu CY, Wu HL, Chen SH, Kou HS, Wu SM. Simple and sensitive analysis of long-chain free fatty acids in milk by fluorogenic derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50:71-73. [PMID: 11754544 DOI: 10.1021/jf010986b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described for the simultaneous determination of some important saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in milk, including lauric (dodecanoic), myristic (tetradecanoic), palmitic (hexadecanoic), stearic (octadecanoic), palmitoleic (hexadecenoic), oleic (octadecenoic), and linoleic acids (octadecadienoic acids). The fatty acids were fluorogenically derivatized with 2-(2-naphthoxy)ethyl 2-(piperidino)ethanesulfonate (NOEPES) as their naphthoxyethyl derivatives. The resulting derivatives were separated by isocratic HPLC and monitored with a fluorometric detector (lambdaex = 235 nm, lambdaem = 350 nm). The fatty acids in milk were extracted with toluene, and the extract with the fatty acids was directly derivatized with NOEPES without solvent replacement. Determination of long-chain free fatty acids in milk is feasible by a standard addition method. A small amount of milk product, 10 microL, is sufficient for the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 807
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Lu CY, Wu HL, Chen SH, Kou HS. A fluorimetric liquid chromatography for highly sensitive analysis of very long chain fatty acids as naphthoxyethyl derivatives. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen SH, Wu HL, Shen MC, Kou HS. Trace analysis of ethosuximide in human plasma with a chemically removable derivatizing reagent and high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 1999; 729:111-7. [PMID: 10410933 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of ethosuximide in human plasma, as a highly sensitive derivative. Ethosuximide spiked in plasma was extracted with toluene and derivatized with a chemically removable derivatizing reagent, 2-(2-naphthoxy)ethyl 2-[1-(4-benzyl)piperazyl]ethanesulfonate, in a homogeneous system, using magnesium oxide as base catalyst. The resulting derivative was separated on a LiChrospher diol column with 1.2% isopropanol in n-hexane as the mobile phase and using coumarin as the internal standard. Several parameters affecting the extraction/derivatization of ethosuximide from spiked plasma were investigated. The linear range for the determination of ethosuximide in spiked plasma was over 30-700 nmol/ml. For ethosuximide in plasma, the detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio=3; sample size, 10 microl) was about 9 pmol; the relative standard deviation was 6.4% for intra-day assay (n=6) and 9.2% for inter-day assay (n=6) and the relative recovery was found greater than 94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan.
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Chen SH, Wu HL, Yen CH, Wu SM, Lin SJ, Kou HS. Trace determination of methanol in water-ethanol solution by derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998; 799:93-9. [PMID: 9550102 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been established for the determination of methanol in water-ethanol solution. The method is based on the transfer of the methoxide anion, which is formed from methanol under strong alkaline treatment in aqueous solution, by benzalkonium chloride into the dichloromethane organic phase for derivatization with 3-bromomethyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-2-one. The derivative obtained was separated on a LiChrospher diol column with n-hexane-dichloromethane (9:1, v/v) as the mobile phase. Several parameters affecting the partition/derivatization of methanol were investigated. The linear range for the determination of methanol was 2-20 mumol/ml; the detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio = 5; sample size, 10 microliters) of methanol was about 0.10 mumol/ml (R.S.D. = 16%, n = 3). The method has been satisfactorily applied to the assay of methanol in spiked commercial liquors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan
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Wu HL, Shyu YY, Kou HS, Chen SH, Shou-Mei Wu, Wu SS. Chemically removable derivatization reagent for liquid chromatography: 2-(2-naphthoxy)ethyl 2-[1-(4-benzyl)piperazyl]ethanesulfonate. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Chen SH, Yang ZY, Wu HL, Kou HS, Lin SJ. Determination of thiocyanate anion by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. J Anal Toxicol 1996; 20:38-42. [PMID: 8837949 DOI: 10.1093/jat/20.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was established for the trace determination of thiocyanate anion as a fluorogenic derivative. The method is based on the chemical derivatization of thiocyanate anion with 3-bromomethyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-2-one. The resulting derivative was separated by a Nova-Pak C18 reversed-phase column. Optimization conditions for the derivatization of thiocyanate anion were investigated by HPLC with fluorimetric detection. The linear range for the quantitation of thiocyanate anion was 1-0.05 nmol in 0.1 mL of sample; the detection limit (with a signal-to-noise ratio of 5) of a 20-microL injected aliquot was approximately 3.3 +/- 1.2 fmol. Application of the method to the analysis of thiocyanate anion in saliva and plasma proved to be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chen SH, Wu SM, Kou HS, Wu HL. Electron-capture gas chromatographic determination of cyanide, iodide, nitrite, sulfide, and thiocyanate anions by phase-transfer-catalyzed derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. J Anal Toxicol 1994; 18:81-5. [PMID: 8207938 DOI: 10.1093/jat/18.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A sensitive gas chromatographic method has been established for the simultaneous determination of biologically active inorganic anions, including cyanide, iodide, nitrite, sulfide, and thiocyanate anions as their volatile organic derivatives. The method is based on the formation of ion pairs from the anions and a complex cryptand and on the resulting neutral ion-pair partition to an organic phase for derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. Several parameters affecting the partition and derivatization of the anions were investigated. Individual and simultaneous determination of the anions can be achieved at sub-nmol levels with an electron-capture detector. Partial application of the method for the analysis of cyanide, nitrite, and thiocyanate in real samples proved satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Yiin SL, Chen SH, Kou HS, Wu HL. Determination of thiocyanate anion as an organic derivative by gas chromatography. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1993; 9:494-500. [PMID: 8271322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive gas chromatographic method has been established for the determination of biologically active thiocyanate anion as pentafluorobenzyl thiocyanate. The method is based on the partition of an ion-pair from the thiocyanate anion and a complex crypstand to a benzene layer for derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. The resulting derivative was analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The quantitation range for thiocyanate anion was over 0.086 and 3.45 nmol. The detection limit of thiocyanate in 0.2 ml sample is about 34 pmol. The effects of several parameters such as base or acid, reaction time and the amount of pentafluorobenzyl bromide were evaluated for the optimization of partition and derivatization of thiocyanate anion. Application of the method to the analysis of thiocyanate in waste water and human saliva proved to be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Yiin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China
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