1
|
Xu Q, Wang Y, Gao P, Jiang Y. Preparation of “pomegranate”-like QD/SiO 2/poly(St- co-MAA) fluorescent nanobeads in two steps to improve stability and biocompatibility. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00526j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanobeads are widely used due to their advantages of visualization, sensitivity and the quantitative measurement of target analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianrui Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research
- Southeast University
- China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research
- Southeast University
- China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research
- Southeast University
- China
| | - Yong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research
- Southeast University
- China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hosseini S, Aeinehvand MM, Uddin SM, Benzina A, Rothan HA, Yusof R, Koole LH, Madou MJ, Djordjevic I, Ibrahim F. Microsphere integrated microfluidic disk: synergy of two techniques for rapid and ultrasensitive dengue detection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16485. [PMID: 26548806 PMCID: PMC4637926 DOI: 10.1038/srep16485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of microfluidic devices in diagnostic systems is well-established in contemporary research. Large specific surface area of microspheres, on the other hand, has secured an important position for their use in bioanalytical assays. Herein, we report a combination of microspheres and microfluidic disk in a unique hybrid platform for highly sensitive and selective detection of dengue virus. Surface engineered polymethacrylate microspheres with carefully designed functional groups facilitate biorecognition in a multitude manner. In order to maximize the utility of the microspheres' specific surface area in biomolecular interaction, the microfluidic disk was equipped with a micromixing system. The mixing mechanism (microballoon mixing) enhances the number of molecular encounters between spheres and target analyte by accessing the entire sample volume more effectively, which subsequently results in signal amplification. Significant reduction of incubation time along with considerable lower detection limits were the prime motivations for the integration of microspheres inside the microfluidic disk. Lengthy incubations of routine analytical assays were reduced from 2 hours to 5 minutes while developed system successfully detected a few units of dengue virus. Obtained results make this hybrid microsphere-microfluidic approach to dengue detection a promising avenue for early detection of this fatal illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Hosseini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad M. Aeinehvand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Shah M. Uddin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Abderazak Benzina
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Hussin A. Rothan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohana Yusof
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leo H. Koole
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Marc J. Madou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 92697, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 92697, United States
| | - Ivan Djordjevic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Center for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khanna P, Walt DR. Salivary diagnostics using a portable point-of-service platform: a review. Clin Ther 2015; 37:498-504. [PMID: 25732629 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical diagnostics can be improved by faster and more accessible disease detection. Our laboratory has developed a point-of-service (POS) device capable of rapid, sensitive, automated, and multiplexed biomarker detection that uses human saliva instead of other biofluids. Here, we review the technology that led to the development of this POS device. This POS technology can advance clinical diagnostics by saving time because of faster diagnosis, saving money because of a shorter hospital stay, and ultimately improving clinical care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Khanna
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - David R Walt
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hosseini S, Ibrahim F, Djordjevic I, Rothan HA, Yusof R, van der Marel C, Benzina A, Koole LH. Synthesis and characterization of methacrylic microspheres for biomolecular recognition: Ultrasensitive biosensor for Dengue virus detection. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
5
|
Cell-mimetic coatings for immune spheres. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:845-51. [PMID: 25454756 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extrinsically induced or engineered cells are providing new therapeutic means in emerging fields such as cell therapeutics, immunomodulation and regenerative medicine. We are demonstrating a spatial induction method using lipid coatings, which can change signal presentation strength from material surface to adherent macrophage cells, that induce early cell-cell interaction leading to organotypic morphology. For that, we have developed a cell mimetic lipid coating with a rafts size to the order of transmembrane proteins (<10 nm) with enhanced lateral elastic properties. Such surface coatings are capable of reducing adherent macrophage spreading, while enabling early induction of cell-cell interaction to form organotypic macrophage colonies or "spheres" (M-spheres).
Collapse
|
6
|
Dhawan S. Signal amplification systems in immunoassays: implications for clinical diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 6:749-60. [PMID: 17009908 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.6.5.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers in physiological specimens serve as useful sensors for clinical diagnosis. Accurate detection of specific markers is crucial for the diagnosis of disease, monitoring drug therapy and patient screening. In vitro immunoassays are probably the most common, simple and relatively inexpensive serological tools used in clinical laboratories for the diagnosis and management of disease. Despite continued efforts to improve the performance of immunoassays in the past three decades, there is a need for highly sensitive assays that can detect the lowest levels of disease markers with greater accuracy. This review summarizes recent advances made towards increasing the sensitivity of immunoassays by amplifying detection signals, with implications for the development of highly sensitive diagnostic systems; it also discusses the principles of related methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Dhawan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852-1448, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
High sensitive determination of theophylline based on gold nanoparticles/l-cysteine/Graphene/Nafion modified electrode. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
8
|
Henley WH, Dennis PJ, Ramsey JM. Fabrication of microfluidic devices containing patterned microwell arrays. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1776-80. [PMID: 22242542 DOI: 10.1021/ac202445g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A rapid fabrication and prototyping technique to incorporate microwell arrays with sub-10 μm features within a single layer of microfluidic circuitry is presented. Typically, the construction of devices that incorporate very small architecture within larger components has required the assembly of multiple elements to form a working device. Rapid, facile production of a working device using only a single layer of molded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a glass support substrate is achieved with the reported fabrication technique. A combination of conventional wet-chemical etching for larger (≥20 μm) microchannel features and focused ion beam (FIB) milling for smaller (≤10 μm) microwell features was used to fabricate a monolithic glass master mold. PDMS/glass hybrid chips were then produced using simple molding and oxygen plasma bonding methods. Microwell structures were loaded with 3 μm antibody-functionalized dye-encoded polystyrene spheres, and a sandwich immunoassay for common cytokines was performed to demonstrate proof-of-principle. Potential applications for this device include highly parallel multiplexed sandwich immunoassays, DNA/RNA hybridization analyses, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The fabrication technique described can be used for rapid prototyping of devices wherever submicrometer- to micrometer-sized features are incorporated into a microfluidic device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Hampton Henley
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapman Hall CB#3216, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kamalasanan K, Jhunjhunwala S, Wu J, Swanson A, Gao D, Little SR. Patchy, Anisotropic Microspheres with Soft Protein Islets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
10
|
Kamalasanan K, Jhunjhunwala S, Wu J, Swanson A, Gao D, Little SR. Patchy, anisotropic microspheres with soft protein islets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8706-8. [PMID: 21809425 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaladhar Kamalasanan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lien KY, Hung LY, Huang TB, Tsai YC, Lei HY, Lee GB. Rapid detection of influenza A virus infection utilizing an immunomagnetic bead-based microfluidic system. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3900-7. [PMID: 21466957 PMCID: PMC7127465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a new immunomagnetic bead-based microfluidic system for the rapid detection of influenza A virus infection by performing a simple two-step diagnostic process that includes a magnetic bead-based fluorescent immunoassay (FIA) and an end-point optical analysis. With the incorporation of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-conjugated immunomagnetic beads, target influenza A viral particles such as A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 can be specifically recognized and are bound onto the surface of the immunomagnetic beads from the specimen sample. This is followed by labeling the fluorescent signal onto the virus-bound magnetic complexes by specific developing mAb with R-phycoerythrin (PE). Finally, the optical intensity of the magnetic complexes can be analyzed immediately by the optical detection module. Significantly, the limit of detection (LOD) of this immunomagnetic bead-based microfluidic system for the detection of influenza A virus in a specimen sample is approximately 5×10(-4) hemagglutin units (HAU), which is 1024 times better than compared to conventional bench-top systems using flow cytometry. More importantly, the entire diagnostic protocol, from the purification of target viral particles to optical detection of the magnetic complexes, can be automatically completed within 15 min in this immunomagnetic bead-based microfluidic system, which is only 8.5% of the time required when compared to a manual protocol. As a whole, this microfluidic system may provide a powerful platform for the rapid diagnosis of influenza A virus infection and may be extended for diagnosis of other types of infectious diseases with a high specificity and sensitivity.
Collapse
Key Words
- 2d, two-dimensional
- 3d, three-dimensional
- a.u., arbitrary unit
- aids, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- aiv, avian influenza virus
- bp, band-pass
- bsa, bovine serum albumin
- cdc, center for disease control
- cft, complement fixation test
- di, deionized
- dv, dengue virus
- dc, direct current
- dmem, dulbecco's modified eagle's medium
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ev, enterovirus
- f/p, fluorochrome per mole of protein
- fia, fluorescent immunoassay
- ha, hemagglutinin
- hau, hemagglutin unit
- hi, hemagglutination inhibition
- if, immunofluorescence
- iu, international unit
- lod, limit of detection
- lp, long-pass
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mems, micro-electro-mechanical-systems
- na, neuraminidase
- np, nucleoprotein
- pbs, phosphate-buffered saline
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- pdms, polydimethylsiloxane
- pe, r-phycoerythrin
- pfu, plaque-forming unit
- pmt, photo-multiplier tube
- rt-pcr, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- s, streptavidin
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- influenza virus
- magnetic bead
- fluorescent immunoassay
- microfluidics
- mems
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yi Lien
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Microsystems Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Lien-Yu Hung
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Bin Huang
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Che Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yao Lei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Bin Lee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pan X, Ju J, Li J, Wu D. Poly(styrene-acrylamide-acrylic acid) copolymer fluorescent microspheres with improved hydrophilicity: preparation and influence on protein immobilization. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008310391824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly(styrene-acrylamide-acrylic acid) copolymer fluorescent microspheres (PSAAFMs) with improved surface hydrophilicity were synthesized through an improved soap-free emulsion copolymerization method, in which the proportion of acrylamide on the surface of the microspheres was increased. Azidocarbonyl groups, which can be rapidly coupled with proteins under mild conditions, were introduced onto the PSAAFMs using an azido reaction. The PSAAFMs were characterized using a fluorescence microscope, an ultraviolet/visible spectrometer, a Fourier transforms infrared spectrometer, a transmission electron microscope (TEM), a size analyzer, and a fluorescence spectrophotometer. Furthermore, covalent linking through the azidocarbonyl groups and physical nonspecific attachments of bovine serum albumin (BSA), trypsin, and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) onto the surface of the microspheres were also determined to evaluate the influence of improved surface hydrophilicity on nonspecific protein adsorption. Results from the TEM and size analyzer showed that the PSAAFMs maintained spherical shapes with an average diameter of 2.5 ± 0.22 µm. Fluorescence measurement indicated that the maximum emission wavelength underwent a slight blue shift from 514 to 512 nm. Environmental factors, such as pH value, imposed certain effects on fluorescence intensities. The linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and microspheres' concentration, which ranged from 1 × 10−3 to 10 × 10−3 g L−1, suggest their quantitative application. The significant decrease in the physical nonspecific adsorption of BSA, trypsin, and HCG in comparison with the microspheres without improved hydrophilicity suggest the increased amount of acrylamide on the surface of the microspheres. The protein covalent immobilization experiments revealed significant increases in BSA and HCG immobilization in comparison with the nonspecific physical attachment. The combination of high hydrophilicity and electrostatic repulsion could severely inhibit nonspecific protein attachment onto the surface of the microspheres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Ju
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daocheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Wang H, Li J, Nie J, Zhang Y, Shen G, Yu R. Nitrocellulose strip array assembled on superhydrophobic surface: An aqueous solution diffusion-localized platform for multianalyte immunogold staining assays. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3272-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Theilacker N, Roller EE, Barbee KD, Franzreb M, Huang X. Multiplexed protein analysis using encoded antibody-conjugated microbeads. J R Soc Interface 2011; 8:1104-13. [PMID: 21247950 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a method for multiplexed analysis of proteins using fluorescently encoded microbeads. The sensitivity of our method is comparable to the sensitivity obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay while only 5 µl sample volumes are needed. Streptavidin-coated, 1 µm beads are encoded with a combination of fluorophores at different intensity levels. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that 27 microbead populations can be readily encoded by affinity conjugation using three intensity levels for each of three different biotinylated fluorescent dyes. Four populations of encoded microbeads are further conjugated with biotinylated capture antibodies and then combined and immobilized in a microfluidic flow cell for multiplexed protein analysis. Using four uniquely encoded microbead populations, we show that a cancer biomarker and three cytokine proteins can be analysed quantitatively in the picogram per millilitre range by fluorescence microscopy in a single assay. Our method will allow for the fabrication of high density, bead-based antibody arrays for multiplexed protein analysis using integrated microfluidic devices and automated sample processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Theilacker
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Deiss F, Sojic N, White DJ, Stoddart PR. Nanostructured optical fibre arrays for high-density biochemical sensing and remote imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:53-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
16
|
Blicharz TM, Siqueira WL, Helmerhorst EJ, Oppenheim FG, Wexler PJ, Little FF, Walt DR. Fiber-optic microsphere-based antibody array for the analysis of inflammatory cytokines in saliva. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2106-14. [PMID: 19192965 PMCID: PMC2765577 DOI: 10.1021/ac802181j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibody microarrays have emerged as useful tools for high-throughput protein analysis and candidate biomarker screening. We describe here the development of a multiplexed microsphere-based antibody array capable of simultaneously measuring 10 inflammatory protein mediators. Cytokine-capture microspheres were fabricated by covalently coupling monoclonal antibodies specific for cytokines of interest to fluorescently encoded 3.1 microm polymer microspheres. An optical fiber bundle containing approximately 50,000 individual 3.1 microm diameter fibers was chemically etched to create microwells in which cytokine-capture microspheres could be deposited. Microspheres were randomly distributed in the wells to produce an antibody array for performing a multiplexed sandwich immunoassay. The array responded specifically to recombinant cytokine solutions in a concentration-dependent fashion. The array was also used to examine endogenous mediator patterns in saliva supernatants from patients with pulmonary inflammatory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This array technology may prove useful as a laboratory-based platform for inflammatory disease research and diagnostics, and its small footprint could also enable integration into a microfluidic cassette for use in point-of-care testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter L. Siqueira
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Eva J. Helmerhorst
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Frank G. Oppenheim
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Philip J. Wexler
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Frédéric F. Little
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - David R. Walt
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02155
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Derveaux S, Stubbe BG, Roelant C, Leblans M, De Geest BG, Demeester J, De Smedt SC. Layer-by-layer coated digitally encoded microcarriers for quantification of proteins in serum and plasma. Anal Chem 2008; 80:85-94. [PMID: 18052131 DOI: 10.1021/ac071212i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The "layer-by-layer" (LbL) technology has been widely investigated for the coating of flat substrates and capsules with polyelectrolytes. In this study, LbL polyelectrolyte coatings applied at the surface of digitally encoded microcarriers were evaluated for the quantitative, sensitive, and simultaneous detection of proteins in complex biological samples like serum, plasma, and blood. LbL coated microcarriers were therefore coupled to capture antibodies, which were used as capture agents for the detection of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), P24, and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). It was found that the LbL coatings did not disassemble upon incubating the microcarriers in serum and plasma. Also, nonspecific binding of target analytes to the LbL coating was not observed. We showed that the LbL coated microcarriers can reproducibly detect TNF-alpha, P24, and FSH down to the picogram per milliliter level, not only in buffer but also in serum and plasma samples. Microcarrier-to-microcarrier intratube variations were less then 30%, and interassay variations less than 8% were observed. This paper also shows evidence that the LbL coated digitally encoded microcarriers are ideally suited for assaying proteins in "whole" blood in microfluidic chips, which are of high interest for "point-of-care" diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefaan Derveaux
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, University of Ghent, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang G, Wang K, Xu J, Chen H. Determination of Theophylline in Drugs and Tea on Nanosized Cobalt Phthalocyanine Particles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120029740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
20
|
Abdel‐Hamid ME, Phillips OA. LC–MS/MS Determination of Carbamazepine, Pindolol, and Theophylline in Human Serum. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120021762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed E. Abdel‐Hamid
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kuwait University , P.O. Box 24923, Safat , 13110 , Kuwait
| | - Oludotun A. Phillips
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Kuwait University , P.O. Box 24923, Safat , 13110 , Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao X, Cao Y, Ito F, Chen HH, Nagai K, Zhao YH, Gu ZZ. Colloidal Crystal Beads as Supports for Biomolecular Screening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:6835-8. [PMID: 17001731 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhao X, Cao Y, Ito F, Chen HH, Nagai K, Zhao YH, Gu ZZ. Colloidal Crystal Beads as Supports for Biomolecular Screening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
23
|
Chin SF, Pantano P. Antibody-modified microwell arrays and photobiotin patterning on hydrocarbon-free glass. Microchem J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
24
|
Fenniri H, Terreau O, Chun S, Oh SJ, Finney WF, Morris MD. Classification of spectroscopically encoded resins by Raman mapping and infrared hyperspectral imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:192-8. [PMID: 16529514 DOI: 10.1021/cc050128i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Barcoded resins (BCRs) were recently introduced as a potential platform for pre-encoded multiplexed synthesis, screening, and biomedical diagnostics. A key step toward the development of this strategy is the ability to rapidly interrogate and classify the BCRs in a high-throughput, noninvasive manner. Here, we describe a one-step strategy based on Raman mapping and Fourier transform infrared imaging to classify and spatially resolve randomly distributed BCRs. To illustrate this methodology, mixtures of up to 25 different BCRs were imaged and classified with 100% confidence. This strategy can be readily extended to a larger pool of resins, provided each BCR features a unique vibrational fingerprint (spectroscopic barcode). We have also established that reliable single-bead Raman spectra can be recorded in 10 ms, thus confirming that Raman mapping, in particular, could be a very fast method to classify the BCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Fenniri
- National Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (NINT-NRC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, ECERF: 9107-116 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chun S, Xu J, Cheng J, Ding L, Winograd N, Fenniri H. Spectroscopically encoded resins for high throughput imaging time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:18-25. [PMID: 16398549 DOI: 10.1021/cc050086y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic barcoding was recently introduced as a new pre-encoding strategy wherein the resin beads are not just carriers for solid phase synthesis, but are, in addition, the repository of the synthetic scheme to which they were subjected. To expand the repertoire of spectroscopically barcoded resins (BCRs), here we introduce a new family of halogenated polystyrene-based polymers designed for high-throughput combinatorial analysis using not only infrared and Raman spectroscopy but also imaging time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). In particular, we have established that (a) the halogen content of these new resins can be used as an encoding element in quantitative imaging ToF-SIMS and (b) the number of styrene monomers used to generate unique vibrational fingerprints can be significantly reduced by using monomers in different molar ratios. The combination of quantitative imaging ToF-SIMS and vibrational spectroscopy is anticipated to dramatically increase the repertoire of possible BCRs from a few hundreds to several thousands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangki Chun
- LG Chem Research Park, 104-1 Moonji-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-380, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rissin DM, Walt DR. Duplexed sandwich immunoassays on a fiber-optic microarray. Anal Chim Acta 2005; 564:34-9. [PMID: 17723359 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a duplexed imaging optical fiber array-based immunoassay for immunoglobulin A (IgA) and lactoferrin. To fabricate the individually addressable array, microspheres were functionalized with highly specific monoclonal antibodies. The microspheres were loaded in microwells etched into the distal face of an imaging optical fiber bundle. Two microsphere-based sandwich immunoassays were developed to simultaneously detect IgA and lactoferrin, two innate immune system proteins found in human saliva. Individual microspheres could be interrogated for the simultaneous measurement of both proteins. The working concentration range for IgA detection was between 700 pM and 100 nM, while the working concentration range for lactoferrin was between 385 pM and 10 nM. The cross-reactivity between detection antibodies and their non-specific targets was relatively low in comparison to the signal generated by the specific binding with their targets. These results suggest that the degree of multiplexing on this fiber-optic array platform can be increased beyond a duplex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Rissin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhu YH, Zhang ZL, Pang DW. Electrochemical oxidation of theophylline at multi-wall carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
28
|
Wiklund M, Nord O, Gothäll R, Chernyshev AV, Nygren PA, Hertz HM. Fluorescence-microscopy-based image analysis for analyte-dependent particle doublet detection in a single-step immunoagglutination assay. Anal Biochem 2005; 338:90-101. [PMID: 15707939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluorescence-microscopy-based image analysis method for classification of singlet and doublet latex particles is demonstrated and applied to a particle-based immunoagglutination assay for quantification of biomolecules in microliter-volume bulk samples. The image analysis method, verified by flow cytometric agglutination analysis, is based on a pattern recognition algorithm employing Gaussian-base-function fitting which allows robust identification and counting of singlets, doublets, and higher agglomerates of fluorescent microparticles. The immunoagglutination assay is experimentally modeled by a biotin-streptavidin interaction, with the goal of both theoretically and experimentally investigating the performance of a general immunoagglutination-based assay. For this purpose a theoretical model of the initial agglutination kinetics, based on particle diffusion combined with a steric factor determined by the level of specific and nonspecific agglutination, was developed. The theoretical model combined with the experimental data can be used to optimize an agglutination-based assay with regard to sensitivity and dynamic range and to estimate the affinity, receptor surface density, molecular and binding site sizes, and level of nonspecific binding that is present in the assay. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical model, indicating the usefulness of the model for immunoagglutination assay optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiklund
- Biomedical and X-Ray Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Malmstadt N, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS. "Smart" mobile affinity matrix for microfluidic immunoassays. LAB ON A CHIP 2004; 4:412-5. [PMID: 15269814 DOI: 10.1039/b315394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a current need for simple methods for immobilizing biomolecules within microfluidic channels. Here, a technique is reported for reversibly immobilizing immunoassay components in a channel zone that can be simply controlled by integrated heating elements. Latex beads were modified with the temperature-responsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAAm) and co-modified with biotinylated poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG). PNIPAAm undergoes a hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic transition when the temperature is raised above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST)( approximately 28 degrees C in the solutions used here). This reversible transition drives the aggregation and dis-aggregation of the modified beads in heated zones within poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) microchannels. Biotinylated monoclonal antibodies for the drug digoxin were bound via streptavidin to the biotin-PEG-coated beads. These antibody-functionalized beads were then reversibly immobilized by aggregation and hydrophobic adhesion to the surface of PET microfluidic channels in response to a thermal stimulus. The antibodies on the beads immobilized in the channel were shown to bind digoxin and a competitor fluorescent ligand from a flow stream in a quantitative competitive assay format that reported the digoxin concentration. The antibodies could be replenished for each immunoassay trial, using the reversible, temperature-controlled immobilization process. This technique allows reagent immobilization immediately prior to an analytical procedure, following the removal of previously utilized beads, guaranteeing fresh and active immobilized biomolecules. Furthermore, it provides a simple approach to multiplexing through the simultaneous or sequential injection of different antibody-coated bead species, potentially at multiple sites in the integrated device channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah Malmstadt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhi ZL, Morita Y, Hasan Q, Tamiya E. Micromachining Microcarrier-Based Biomolecular Encoding for Miniaturized and Multiplexed Immunoassay. Anal Chem 2003; 75:4125-31. [PMID: 14651038 DOI: 10.1021/ac034165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Micromachining techniques, which originated in the microelectronics industry, have been employed to manufacture microparticles bearing an engraved dot-type signature for biomolecular encoding. These metallic microstructures are photolithographically defined and manufactured in a highly reproducible manner. In addition, the code introduced on the particle face is a straightforward visible feature that is easily recognizable with the use of optical microscopy. The number of distinct codes theoretically could be many thousands, depending on the coding element numbers. Such microparticles are, thus, with appropriate surface organic functionalizations, ideal for encoding biomolecular libraries and serving as a platform for developing high-throughput multiplexed bioassay schemes based on suspension array technology. As proof of this statement, we demonstrated that encoded microparticles tagged with antibodies to human immunoglobulin classes are capable, using imaging detection as the interrogating approach, of high sensitivity and high specificity, as well as multiplexed detection of the respective antigens in a microliter-sample volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-liang Zhi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1, Asahidai, Tatsunokuchi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Peruski AH, Peruski LF. Immunological methods for detection and identification of infectious disease and biological warfare agents. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:506-13. [PMID: 12853377 PMCID: PMC164256 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.4.506-513.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Harwood Peruski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Northwest Center, Gary, Indiana 46408, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Imaging optical fibres have been etched to prepare microwell arrays. These microwells have been loaded with sensing materials such as bead-based sensors and living cells to create high-density sensor arrays. The extremely small sizes and volumes of the wells enable high sensitivity and high information content sensing capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Walt
- Max Tishler Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Waris ME, Meltola NJ, Soini JT, Soini E, Peltola OJ, Hänninen PE. Two-photon excitation fluorometric measurement of homogeneous microparticle immunoassay for C-reactive protein. Anal Biochem 2002; 309:67-74. [PMID: 12381363 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in infrared laser technology have enabled the design of a compact instrumentation for two-photon excitation microparticle fluorometry (TPX). The microparticles can be used in immunoassays as the antibody-coated solid phase to capture an antigen and then detect it with a fluorescently labeled tracer antibody. Unlike most other methods, TPX technology allows low-volume, homogeneous immunoassays with real-time measurements of assay particles in the presence of a moderate excess of fluorescent tracer. In this study, the TPX assay system was used for the reagent characterization and the measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) in diluted plasma samples, targeting the assay range useful in infectious disease diagnosis. The pentameric structure of the CRP permitted the optimization of an assay with the lowest detectable concentration of 1 microg/L (7.5 pM) by using a single monoclonal antibody both for capture and as the tracer. With a 1:200 predilution of samples, the measurement range of the assay was 1-150 mg/L, but an additional 1:10 dilution was required for higher concentrations. The TPX method showed a good correlation with the reference result obtained in a routine hospital laboratory, demonstrating the feasibility of the technology for immunodiagnostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matti E Waris
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Central Hospital, University of Turku, P.O. Box 123, FIN-20521, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lal SP, Christopherson RI, dos Remedios CG. Antibody arrays: an embryonic but rapidly growing technology. Drug Discov Today 2002; 7:S143-9. [PMID: 12546881 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein arrays are now an attractive proposition as they can measure a diverse range of protein interactions not possible with traditional DNA arrays. Antibody arrays are a specific subset of this technology. Originally conceived as multi-analyte detectors, antibody arrays are now used in a wide variety of applications. For instance, the potential of this technology to diagnose human diseases, such as leukemia, breast cancer and, potentially, heart failure, has stimulated much interest. Furthermore, identification of new protein targets in particular disease states will prove to be an invaluable tool in drug discovery and development. Patient prognosis and treatment are also potential applications of the technology. Antibody arrays have proved to be dynamic in response to these broad range of possibilities. This review examines variations in antibody array design and discusses current and potential applications of this novel and interesting technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Lal
- Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Christodoulides N, Tran M, Floriano PN, Rodriguez M, Goodey A, Ali M, Neikirk D, McDevitt JT. A microchip-based multianalyte assay system for the assessment of cardiac risk. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3030-6. [PMID: 12141661 DOI: 10.1021/ac011150a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a novel chip-based multianalyte detection system with a cardiac theme is reported. This work follows the initial reports of "electronic taste chips" whereby multiple solution-phase analytes such as acids, bases, metal cations, and biological cofactors were detected and quantitated. The newly fashioned "cardiac chip" exploits a geometry that allows for isolation and entrapment of single polymeric spheres in micromachined pits while providing to each bead the rapid introduction of a series of reagents/washes through microfluidic structures. The combination of these miniaturized components fosters the completion of complex assays with short analysis times using small sample volumes. Optical signals derived from single beads are used to complete immunological tests that yield outstanding assay characteristics. The power and utility of this new methodology is demonstrated here for the simultaneous detection of the cardiac risk factors, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, in human serum samples. This demonstration represents the first important step toward the development of a useful cardiac chip that targets numerous risk factors concurrently and one that can be customized readily for specific clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Christodoulides
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Leblans M, Pauwels R, Demeester J. Encoding microcarriers: present and future technologies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002; 1:447-56. [PMID: 12119746 DOI: 10.1038/nrd817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In answer to the ever-increasing need to carry out many assays simultaneously in drug screening and drug discovery, several microcarrier-based multiplex technologies have arisen in the past few years. The compounds to be screened are attached to the surface of microcarriers, which can be mixed together in a vessel that contains the target analyte. Each microcarrier has to be encoded to know which compound is attached to its surface. In this article, the methods that have been developed for the encoding of microcarriers are reviewed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Weng S, Gu K, Hammond PW, Lohse P, Rise C, Wagner RW, Wright MC, Kuimelis RG. Generating addressable protein microarrays with PROfusion™ covalent mRNA-protein fusion technology. Proteomics 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9861(200201)2:1<48::aid-prot48>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
Wnt-1-induced secreted protein 1 (WISP-1) is a member of the CCN (connective tissue growth factor, Cyr61, NOV) family of growth factors. Structural and experimental evidence suggests that CCN family member activities are modulated by their interaction with sulfated glycoconjugates. To elucidate the mechanism of action for WISP-1, we characterized the specificity of its tissue and cellular interaction and identified binding factors. WISP-1 binding was restricted to the stroma of colon tumors and to cells with a fibroblastic phenotype. By using a solid phase assay, we showed that human skin fibroblast conditioned media contained WISP-1 binding factors. Competitive inhibition with different glycosaminoglycans and treatment with glycosaminoglycan lyases and proteases demonstrated that binding to the conditioned media was mediated by dermatan sulfate proteoglycans. Mass spectrometric analysis identified the isolated binding factors as decorin and biglycan. Decorin and biglycan interacted directly with WISP-1 and inhibited its binding to components in the conditioned media. Similarly, WISP-1 interaction with human skin fibroblasts was inhibited by dermatan sulfate, decorin, and biglycan or by treatment of the cell surface with dermatan sulfate-specific lyases. Together these results demonstrate that decorin and biglycan are WISP-1 binding factors that can mediate and modulate its interaction with the surface of fibroblasts. We propose that this specific interaction plays a role in the regulation of WISP-1 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Desnoyers
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|