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Seidl C, de Lima JM, Leme GM, Pires AF, Stoll DR, Cardoso CL. A Comprehensive 2D-LC/MS Online Platform for Screening of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:868597. [PMID: 35372507 PMCID: PMC8967351 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.868597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous interest in discovering new bioactive molecules derived from natural products (NP) has stimulated the development of improved screening assays to help overcome challenges in NP-based drug discovery. Here, we describe a unique platform for the online screening of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors without the need for pre-treating the sample. In the current study, we have demonstrated the ability to combine reversed-phase separation with a capillary immobilized enzyme reactor (cIMER) in two-dimensional liquid chromatography system coupled with mass spectrometry detection. We systematically investigated the effects of method parameters that are of practical significance and are known to affect the enzyme assay and interfere in the analysis such as: bioreactor dimensions, loop sizes, amount of immobilized enzyme, second dimension flow rates, reaction time, substrate concentration, presence of organic modifier, limit of detection and signal suppression. The performance of this new platform was evaluated using a mixture containing three known AChE inhibitors (tacrine, galanthamine and donepezil) and an ethanolic extract obtained from the dry bulbs of Hippeastrum calyptratum (Amaryllidaceae) was investigated to provide a proof of concept of the applicability of the platform for the analysis of complex mixtures such as those derived from NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Seidl
- Grupo de Cromatografia de Bioafinidade e Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana Maria de Lima
- Grupo de Cromatografia de Bioafinidade e Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Mazzi Leme
- SEPARARE Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Cromatografia, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ananda Ferreira Pires
- Grupo de Cromatografia de Bioafinidade e Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dwight R. Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MIN, United States
| | - Carmen Lúcia Cardoso
- Grupo de Cromatografia de Bioafinidade e Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Carmen Lúcia Cardoso,
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2
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Li Z, Hage DS. Analysis of stereoselective drug interactions with serum proteins by high-performance affinity chromatography: A historical perspective. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:12-24. [PMID: 28094095 PMCID: PMC5505820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of drugs with serum proteins are often stereoselective and can affect the distribution, activity, toxicity and rate of excretion of these drugs in the body. A number of approaches based on affinity chromatography, and particularly high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC), have been used as tools to study these interactions. This review describes the general principles of affinity chromatography and HPAC as related to their use in drug binding studies. The types of serum agents that have been examined with these methods are also discussed, including human serum albumin, α1-acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins. This is followed by a description of the various formats based on affinity chromatography and HPAC that have been used to investigate drug interactions with serum proteins and the historical development for each of these formats. Specific techniques that are discussed include zonal elution, frontal analysis, and kinetic methods such as those that make use of band-broadening measurements, peak decay analysis, or ultrafast affinity extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - David S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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3
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Rapid LC-MS Based High-Throughput Screening Method, Affording No False Positives or False Negatives, Identifies a New Inhibitor for Carbonic Anhydrase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10324. [PMID: 28871149 PMCID: PMC5583356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08602-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing effective high-throughput screening (HTS) methods is of paramount importance in the early stage of drug discovery. While rugged and robust assays may be easily developed for certain enzymes, HTS assays designed to identify ligands that block protein binding are much more challenging to develop; attenuating the number of false positives and false negatives under high-throughput screening conditions is particularly difficult. We describe an MS-based HTS workflow that addresses these challenges. The assay mitigates false positives by selectively identifying positive hits exclusively when a ligand at the binding site of interest is displaced; it mitigates false negatives by detecting a reporter compound that ionizes well, not by detecting the ligand binder, which may not ionize. The method was validated by detecting known binders of three proteins, pepsin, maltose binding protein (MBP), and carbonic anhydrase (CA) in the presence of hundreds of non-binders. We also identified a novel CA binder, pifithrin-µ, which could not have been identified by any other MS-based assay because of its poor ionization efficiency. This new method addresses many of the challenges that are currently encountered during high-throughput screening.
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4
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Hage DS. Analysis of Biological Interactions by Affinity Chromatography: Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications. Clin Chem 2017; 63:1083-1093. [PMID: 28396561 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.262253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interactions between biochemical and chemical agents in the body are important in many clinical processes. Affinity chromatography and high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC), in which a column contains an immobilized biologically related binding agent, are 2 methods that can be used to study these interactions. CONTENT This review presents various approaches that can be used in affinity chromatography and HPAC to characterize the strength or rate of a biological interaction, the number and types of sites that are involved in this process, and the interactions between multiple solutes for the same binding agent. A number of applications for these methods are examined, with an emphasis on recent developments and high-performance affinity methods. These applications include the use of these techniques for fundamental studies of biological interactions, high-throughput screening of drugs, work with modified proteins, tools for personalized medicine, and studies of drug-drug competition for a common binding agent. SUMMARY The wide range of formats and detection methods that can be used with affinity chromatography and HPAC for examining biological interactions makes these tools attractive for various clinical and pharmaceutical applications. Future directions in the development of small-scale columns and the coupling of these methods with other techniques, such as mass spectrometry or other separation methods, should continue to increase the flexibility and ease with which these approaches can be used in work involving clinical or pharmaceutical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
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5
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Abstract
Frontal affinity chromatography (FAC) is a versatile analytical tool for determining specific interactions between biomolecules and is particularly useful in the field of glycobiology. This article presents its basic aspects, merits, and theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Kasai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan,
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6
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Zheng X, Li Z, Beeram S, Podariu M, Matsuda R, Pfaunmiller EL, White CJ, Carter N, Hage DS. Analysis of biomolecular interactions using affinity microcolumns: a review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 968:49-63. [PMID: 24572459 PMCID: PMC4112177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography has become an important tool for characterizing biomolecular interactions. The use of affinity microcolumns, which contain immobilized binding agents and have volumes in the mid-to-low microliter range, has received particular attention in recent years. Potential advantages of affinity microcolumns include the many analysis and detection formats that can be used with these columns, as well as the need for only small amounts of supports and immobilized binding agents. This review examines how affinity microcolumns have been used to examine biomolecular interactions. Both capillary-based microcolumns and short microcolumns are considered. The use of affinity microcolumns with zonal elution and frontal analysis methods are discussed. The techniques of peak decay analysis, ultrafast affinity extraction, split-peak analysis, and band-broadening studies are also explored. The principles of these methods are examined and various applications are provided to illustrate the use of these methods with affinity microcolumns. It is shown how these techniques can be utilized to provide information on the binding strength and kinetics of an interaction, as well as on the number and types of binding sites. It is further demonstrated how information on competition or displacement effects can be obtained by these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Sandya Beeram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Maria Podariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Ryan Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Erika L Pfaunmiller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Christopher J White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - NaTasha Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - David S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA.
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7
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Discovery of xanthine oxidase inhibitors from a complex mixture using an online, restricted-access material coupled with column-switching liquid chromatography with a diode-array detection system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:1975-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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de Moraes MC, Vanzolini KL, Cardoso CL, Cass QB. New trends in LC protein ligand screening. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 87:155-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Zhao X, Lu H, Huang J, Zheng J, Zheng X, Zhang Y. Binding Interaction Between Prazosin and Immobilized Receptor by Frontal Analysis. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Functional proteomics: application of mass spectrometry to the study of enzymology in complex mixtures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:625-45. [PMID: 21769551 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent developments in mass spectrometry-based applications dealing with functional proteomics with special emphasis on enzymology. The introduction of mass spectrometry into this research field has led to an enormous increase in knowledge in recent years. A major challenge is the identification of "biologically active substances" in complex mixtures. These biologically active substances are, on the one hand, potential regulators of enzymes. Elucidation of function and identity of those regulators may be accomplished by different strategies, which are discussed in this review. The most promising approach thereby seems to be the one-step procedure, because it enables identification of the functionality and identity of biologically active substances in parallel and thus avoids misinterpretation. On the other hand, besides the detection of regulators, the identification of endogenous substrates for known enzymes is an emerging research field, but in this case studies are quite rare. Moreover, the term biologically active substances may also encompass proteins with diverse biological functions. Elucidation of the functionality of those-so far unknown-proteins in complex mixtures is another branch of functional proteomics and those investigations will also be discussed in this review.
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11
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Forsberg EM, Green JRA, Brennan JD. Continuous Flow Immobilized Enzyme Reactor–Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Screening of AChE Inhibitors in Complex Mixtures. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5230-6. [PMID: 21591743 DOI: 10.1021/ac200534t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Forsberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - James R. A. Green
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - John D. Brennan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1
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12
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Liu X, Gomez FA. Microchip frontal affinity chromatography to study the binding of a ligand to teicoplanin-derivatized microbeads. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1194-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Lebert JM, Forsberg EM, Brennan JD. Solid-phase assays for small molecule screening using sol-gel entrapped proteins. Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:100-10. [PMID: 18443623 DOI: 10.1139/o08-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With compound libraries exceeding one million compounds, the ability to quickly and effectively screen these compounds against relevant pharmaceutical targets has become crucial. Solid-phase assays present several advantages over solution-based methods. For example, a higher degree of miniaturization can be achieved, functional- and affinity-based studies are possible, and a variety of detection methods can be used. Unfortunately, most protein immobilization methods are either too harsh or require recombinant proteins and thus are not amenable to delicate proteins such as kinases and membrane-bound receptors. Sol-gel encapsulation of proteins in an inorganic silica matrix has emerged as a novel solid-phase assay platform. In this minireview, we discuss the development of sol-gel derived protein microarrays and sol-gel based monolithic bioaffinity columns for the high-throughput screening of small molecule libraries and mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Lebert
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8S4M1, Canada
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14
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Madera M, Mann B, Mechref Y, Novotny MV. Efficacy of glycoprotein enrichment by microscale lectin affinity chromatography. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2722-32. [PMID: 18623281 PMCID: PMC3658453 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reproducible and efficient affinity enrichment is increasingly viewed as an essential step in many investigations leading to the discovery of new biomarkers. In this work, we have evaluated the repeatability of lectin enrichment of glycoproteins from human blood serum through both qualitative and quantitative proteomic approaches. In a comprehensive evaluation of lectin binding, we have performed 30 separate microscale lectin affinity chromatography experiments, followed by a conventional sample purification, and LC-MS/MS analysis of the enriched glycoproteins. Two lectin affinity matrixes, both with Con A lectin, immobilized to the same solid support but differing in the amount of immobilized lectin, were investigated to characterize their binding properties. Both qualitative and quantitative data indicate acceptable repeatability and binding efficiency for the lectin materials received from two different commercial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Madera
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - Benjamin Mann
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - Yehia Mechref
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405
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15
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Sharma J, Besanger TR, Brennan JD. Assaying Small-Molecule−Receptor Interactions by Continuous Flow Competitive Displacement Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3213-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jai Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Travis R. Besanger
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - John D. Brennan
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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16
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Ng ESM, Chan NWC, Lewis DF, Hindsgaul O, Schriemer DC. Frontal affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2007; 2:1907-17. [PMID: 17703202 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Frontal affinity chromatography (FAC) is a biophysical method for the discovery and characterization of molecular interactions in a flow-based system. Several different modes of analysis are possible by interfacing to the mass spectrometer, including robust single-compound characterizations as well as high-throughput screening of over 1,000 compounds per run. The method supports thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of interactions for a wide range of molecular species and possesses similarities to flow-based biosensors such as surface plasmon resonance. It offers sensitive detection of ligands present well below their respective dissociation constants, and can be assembled from readily available laboratory components. Direct coupling of the FAC cartridge to the mass spectrometer is useful for the interrogation of single compounds or mixtures of limited complexity. An offline fractionation schema is more appropriate for discovery-mode applications. A high-performance FAC system enabling both modes can be assembled in 2-3 h. Measurements of dissociation constants can be made with such a system in 0.5-3 h, and the system supports higher-throughput screening modes at a rate of 10,000 compounds d(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella S M Ng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Rademacher C, Shoemaker GK, Kim HS, Zheng RB, Taha H, Liu C, Nacario RC, Schriemer DC, Klassen JS, Peters T, Lowary TL. Ligand specificity of CS-35, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan: a model system for oligofuranoside-protein recognition. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:10489-502. [PMID: 17672460 DOI: 10.1021/ja0723380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The CS-35 antibody is widely used in the characterization of glycans containing D-arabinofuranose residues, in particular polysaccharides present in the mycobacterial cell wall. A detailed understanding of the combining site of this antibody and the measurement of its binding to different ligands is of interest as this knowledge will have implications in the characterization of arabinofuranose-containing glycoconjugates that are increasingly recognized as important biological molecules. Of even greater significance is that an in-depth study of this carbohydrate-protein interaction will provide insights into the mechanisms by which oligosaccharides containing furanose rings are bound by proteins, an area that has, to date, received little attention. This system has been refractory to X-ray crystallography, and thus we report here a study of the interaction of CS-35 with its ligands using a combination of chemical synthesis, mass spectrometry, titration microcalorimetry, and NMR spectroscopy. Through these investigations we have established that the binding pocket recognizes, as a minimum epitope, a linear tetrasaccharide motif and that the residues at the reducing and non-reducing end of the oligosaccharide are essential for tight binding. The residue at the non-reducing end appears to be bound in an aliphatic pocket, whereas the rest of the tetrasaccharide interacts more strongly with aromatic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rademacher
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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18
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Rupcich N, Nutiu R, Li Y, Brennan JD. Solid-phase enzyme activity assay utilizing an entrapped fluorescence-signaling DNA aptamer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:3295-9. [PMID: 16619330 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rupcich
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W. Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
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19
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Zeleke JM, Smith GB, Hofstetter H, Hofstetter O. Enantiomer separation of amino acids in immunoaffinity micro LC-MS. Chirality 2007; 18:544-50. [PMID: 16642491 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chiral immunoaffinity microbore columns were directly interfaced with MS detection, and the effect of column length and temperature on the enantiomer separation of a number of underivatized aromatic and aliphatic amino acids was investigated utilizing an antibody chiral stationary phase that had been prepared by immobilizing a monoclonal anti-D-amino acid antibody onto silica. The stronger affinity of the antibody towards aromatic and bulky amino acids allowed separation of such analytes in a 0.75 x 150 mm column, while an increase in column length enabled separation of more weakly bound compounds. The strength of interaction between chiral selector and analytes could be modulated conveniently by lowering the temperature. For the first time, simultaneous enantiomer separation of mixtures of amino acids was achieved on antibody-based chiral stationary phases using extracted ion chromatograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Zeleke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2862, USA
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20
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Kovarik P, Hodgson RJ, Covey T, Brook MA, Brennan JD. Capillary-scale frontal affinity chromatography/MALDI tandem mass spectrometry using protein-doped monolithic silica columns. Anal Chem 2007; 77:3340-50. [PMID: 15889927 DOI: 10.1021/ac048263p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Frontal affinity chromatography (FAC) interfaced with electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been reported as a potential method for screening of compound mixtures against immobilized target proteins. However, the interfacing of bioaffinity columns to ESI-MS requires that the eluent that passes through the protein-loaded column have a relatively low ionic strength to produce a stable spray. Such low ionic strength solvents can cause serious problems with protein stability and may also affect binding constants and lead to high nonspecific binding to the column. Herein, we report on the interfacing of bioaffinity columns to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS/MS as a new platform for FAC/MS studies. Capillary columns containing a monolithic silica material with entrapped dihydrofolate reductase were used for frontal affinity chromatography of small-molecule mixtures. The output from the column was combined with a second stream containing alpha-cyano-hydoxycinnamic acid in methanol and was deposited using a nebulizer-assisted electrospray method onto a conventional MALDI plate that moved relative to the column via a computer-controlled x-y stage, creating a semipermanent record of the FAC run. The use of MALDI MS/MS allowed for buffers with significantly higher ionic strength to be used for FAC studies, which reduced nonspecific binding of ionic compounds and allowed for better retention of protein activity over multiple runs. Following deposition, MALDI analysis required only a fraction of the chromatographic run time, and the deposited track could be rerun multiple times to optimize ionization parameters and allow signal averaging to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, high levels of potential inhibitors could be detected via MALDI with limited ion suppression effects. Both MALDI- and ESI-based analysis showed similar retention of inhibitors present in compound mixtures when using identical ionic strength conditions. The results show that FAC/MALDI-MS should provide advantages over FAC/ESI-MS for high-throughput screening of compound mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovarik
- MDS/Sciex, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
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21
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Macnaughtan MA, Kamar M, Alvarez-Manilla G, Venot A, Glushka J, Pierce JM, Prestegard JH. NMR structural characterization of substrates bound to N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V. J Mol Biol 2006; 366:1266-81. [PMID: 17204285 PMCID: PMC1808497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. It is responsible for the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) from the nucleotide sugar donor, uridine 5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), to the 6 position of the alpha-1-6 linked Man residue in N-linked oligosaccharide core structures. GnT-V up-regulation has been linked to increased cancer invasiveness and metastasis and, appropriately, targeted for drug development. However, drug design is impeded by the lack of structural information on the protein and the way in which substrates are bound. Even though the catalytic domain of this type II membrane protein can be expressed in mammalian cell culture, obtaining structural information has proved challenging due to the size of the catalytic domain (95 kDa) and its required glycosylation. Here, we present an experimental approach to obtaining information on structural characteristics of the active site of GnT-V through the investigation of the bound conformation and relative placement of its ligands, UDP-GlcNAc and beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Manp-(1-->6)-beta-D-GlcpOOctyl. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiments, inducing transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (trNOE) and saturation transfer difference (STD) experiments, were used to characterize the ligand conformation and ligand-protein contact surfaces. In addition, a novel paramagnetic relaxation enhancement experiment using a spin-labeled ligand analogue, 5'-diphospho-4-O-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (UDP-TEMPO), was used to characterize the relative orientation of the two bound ligands. The structural information obtained for the substrates in the active site of GnT-V can be useful in the design of inhibitors for GnT-V.
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Wang J, Zhang B, Fang J, Sujino K, Li H, Otter A, Hindsgaul O, Palcic MM, Wang PG. Frontal Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry: An Effective Method for KdDetermination and Screening of α‐Gal Derivatives Binding to Anti‐Gal Antibodies (IgG). J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/car-120025323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Wang
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
- b Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
- c Triad Therapeutics, Inc. , 9381 Judicial Drive, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Boyan Zhang
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jianwen Fang
- b Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
| | - Keiko Sujino
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Hong Li
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Albin Otter
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ole Hindsgaul
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Monica M. Palcic
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Peng George Wang
- b Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
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23
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Borch J, Roepstorff P. Screening for enzyme inhibitors by surface plasmon resonance combined with mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 76:5243-8. [PMID: 15362879 DOI: 10.1021/ac049335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel strategy to identify enzyme inhibitors that interact directly with their enzyme targets. In the approach, an enzyme is immobilized on a sensor chip, and it is determined whether the immobilized enzyme is still active by incubation with model substrates and mass spectrometric analysis of the products. Putative inhibitors or mixtures containing putative inhibitors are then injected over the sensor chip for binding analysis with surface plasmon resonance. It is then tested whether the bound compounds inhibit the enzymatic activity by subsequent incubation with the model substrate and mass spectrometric analysis. If the bound compound inhibits the enzyme, the inhibitor is eluted from the enzyme and characterized by mass spectrometry. To test the strategy, it has been applied to the well-characterized interaction between trypsin and pure bovine pancreas trypsin inhibitor. Furthermore, fractions of plant extracts were screened for binding to and inhibition of carboxypeptidase B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Borch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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24
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Rupcich N, Nutiu R, Li Y, Brennan JD. Solid-Phase Enzyme Activity Assay Utilizing an Entrapped Fluorescence-Signaling DNA Aptamer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Tang ZM, Kang JW. Enzyme Inhibitor Screening by Capillary Electrophoresis with an on-Column Immobilized Enzyme Microreactor Created by an Ionic Binding Technique. Anal Chem 2006; 78:2514-20. [PMID: 16615758 DOI: 10.1021/ac052030w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy for screening the enzyme inhibitors from the complex mixtures by capillary electrophoresis with an on-column immobilized enzyme microreactor created by an ionic binding technique is reported. The enzyme microreactor was prepared in two steps: First, the capillary wall was dynamically coated with a polycationic electrolyte hexadimethrine bromide (HDB) by simply flushing the column using the HDB solution. Subsequently, a plug of the enzyme solution was injected and incubated for 5 min to permit the enzyme molecules to immobilize on the positively charged coating via ionic binding. To demonstrate this strategy, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was employed as a model for the enzyme immobilization, inhibition study, and inhibitor screening. It has been proved that such a prepared immobilized ACE microreactor displays a high enough activity and stability. Furthermore, the immobilized enzyme microreactor could be easily renewed. The inhibition study or inhibitor screening was accomplished through the following procedure: (i) the substrate solution was injected and incubated within the microreactor for a short time span; (ii) subsequently, the voltage was applied to separate the product of the enzyme reaction from the unreacted substrate based on their different mobilities, the peak area of the product representing the enzyme activity; (iii) a certain amount of enzyme inhibitor or candidate compound was spiked into the substrate solution to assay the reduction of the immobilized enzyme activity. Thus, the inhibitors can be easily identified if the reduced peak area of the product is observed in electropherograms. Because the injection volume of the capillary was only 9.8 nL and the enzyme could be reusable, the assay cost could be dramatically reduced. The screening of a small compound library containing natural extracts and commercially available inhibitors was performed. The present approach has proved to be simple, rapid, and robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Mei Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fenglin Road 354, Shanghai, 200032, China
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26
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Besanger TR, Hodgson RJ, Green JRA, Brennan JD. Immobilized enzyme reactor chromatography: Optimization of protein retention and enzyme activity in monolithic silica stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 564:106-15. [PMID: 17723368 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our group recently reported on the application of protein-doped monolithic silica columns for immobilized enzyme reactor chromatography, which allowed screening of enzyme inhibitors present in mixtures using mass spectrometry for detection. The enzyme was immobilized by entrapment within a bimodal meso/macroporous silica material prepared by a biocompatible sol-gel processing route. While such columns proved to be useful for applications such as screening of protein-ligand interactions, significant amounts of entrapped proteins leached from the columns owing to the high proportion of macropores within the materials. Herein, we describe a detailed study of factors affecting the morphology of protein-doped bioaffinity columns and demonstrate that specific pH values and concentrations of poly(ethylene glycol) can be used to prepare essentially mesoporous columns that retain over 80% of initially loaded enzyme in an active and accessible form and yet still retain sufficient porosity to allow pressure-driven flow in the low muL/min range. Using the enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), we further evaluated the catalytic constants of the enzyme entrapped in capillary columns with different silica morphologies as a function of flowrate and backpressure using the enzyme reactor assay mode. It was found that the apparent activity of the enzyme was highest in mesoporous columns that retained high levels of enzyme. In such columns, enzyme activity increased by approximately 2-fold with increases in both flowrate (from 250 to 1000 nL/min) and backpressure generated (from 500 to 2100 psi) during the chromatographic activity assay owing to increases in k(cat) and decreases in K(M), switching from diffusion controlled to reaction controlled conditions at ca. 2000 psi. These results suggest that columns with minimal macropore volumes (<5%) are advantageous for the entrapment of soluble proteins for bioaffinity and bioreactor chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis R Besanger
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ont. L8S 4M1, Canada
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27
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Besanger TR, Hodgson RJ, Guillon D, Brennan JD. Monolithic membrane-receptor columns: Optimization of column performance for frontal affinity chromatography/mass spectrometry applications. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Deng G, Sanyal G. Applications of mass spectrometry in early stages of target based drug discovery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:528-38. [PMID: 16256286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has been applied to drug discovery for many years. With the advent of new ionization techniques, MS has emerged as an important analytical tool in identification and characterization of protein targets, structure elucidation of synthetic compounds, and early drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies. Two MS-based strategies, function-based and affinity-based, have been employed in recent years for screening and evaluation of compounds. In the function-based approach, the effects of compounds on the biological activity of a target molecule are measured. In the affinity-based approach, compounds are screened based on their binding affinities to target molecules. The interaction between targets and compounds can be directly evaluated by monitoring the formation of non-covalent target-ligand complexes (direct detection) or indirectly evaluated by detecting the compounds after separating bound compounds from unbound (indirect detection). Various techniques including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-MS, size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-MS, frontal affinity chromatography (FAC)-MS and desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS)-MS can be applied. The recent advances, relative advantages, and limitations of each MS-based method as a tool in compound screening and compound evaluation in the early stages of drug discovery are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gejing Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, Infection Drug Discovery, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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29
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Xu X. New concepts and approaches for drug discovery based on traditional Chinese medicine. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2006; 3:247-53. [PMID: 24980525 PMCID: PMC7105923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we report a new reverse approach (from finding bioactive molecules to separating target compounds in the related plant) by using virtual screening, immobilized enzyme and polyclonal antibody, molecularly imprinted polymers for finding, and separating the active compounds from TCM. This approach is faster and more efficient than the traditional time-consuming approach (from selecting the plant to separating compounds following the bioassay guidance).:
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Xu
- College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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30
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Ng ESM, Yang F, Kameyama A, Palcic MM, Hindsgaul O, Schriemer DC. High-Throughput Screening for Enzyme Inhibitors Using Frontal Affinity Chromatography with Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2005; 77:6125-33. [PMID: 16194069 DOI: 10.1021/ac051131r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work presents new frontal affinity chromatography (FAC) methodologies for high-throughput screening of compound libraries, designed to increase screening rates and improve sensitivity and ruggedness in performance. A FAC column constructed around the enzyme N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) was implemented in the identification of potential enzyme inhibitors from two libraries of trisaccharides. Effluent from the FAC column was fractionated, sequentially processed via LC/MS, and referenced to a similar analysis through a control FAC column lacking the enzyme. The resulting multidimensional data sets were compared across corresponding sample and control fractions to identify binders, in a semiautomated approach. A strong binder in the protonated form at m/z 795 was identified from the first library of 81 compounds, exhibiting an estimated Kd value of 0.3 microM. Other binders yielded Kd values ranging from 0.35 to 3.35 microM. To demonstrate the improvement in performance of this FAC-LC/MS approach over the conventional online FAC/MS approach, 15 compounds from this library were blended with a second library of 1000 synthetic trisaccharides and screened against GnT-V. All ligands in the 15-compound set were identified in this larger screen, and no ligands of greater affinity than compound 1 were found. Our results show that FAC-LC/MS is a reliable method for screening large compound libraries directly and useful for large-scale ligand discovery initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella S M Ng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Hodgson RJ, Brook MA, Brennan JD. Capillary-Scale Monolithic Immunoaffinity Columns for Immunoextraction with In-Line Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection. Anal Chem 2005; 77:4404-12. [PMID: 16013853 DOI: 10.1021/ac048142p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A bimodal meso/macroporous monolithic silica capillary column containing an entrapped antibody was prepared by a biocompatible sol-gel process and used for nanoflow immunoaffinity chromatography and immunoextraction studies. Stationary phases were prepared by combining the protein-compatible silane precursor diglycerylsilane with an aqueous solution containing 10,000 Da poly(ethylene glycol) and the antibody. An analytical method was developed that was capable of determining both the dissociation constant and binding site content for the anti-fluorescein antibody within the stationary phase. The assay showed that while the antibody residing in macropores was easily removed, approximately 20% of initially loaded antibody remained active and accessible after several washes, consistent with the antibody being entrapped within the mesopores of the sol-gel matrix. The dissociation constants for fluorescein binding to the anti-fluorescein antibody were similar in solution and in the meso/macroporous silica, indicating that the entrapped antibody retained its native conformation within such a matrix. The mixture was loaded into a 250-microm-i.d. fused-silica capillary where the polymer phase separated from the silica followed by gelation of the silica. The capillary-scale immunoaffinity columns could be operated at low back pressure using a syringe pump and were capable of performing chromatographic separations that were dependent on the presence of the antibody within the stationary phase. Such columns could also be operated using in-line laser-induced fluorescence detection. The use of the capillary-scale monolithic columns for on-column immunoextraction and preconcentration is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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32
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Geoghegan KF, Kelly MA. Biochemical applications of mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical drug discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2005; 24:347-366. [PMID: 15389851 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical applications of mass spectrometry (MS) are important in the pharmaceutical industry. They comprise compositional analyses of biomolecules, especially proteins, and methods that measure molecular functions such as ligand binding. In early drug discovery, MS is used to characterize essential reagents and in structural biology. A number of MS-based methods have been proposed for use in high-throughput screening (HTS), but are unlikely to supplant established radiometric and fluorometric methods for this purpose. These methods, which include pulsed-ultrafiltration MS, frontal affinity chromatography-MS, and size-exclusion chromatography-MS, may ultimately be most successful in the post-screening lead development phase. In full development, MS is used heavily in the search for biomarkers that can be used to gauge disease progression and drug action. This review gives equal attention to the technical aspects of MS-based methods and to selective pressures present in the industrial environment that influence their chances of gaining wide application.
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33
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Girelli AM, Mattei E. Application of immobilized enzyme reactor in on-line high performance liquid chromatography: A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 819:3-16. [PMID: 15797515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes all the research efforts in the last decade (1994-2003) that have been spent to the various application of immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) in on-line high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All immobilization procedures including supports, kind of assembly into chromatographic system and methods are described. The effect of immobilization on enzymatic properties and stability of biocatalysts is considered. A brief survey of the main applications of IMER both as pre-column, post-column or column in the chemical, pharmaceutical, clinical and commodities fields is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Girelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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34
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Abstract
Structural glycomics (SG) plays a fundamental part of concurrent glycobiology aiming at comprehensive elucidation of glycan functions ( i.e. , functional glycomics) in the context of post-genome sciences. The SG project started in April 2003 and will continue for 3 years in the framework of NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Organization) under the METI (the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry), Japan. The main purpose of the project is the development of high-throughput and robust machines, which should greatly contribute to the structural analysis of complex glycans. In this chapter, 2 major research items, i.e. , (1) glycoproteomics, which enables comprehensive analysis of glycoproteins, and (2) "glycan profiling" by means of lectins, are described. For the latter, frontal affinity chromatography has been adopted as a starting tool for comprehensive analysis of the interaction of 100 lectins and 100 oligosaccharides under the concept of "hect-by-hect," which refers to 100 x 100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirabayashi
- Glycostructure Analysis Team, Research Center for Gycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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35
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Chen Y, Zhang Z, Sui X, Brennan JD, Brook MA. Reduced shrinkage of sol–gel derived silicas using sugar-based silsesquioxane precursors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b502959g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Yi L, Li Z, Yuan K, Qu X, Chen J, Wang G, Zhang H, Luo H, Zhu L, Jiang P, Chen L, Shen Y, Luo M, Zuo G, Hu J, Duan D, Nie Y, Shi X, Wang W, Han Y, Li T, Liu Y, Ding M, Deng H, Xu X. Small molecules blocking the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus into host cells. J Virol 2004; 78:11334-9. [PMID: 15452254 PMCID: PMC521800 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.20.11334-11339.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the pathogen of SARS, which caused a global panic in 2003. We describe here the screening of Chinese herbal medicine-based, novel small molecules that bind avidly with the surface spike protein of SARS-CoV and thus can interfere with the entry of the virus to its host cells. We achieved this by using a two-step screening method consisting of frontal affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with a viral infection assay based on a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-luc/SARS pseudotyped virus. Two small molecules, tetra-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (TGG) and luteolin, were identified, whose anti-SARS-CoV activities were confirmed by using a wild-type SARS-CoV infection system. TGG exhibits prominent anti-SARS-CoV activity with a 50% effective concentration of 4.5 microM and a selective index of 240.0. The two-step screening method described here yielded several small molecules that can be used for developing new classes of anti-SARS-CoV drugs and is potentially useful for the high-throughput screening of drugs inhibiting the entry of HIV, hepatitis C virus, and other insidious viruses into their host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yi
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, Peoples Republic of China
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37
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Voltammetric investigation of avidin–biotin complex formation using an electroactive bisbiotinyl compound. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Burns KL, May SW. Separation methods applicable to the evaluation of enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-substrate interactions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 797:175-90. [PMID: 14630149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze a rich variety of metabolic transformations, and do so with very high catalytic rates under mild conditions, and with high reaction regioselectivity and stereospecificity. These characteristics make biocatalysis highly attractive from the perspectives of biotechnology, analytical chemistry, and organic synthesis. This review, containing 128 references, focuses on the use of separation techniques in the elucidation of enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-substrate interactions. While coverage of the literature is selective, a broad perspective is maintained. Topics considered include chromatographic methods with soluble or immobilized enzymes, capillary electrophoresis, biomolecular interaction analysis tandem mass spectrometry (BIA-MS), phage and ribosomal display, and immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs). Examples were selected to demonstrate the relevance and application of these methods for determining enzyme kinetic parameters, ranking of enzyme inhibitors, and stereoselective synthesis and separation of chiral entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Burns
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, USA
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39
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Luo H, Chen L, Li Z, Ding Z, Xu X. Frontal immunoaffinity chromatography with mass spectrometric detection: a method for finding active compounds from traditional Chinese herbs. Anal Chem 2004; 75:3994-8. [PMID: 14632110 DOI: 10.1021/ac034190i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Frontal affinity chromatography (FAC) using immobilized polyclone antibodies of compound A coupled with mass spectrometry was used for the screening of affinity compounds from an extract of Phyllanthus urinaria L. Mass spectrometry was used as an analyzer of FAC. It can analyze the frontal affinity chromatogram of each compound of the extract in one program. The extract was dissolved in 2 mM NH4OAc at a concentration of 10 microg/ mL, then loaded on the immobilized antibody column, and data were collected from mass spectrometry to get a frontal affinity chromatogram. The screening of extract resulted in brevifolin, brevifolin carboxylic acid, corilagin, ellagic acid, and phyllanthusiin U. Activity analyses give high inhibitory activities to these compounds. This research work afforded us a new approach to find new leading compounds from nature or a man-made combinatorial library that have different structure styles or to find substitutes for the synthetic active compound that has high toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng Luo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China 100871
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40
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Cruz-Aguado JA, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Brook MA, Brennan JD. Entrapment of Src Protein Tyrosine Kinase in Sugar-Modified Silica. Anal Chem 2004; 76:4182-8. [PMID: 15253661 DOI: 10.1021/ac0497048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel sugar-modified silica has been used to entrap for the first time a protein tyrosine kinase (PTK). Silane precursors bearing covalently attached gluconamide moieties were used in combination with the biocompatible precursor diglycerylsilane (DGS) to generate sol-gel derived silica that was able to encapsulate highly active Src PTK and preserve the activity of the enzyme over multiple uses. The relative activity of the enzyme was assayed using a LANCE based fluorescence resonance energy transfer method involving time-gated detection of fluorescence from a europium labeled antiphosphotyrosine antibody and Cy5 labeled streptavidin upon mutual binding to biotinylated phosphopeptides. Using this detection method, with the antibody and streptavidin external to the sol-gel matrix, it was possible to detect the phosphorylation of peptides with molecular weights of up to 2300 Da using the entrapped enzyme in N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)gluconamide (GLTES) doped glasses. Src kinase-doped glasses, derived from precursors such as tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, or DGS that did not contain GLTES, provided no detectable enzyme activity. The addition of 1 mM ATP to the GLTES/DGS sol before the encapsulation of the protein increased the activity of the enzyme in the resulting gel, likely through a ligand-based stabilization mechanism. The use of such a system for determination of PTK activity and inhibition is demonstrated, setting the stage for the development of chromatographic and microarray based methods for the screening of kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Cruz-Aguado
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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41
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Markoglou N, Hsuesh R, Wainer IW. Immobilized enzyme reactors based upon the flavoenzymes monoamine oxidase A and B. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 804:295-302. [PMID: 15081923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of amines. The enzyme exists in two forms, MAO-A and MAO-B, which differ in substrate specificity and sensitivity to various inhibitors. Membrane fractions containing either expressed MAO-A or MAO-B have been non-covalently immobilized in the hydrophobic interface of an immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) liquid chromatographic stationary phase. The MAO-containing stationary phases were packed into glass columns to create on-line immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) that retained the enzymatic activity of the MAO. The resulting MAO-IMERs were coupled through a switching valve to analytical high performance liquid chromatographic columns. The multi-dimensional chromatographic system was used to characterize the MAO-A (MAO-A-IMER) and MAO-B (MAO-B-IMER) forms of the enzyme including the enzyme kinetic constants associated with enzyme/substrate and enzyme/inhibitor interactions as well as the determination of IC(50) values. The results of the study demonstrate that the MAO-A-IMER and the MAO-B-IMER can be used for the on-line screening of substances for MAO-A and MAO-B substrate/inhibitor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektaria Markoglou
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Que., Canada
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42
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Hodgson RJ, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Tleugabulova D, Long H, Zhao X, Organ M, Brook MA, Brennan JD. Protein-Doped Monolithic Silica Columns for Capillary Liquid Chromatography Prepared by the Sol−Gel Method: Applications to Frontal Affinity Chromatography. Anal Chem 2004; 76:2780-90. [PMID: 15144188 DOI: 10.1021/ac0352124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of bioaffinity chromatography columns that are based on the entrapment of biomolecules within the pores of sol-gel-derived monolithic silica is reported. Monolithic nanoflow columns are formed by mixing the protein-compatible silica precursor diglycerylsilane with a buffered aqueous solution containing poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO, MW 10,000) and the protein of interest and then loading this mixture into a fused-silica capillary (150-250-microm i.d.). Spinodal decomposition of the PEO-doped sol into two distinct phases prior to the gelation of the silica results in a bimodal pore distribution that produces large macropores (>0.1 microm), to allow good flow of eluent with minimal back pressure, and mesopores (approximately 3-5-nm diameter) that retain a significant fraction of the entrapped protein. Addition of low levels of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane is shown to minimize nonselective interactions of analytes with the column material, resulting in a column that is able to retain small molecules by virtue of their interaction with the entrapped biomolecules. Such columns are shown to be suitable for pressure-driven liquid chromatography and can be operated at relatively high flow rates (up to 500 microL x min(-1)) or with low back pressures (<100 psi) when used at flow rates of 5-10 microL x min(-1). The clinically relevant enzyme dihydrofolate reductase was entrapped within the bioaffinity columns and was used to screen mixtures of small molecules using frontal affinity chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Inhibitors present in compound mixtures were retained via bioaffinity interactions, with the retention time being dependent on both the ligand concentration and the affinity of the ligand for the protein. The results suggest that such columns may find use in high-throughput screening of compound mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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43
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Bartolini M, Cavrini V, Andrisano V. Monolithic micro-immobilized-enzyme reactor with human recombinant acetylcholinesterase for on-line inhibition studies. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1031:27-34. [PMID: 15058565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development and characterization of a human recombinant acetylcholinesterase (hrAChE) micro-immobilized-enzyme reactor (IMER), prepared by using an in situ immobilization procedure is reported. hrAChE was covalently immobilized on an ethylenediamine (EDA) monolithic convective interaction media (CIM) disk (12 mm x 3 mm i.d.), previously derivatized with glutaraldehyde. The optimal conditions for the immobilization were: 12 microg of enzyme dissolved in 800 microl of phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 6.0). The mixture was gently agitated overnight at 4 degrees C. The resulting Schiff bases were reduced by cyanoborohydride and the remaining aldehydic groups were condensed with monoethanolamine. Under these conditions, 0.22 U of hrAChE were immobilized with retention of 3.0% of the initial enzymatic activity. The activity of the immobilized hrAChE was stable for over 60 days. The activity and kinetic parameters of the hrAChE micro-IMER were investigated by inserting the micro-IMER in a HPLC system and it was demonstrated that the enzyme retained its activity. The micro-IMER was characterized in terms of units of immobilized enzyme and best conditions for immobilization yield. IMERs were compared for their relative enzyme stability, immobilized units, yield and aspecific matrix interactions. The effect of AChE inhibitors was evaluated by the simultaneous injection of each inhibitor with the substrate. The relative IC50 values were found in agreement with those derived by the conventional kinetic spectrophotometric method. In comparison with previously developed AChE-based IMERs, AChE monolithic micro-IMER showed advantages in terms of reduction of analysis time (2 min), lower aspecific matrix interactions and lower backpressure. Included in a HPLC system, it can be used for the rapid screening of new compounds' inhibitory potency. The advantages over the conventional methods are the increased enzyme stability and system automation which allows a large number of compounds to be analyzed in continuous.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bartolini
- Dipartimento di Science Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Palcic MM, Zhang B, Qian X, Rempel B, Hindsgaul O. Evaluating carbohydrate-protein binding interactions using frontal affinity chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Methods Enzymol 2003; 362:369-76. [PMID: 12968377 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Palcic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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45
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Bertucci C, Bartolini M, Gotti R, Andrisano V. Drug affinity to immobilized target bio-polymers by high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 797:111-29. [PMID: 14630146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) as affinity separation methods to characterise drugs or potential drugs-bio-polymer interactions. Targets for the development of new drugs such as enzymes (IMERs), receptors, and membrane proteins were immobilized on solid supports. After the insertion in the HPLC system, these immobilized bio-polymers were used for the determination of binding constants of specific ligands, substrates and inhibitors of pharmaceutical interest, by frontal analyses and zonal elution methods. The most used bio-polymer immobilization techniques and methods for assessing the amount of active immobilized protein are reported. Examples of increased stability of immobilized enzymes with reduced amount of used protein were shown and the advantages in terms of recovery for reuse, reproducibility and on-line high-throughput screening for potential ligands are evidenced. Dealing with the acquisition of relevant pharmacokinetic data, examples concerning human serum albumin binding studies are reviewed. In particular, papers are reported in which the serum carrier has been studied to monitor the enantioselective binding of chiral drugs and the mutual interaction between co-administered drugs by CE and HPLC. Finally CE, as merging techniques with very promising and interesting application of microscale analysis of drugs' binding parameters to immobilized bio-polymers is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bertucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Markoglou N, Wainer IW. Immobilized enzyme reactors in liquid chromatography: On-line bioreactors for use in synthesis and drug discovery. BIOANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(03)80008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Screening of antagonists based on induced dissociation of a calmodulin–melittin interaction entrapped in a sol–gel derived matrix. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Xu R, Wang T, Isbell J, Cai Z, Sykes C, Brailsford A, Kassel DB. High-throughput mass-directed parallel purification incorporating a multiplexed single quadrupole mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3055-62. [PMID: 12141664 DOI: 10.1021/ac0255476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on the development of a parallel HPLC/MS purification system incorporating an indexed (i.e., multiplexed) ion source. In the method described, each of the flow streams from a parallel array of HPLC columns is directed toward the multiplexed (MUX) ion source and sampled in a time-dependent, parallel manner. A visual basic application has been developed and monitors in real-time the extracted ion current from each sprayer channel. Mass-directed fraction collection is initiated into a parallel array of fraction collectors specific for each of the spray channels. In the first embodiment of this technique, we report on a four-column semipreparative parallel LC/MS system incorporating MUX detection. In this parallel LC/MS application (in which sample loads between 1 and 10 mg on-column are typically made), no cross talk was observed. Ion signals from each of the channels were found reproducible over 192 injections, with interchannel signal variations between 11 and 17%. The visual basic fraction collection application permits preset individual start collection and end collection thresholds for each channel, thereby compensating for the slight variation in signal between sprayers. By incorporating postfraction collector UV detection, we have been able to optimize the valve-triggering delay time with precut transfer tubing between the mass spectrometer and fraction collectors and achieve recoveries greater than 80%. Examples of the MUX-guided, mass-directed fraction purification of both standards and real library reaction mixtures are presented within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongda Xu
- Deltagen Research Labs, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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Liu YC, Li H, Otter A, Kamath VP, Streiff MB, Palcic MM. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of trimeric sialyl Lewisxpentadecasaccharide. CAN J CHEM 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/v02-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of trimeric sialyl Lewisxpentadecasaccharide (6), a 15-mer, from a trimannoside precursor required six different glycosyltransferase enzymes and four nucleotide donor sugars. Three N-acetylglucosaminyl residues were transferred from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to a trimannoside by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases I, II, and V, respectively. Galactosylation using β(1[Formula: see text]4) galactosyltransferase and UDP-galactose gave three N-acetyl lactosamine units in nonasaccharide 4. Sialylation of 4 with α(2[Formula: see text]3) sialyltransferase and CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid was followed by fucosylation with α(1[Formula: see text]3) fucosyltransferase and GDP-fucose giving the 15-mer 6 in mg quantities. Compound 4 was also converted to a trimeric Lewisxdodecasaccharide 12-mer with α(1[Formula: see text]3) fucosyltransferase and GDP-fucose and to a trimeric α-2,6-sialyl N-acetyllactosamine dodecasaccharide 12-mer with α(2[Formula: see text]6) sialyltransferase and CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid. Key words: glycosyltransferases, pentadecasaccharide, sialyl Lewisx.
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50
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:652-661. [PMID: 12112749 DOI: 10.1002/jms.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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