1
|
Behof WJ, Haynes JR, Whitmore CA, Cheung YY, Tantawy MN, Peterson TE, Wijesinghe P, Matsubara JA, Pham W. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel PET Radioligand for Imaging Glutaminyl Cyclase Activity as a Biomarker for Detecting Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2605-2613. [PMID: 38718161 PMCID: PMC11129349 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Several new lines of research have demonstrated that a significant number of amyloid-β peptides found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are truncated and undergo post-translational modification by glutaminyl cyclase (QC) at the N-terminal. Notably, QC's products of Abeta-pE3 and Abeta-pE11 have been active targets for investigational drug development. This work describes the design, synthesis, characterization, and in vivo validation of a novel PET radioligand, [18F]PB0822, for targeted imaging of QC. We report herein a simplified and robust chemistry for the synthesis of the standard compound, [19F]PB0822, and the corresponding [18F]PB0822 radioligand. The PET probe was developed with 99.9% radiochemical purity, a molar activity of 965 Ci.mmol-1, and an IC50 of 56.3 nM, comparable to those of the parent PQ912 inhibitor (62.5 nM). Noninvasive PET imaging showed that the probe is distributed in the brain 5 min after intravenous injection. Further, in vivo PET imaging with [18F]PB0822 revealed that AD 5XFAD mice harbor significantly higher QC activity than WT counterparts. The data also suggested that QC activity is found across different brain regions of the tested animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Behof
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Justin R Haynes
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Clayton A Whitmore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Yiu-Yin Cheung
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Mohammed N Tantawy
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Todd E Peterson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Printha Wijesinghe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z3N9, Canada
| | - Joanne A Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z3N9, Canada
| | - Wellington Pham
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Discovery of potent indazole-based human glutaminyl cyclase (QC) inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer's disease agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
3
|
Van Manh N, Hoang VH, Ngo VTH, Ann J, Jang TH, Ha JH, Song JY, Ha HJ, Kim H, Kim YH, Lee J, Lee J. Discovery of highly potent human glutaminyl cyclase (QC) inhibitors as anti-Alzheimer's agents by the combination of pharmacophore-based and structure-based design. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113819. [PMID: 34536669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of glutaminyl cyclase (QC) may provide a promising strategy for the treatment of early Alzheimer's disease (AD) by reducing the amount of the toxic pyroform of β-amyloid (AβΝ3pE) in the brains of AD patients. In this work, we identified potent QC inhibitors with subnanomolar IC50 values that were up to 290-fold higher than that of PQ912, which is currently being tested in Phase II clinical trials. Among the tested compounds, the cyclopentylmethyl derivative (214) exhibited the most potent in vitro activity (IC50 = 0.1 nM), while benzimidazole (227) showed the most promising in vivo efficacy, selectivity and druggable profile. 227 significantly reduced the concentration of pyroform Aβ and total Aβ in the brain of an AD animal model and improved the alternation behavior of mice during Y-maze tests. The crystal structure of human QC (hQC) in complex with 214 indicated tight binding at the active site, supporting that the specific inhibition of QC results in potent in vitro and in vivo activity. Considering the recent clinical success of donanemab, which targets AβΝ3pE, small molecule-based QC inhibitors may also provide potential therapeutic options for early-stage AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Manh
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Van-Hai Hoang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Van T H Ngo
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Graduate Department of Healthcare Science, Dainam University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jihyae Ann
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Jang
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Ha
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Song
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Ha
- Medifron DBT, Seoul, 08502, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kim
- Medifron DBT, Seoul, 08502, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Global Medical Science, Sungshin University, Seoul, 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Bluhm A, Moceri S, Machner L, Köppen J, Schenk M, Hilbrich I, Holzer M, Weidenfeller M, Richter F, Coras R, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Schilling S, von Hörsten S, Xiang W, Schulze A, Roßner S. A glutaminyl cyclase-catalyzed α-synuclein modification identified in human synucleinopathies. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:399-421. [PMID: 34309760 PMCID: PMC8357657 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is neuropathologically characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) and formation of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites composed of aggregated α-synuclein. Proteolysis of α-synuclein by matrix metalloproteinases was shown to facilitate its aggregation and to affect cell viability. One of the proteolysed fragments, Gln79-α-synuclein, possesses a glutamine residue at its N-terminus. We argue that glutaminyl cyclase (QC) may catalyze the pyroglutamate (pGlu)79-α-synuclein formation and, thereby, contribute to enhanced aggregation and compromised degradation of α-synuclein in human synucleinopathies. Here, the kinetic characteristics of Gln79-α-synuclein conversion into the pGlu-form by QC are shown using enzymatic assays and mass spectrometry. Thioflavin T assays and electron microscopy demonstrated a decreased potential of pGlu79-α-synuclein to form fibrils. However, size exclusion chromatography and cell viability assays revealed an increased propensity of pGlu79-α-synuclein to form oligomeric aggregates with high neurotoxicity. In brains of wild-type mice, QC and α-synuclein were co-expressed by dopaminergic SN neurons. Using a specific antibody against the pGlu-modified neo-epitope of α-synuclein, pGlu79-α-synuclein aggregates were detected in association with QC in brains of two transgenic mouse lines with human α-synuclein overexpression. In human brain samples of PD and dementia with Lewy body subjects, pGlu79-α-synuclein was shown to be present in SN neurons, in a number of Lewy bodies and in dystrophic neurites. Importantly, there was a spatial co-occurrence of pGlu79-α-synuclein with the enzyme QC in the human SN complex and a defined association of QC with neuropathological structures. We conclude that QC catalyzes the formation of oligomer-prone pGlu79-α-synuclein in human synucleinopathies, which may—in analogy to pGlu-Aβ peptides in Alzheimer’s disease—act as a seed for pathogenic protein aggregation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu C, Wang YN, Wu H. Glutaminyl Cyclase, Diseases, and Development of Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6549-6565. [PMID: 34000808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyroglutamate (pE) modification, catalyzed mainly by glutaminyl cyclase (QC), is prevalent throughout nature and is particularly important in mammals including humans for the maturation of hormones, peptides, and proteins. In humans, the upregulation of QC is involved in multiple diseases and conditions including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, melanomas, thyroid carcinomas, accelerated atherosclerosis, septic arthritics, etc. This upregulation catalyzes the generation of modified mediators such as pE-amyloid beta (Aß) and pE-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) peptides. Not surprisingly, QC has emerged as a reasonable target for the development of therapeutics to combat these diseases and conditions. In this manuscript the deleterious effects of upregulated QC resulting in disease manifestation are reviewed, along with progress on the development of QC inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenshu Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yi-Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A Unique Carboxylic-Acid Hydrogen-Bond Network (CAHBN) Confers Glutaminyl Cyclase Activity on M28 Family Enzymes. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166960. [PMID: 33774034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins with sequence or structure similar to those of di-Zn exopeptidases are usually classified as the M28-family enzymes, including the mammalian-type glutaminyl cyclases (QCs). QC catalyzes protein N-terminal pyroglutamate formation, a posttranslational modification important under many physiological and pathological conditions, and is a drug target for treating neurodegenerative diseases, cancers and inflammatory disorders. Without functional characterization, mammalian QCs and their orthologs remain indistinguishable at the sequence and structure levels from other M28-family proteins, leading to few reported QCs. Here, we show that a low-barrier carboxylic-acid hydrogen-bond network (CAHBN) is required for QC activity and discriminates QCs from M28-family peptidases. We demonstrate that the CAHBN-containing M28 peptidases deposited in the PDB are indeed QCs. Our analyses identify several thousands of QCs from the three domains of life, and we enzymatically and structurally characterize several. For the first time, the interplay between a CAHBN and the binuclear metal-binding center of mammalian QCs is made clear. We found that the presence or absence of CAHBN is a key discriminator for the formation of either the mono-Zn QCs or the di-Zn exopeptidases. Our study helps explain the possible roles of QCs in life.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee CH, Lou YC, Wang AHJ. DMTMM-Mediated Intramolecular Cyclization of Acidic Residues in Peptides/Proteins. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:4708-4718. [PMID: 33644578 PMCID: PMC7905807 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of succinimide in proteins has attracted considerable attention in protein aging and biopharmaceutical research. The succinimide formation occurs spontaneously in proteins and is prone to hydrolysis to yield aspartate and isoaspartate, resulting in altered protein functions. Herein, we demonstrated that the coupling reagent 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM) can mediate intramolecular cyclization of aspartic acid to form succinimide efficiently in the LL37-derived short antimicrobial peptide KR12. The formation of succinimide in KR12 was confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Moreover, the succinimide-containing KR12 displayed decreased antimicrobial activity, helicity, and serum stability in comparison with unmodified KR12. The succinimide formation usually changes the protein structure and function, and only in rare cases, it can help to maintain the protein stability. In addition to succinimide, DMTMM can also mediate intraresidue cyclization of N-terminal glutamate to form pyroglutamate. Our work thus provides a convenient and efficient method for preparation of succinimide/pyroglutamate-containing peptides, which can be used for studying their impact on peptide/protein function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hua Lee
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chao Lou
- Biomedical
Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H.-J. Wang
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Taudte N, Linnert M, Rahfeld JU, Piechotta A, Ramsbeck D, Buchholz M, Kolenko P, Parthier C, Houston JA, Veillard F, Eick S, Potempa J, Schilling S, Demuth HU, Stubbs MT. Mammalian-like type II glutaminyl cyclases in Porphyromonas gingivalis and other oral pathogenic bacteria as targets for treatment of periodontitis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100263. [PMID: 33837744 PMCID: PMC7948796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a targeted therapy would significantly improve the treatment of periodontitis and its associated diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. Glutaminyl cyclases (QCs) from the oral pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Prevotella intermedia represent attractive target enzymes for small-molecule inhibitor development, as their action is likely to stabilize essential periplasmic and outer membrane proteins by N-terminal pyroglutamination. In contrast to other microbial QCs that utilize the so-called type I enzymes, these oral pathogens possess sequences corresponding to type II QCs, observed hitherto only in animals. However, whether differences between these bacteroidal QCs and animal QCs are sufficient to enable development of selective inhibitors is not clear. To learn more, we recombinantly expressed all three QCs. They exhibit comparable catalytic efficiencies and are inhibited by metal chelators. Crystal structures of the enzymes from P. gingivalis (PgQC) and T. forsythia (TfQC) reveal a tertiary structure composed of an eight-stranded β-sheet surrounded by seven α-helices, typical of animal type II QCs. In each case, an active site Zn ion is tetrahedrally coordinated by conserved residues. Nevertheless, significant differences to mammalian enzymes are found around the active site of the bacteroidal enzymes. Application of a PgQC-selective inhibitor described here for the first time results in growth inhibition of two P. gingivalis clinical isolates in a dose-dependent manner. The insights gained by these studies will assist in the development of highly specific small-molecule bacteroidal QC inhibitors, paving the way for alternative therapies against periodontitis and associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Taudte
- Periotrap Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Miriam Linnert
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Anke Piechotta
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Ramsbeck
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mirko Buchholz
- Periotrap Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Petr Kolenko
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Charles-Tanford-Proteinzentrum, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoph Parthier
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Charles-Tanford-Proteinzentrum, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - John A Houston
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Florian Veillard
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany; Angewandte Biowissenschaften und Prozesstechnik, Hochschule Anhalt, Köthen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Molecular Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Milton T Stubbs
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Charles-Tanford-Proteinzentrum, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; ZIK HALOmem, Charles-Tanford-Proteinzentrum, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gunn AP, Wong BX, McLean C, Fowler C, Barnard PJ, Duce JA, Roberts BR. Increased glutaminyl cyclase activity in brains of Alzheimer's disease individuals. J Neurochem 2020; 156:979-987. [PMID: 32614980 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminyl cyclases (QC) catalyze the formation of neurotoxic pGlu-modified amyloid-β peptides found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reports of several-fold increases in soluble QC (sQC) expression in the brain and peripheral circulation of AD individuals has prompted the development of QC inhibitors as potential AD therapeutics. There is, however, a lack of standardized quantitative data on QC expression in human tissues, precluding inter-laboratory comparison and validation. We tested the hypothesis that QC is elevated in AD tissues by quantifying levels of sQC protein and activity in post-mortem brain tissues from AD and age-matched control individuals. We found a modest but statistically significant increase in sQC protein, which paralleled a similar increase in enzyme activity. In plasma samples sourced from the Australian Imaging, Biomarker and Lifestyle study we determined that QC activity was not different between the AD and control group, though a modest increase was observed in female AD individuals compared to controls. Plasma QC activity was further correlated with levels of circulating monocytes in AD individuals. These data provide quantitative evidence that alterations in QC expression are associated with AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Gunn
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Bruce X Wong
- The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Catriona McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Vic, Australia
| | - Chris Fowler
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Peter J Barnard
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Vic, Australia
| | - James A Duce
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Blaine R Roberts
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang X, Wang L, Yu X, Li Y, Liu Z, Zou Y, Zheng Y, He Z, Wu H. Glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in both AD and LPS-induced inflammatory model mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
11
|
Hoang VH, Ngo VTH, Cui M, Manh NV, Tran PT, Ann J, Ha HJ, Kim H, Choi K, Kim YH, Chang H, Macalino SJY, Lee J, Choi S, Lee J. Discovery of Conformationally Restricted Human Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors as Potent Anti-Alzheimer's Agents by Structure-Based Design. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8011-8027. [PMID: 31411468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative disease whose pathogenesis cannot be defined by one single element but consists of various factors; thus, there is a call for alternative approaches to tackle the multifaceted aspects of AD. Among the potential alternative targets, we aim to focus on glutaminyl cyclase (QC), which reduces the toxic pyroform of β-amyloid in the brains of AD patients. On the basis of a putative active conformation of the prototype inhibitor 1, a series of N-substituted thiourea, urea, and α-substituted amide derivatives were developed. The structure-activity relationship analyses indicated that conformationally restrained inhibitors demonstrated much improved QC inhibition in vitro compared to nonrestricted analogues, and several selected compounds demonstrated desirable therapeutic activity in an AD mouse model. The conformational analysis of a representative inhibitor indicated that the inhibitor appeared to maintain the Z-E conformation at the active site, as it is critical for its potent activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van-Hai Hoang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Van T H Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics & Faculty of Pharmacy , Ton Duc Thang University , Ho Chi Minh City 75307 , Vietnam
| | - Minghua Cui
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760 , Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Van Manh
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong-Thao Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Hanoi University of Pharmacy , Hanoi 10000 , Vietnam
| | - Jihyae Ann
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Ha
- Medifron DBT , Sandanro 349 , Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City , Gyeonggi-Do 15426 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kim
- Medifron DBT , Sandanro 349 , Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City , Gyeonggi-Do 15426 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghyun Choi
- Medifron DBT , Sandanro 349 , Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City , Gyeonggi-Do 15426 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- Medifron DBT , Sandanro 349 , Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City , Gyeonggi-Do 15426 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Chang
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760 , Republic of Korea
| | - Stephani Joy Y Macalino
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Global Medical Science , Sungshin University , Seoul 01133 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tran PT, Hoang VH, Lee J, Hien TTT, Tung NT, Ngo ST. In vitroandin silicodetermination of glutaminyl cyclase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29619-29627. [PMID: 35531555 PMCID: PMC9071946 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05763c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease currently. It is widely accepted that AD is characterized by the self-assembly of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. The human glutaminyl cyclase (hQC) enzyme is characterized by association with Aβ peptide generation. The development of hQC inhibitors could prevent the self-aggregation of Aβ peptides, resulting in impeding AD. Utilizing structural knowledge of the hQC substrates and known hQC inhibitors, new heterocyclic and peptidomimetic derivatives were synthesized and were able to inhibit the hQC enzyme. The inhibiting abilities of these compounds were evaluated using a fluorometric assay. The binding mechanism at the atomic level was estimated using molecular docking, free energy perturbation, and quantum chemical calculation methods. The predicted log(BBB) and human intestinal absorption values indicated that these compounds are able to permeate the blood–brain barrier and be well-absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Overall, 5,6-dimethoxy-N-(3-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-amine (1_2) was indicated as a potential drug for AD treatment. Rational design of new hQC inhibitors.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Thao Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy
- Hanoi
- Vietnam
| | - Van-Hai Hoang
- Institute of Research and Development
- Duy Tan University
- Da Nang 550000
- Vietnam
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | | | - Nguyen Thanh Tung
- Institute of Materials Science
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
- Hanoi
- Vietnam
| | - Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics
- Ton Duc Thang University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin W, Zheng X, Fang D, Zhou S, Wu W, Zheng K. Identifying hQC Inhibitors of Alzheimer's Disease by Effective Customized Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening, Molecular Dynamic Simulation, and Binding Free Energy Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:1173-1192. [PMID: 30187344 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human glutaminyl cyclase (hQC) appeared as a promising new target with its inhibitors attracted much attention for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in recent years. But so far, only a few compounds have been reported as hQC inhibitors. To find novel and potent hQC inhibitors, a high-specificity ZBG (zinc-binding groups)-based pharmacophore model comprising customized ZBG feature was first generated using HipHop algorithm in Discovery Studio software for screening out hQC inhibitors from the SPECS database. After purification by docking studies and drug-like ADMET properties filters, four potential hit compounds were retrieved. Subsequently, these hit compounds were subjected to 30-ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to explore their binding modes at the active side of hQC. MD simulations demonstrated that these hit compounds formed a chelating interaction with the zinc ion, which was consistent with the finding that the electrostatic interaction was the major driving force for binding to hQC confirmed with MMPBSA energy decomposition. Higher binding affinities of these compounds were also verified by the binding free energy calculations comparing with the references. Thus, these identified compounds might be potential hQC candidates and could be used for further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weicong Lin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaojie Zheng
- Department of Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Danqing Fang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Second Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Shengfu Zhou
- Department of Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Kangcheng Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Structure-activity relationship investigation of Phe-Arg mimetic region of human glutaminyl cyclase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3133-3144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Potent human glutaminyl cyclase inhibitors as potential anti-Alzheimer’s agents: Structure-activity relationship study of Arg-mimetic region. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1035-1049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
16
|
Bridel C, Hoffmann T, Meyer A, Durieux S, Koel-Simmelink MA, Orth M, Scheltens P, Lues I, Teunissen CE. Glutaminyl cyclase activity correlates with levels of Aβ peptides and mediators of angiogenesis in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:38. [PMID: 28587659 PMCID: PMC5461753 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Pyroglutamylation of truncated Aβ peptides, which is catalysed by enzyme glutaminyl cyclase (QC), generates pE-Aβ species with enhanced aggregation propensities and resistance to most amino-peptidases and endo-peptidases. pE-Aβ species have been identified as major constituents of Aβ plaques and reduction of pE-Aβ species is associated with improvement of cognitive tasks in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Pharmacological inhibition of QC has thus emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for AD. Here, we question whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) QC enzymatic activity differs between AD patients and controls and whether inflammatory or angiogenesis mediators, some of which are potential QC substrates, and/or Aβ peptides may serve as pharmacodynamic read-outs for QC inhibition. Methods QC activity, Aβ peptides and inflammatory or angiogenesis mediators were measured in CSF of a clinically well-characterized cohort of 20 mild AD patients, 20 moderate AD patients and 20 subjective memory complaints (SMC) controls. Correlation of these parameters with core diagnostic CSF AD biomarkers (Aβ42, tau and p-tau) and clinical features was evaluated. Results QC activity shows a tendency to decrease with AD progression (p = 0.129). The addition of QC activity to biomarkers tau and p-tau significantly increases diagnostic power (ROC-AUCTAU = 0.878, ROC-AUCTAU&QC = 0.939 and ROC-AUCpTAU = 0.820, ROC-AUCpTAU&QC = 0.948). In AD and controls, QC activity correlates with Aβ38 (r = 0.83, p < 0.0001) and Aβ40 (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001), angiogenesis mediators (Flt1, Tie2, VEGFD, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, r > 0.5, p < 0.0001) and core diagnostic biomarkers (r > 0.35, p = <0.0057). QC activity does not correlate with MMSE or ApoE genotype. Conclusions Aβ38, Aβ40 and angiogenesis mediators (Flt1, Tie2, VEGFD, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) are potential pharmacodynamic markers of QC inhibition, because their levels closely correlate with QC activity in AD patients. The addition of QC activity to core diagnostic CSF biomarkers may be of specific interest in clinical cases with discordant imaging and biochemical biomarker results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0266-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bridel
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Sisi Durieux
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen A Koel-Simmelink
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Lues
- Probiodrug AG, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hoffmann T, Meyer A, Heiser U, Kurat S, Böhme L, Kleinschmidt M, Bühring KU, Hutter-Paier B, Farcher M, Demuth HU, Lues I, Schilling S. Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitor PQ912 Improves Cognition in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease-Studies on Relation to Effective Target Occupancy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:119-130. [PMID: 28446518 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest that the majority of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides deposited in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are truncated and post-translationally modified at the N terminus. Among these modified species, pyroglutamyl-Aβ (pE-Aβ, including N3pE-Aβ40/42 and N11pE-Aβ40/42) has been identified as particularly neurotoxic. The N-terminal modification renders the peptide hydrophobic, accelerates formation of oligomers, and reduces degradation by peptidases, leading ultimately to the accumulation of the peptide and progression of AD. It has been shown that the formation of pyroglutamyl residues is catalyzed by glutaminyl cyclase (QC). Here, we present data about the pharmacological in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the QC inhibitor (S)-1-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-5-(4-propoxyphenyl)imidazolidin-2-one (PQ912), the first-in-class compound that is in clinical development. PQ912 inhibits human, rat, and mouse QC activity, with Ki values ranging between 20 and 65 nM. Chronic oral treatment of hAPPSLxhQC double-transgenic mice with approximately 200 mg/kg/day via chow shows a significant reduction of pE-Aβ levels and concomitant improvement of spatial learning in a Morris water maze test paradigm. This dose results in a brain and cerebrospinal fluid concentration of PQ912 which relates to a QC target occupancy of about 60%. Thus, we conclude that >50% inhibition of QC activity in the brain leads to robust treatment effects. Secondary pharmacology experiments in mice indicate a fairly large potency difference for Aβ cyclization compared with cyclization of physiologic substrates, suggesting a robust therapeutic window in humans. This information constitutes an important translational guidance for predicting the therapeutic dose range in clinical studies with PQ912.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Hoffmann
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Antje Meyer
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Ulrich Heiser
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Stephan Kurat
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Livia Böhme
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Martin Kleinschmidt
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Karl-Ulrich Bühring
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Birgit Hutter-Paier
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Martina Farcher
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Inge Lues
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Probiodrug AG, Halle, Germany (T.H., A.M., U.H., L.B., K.-U.B., I.L.); QPS Austria, Grambach, Austria (S.K., B.H.-P., M.F.); and Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department for Drug Design and Target Validation, Halle, Germany (M.K., H.-U.D., S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hoang VH, Tran PT, Cui M, Ngo VTH, Ann J, Park J, Lee J, Choi K, Cho H, Kim H, Ha HJ, Hong HS, Choi S, Kim YH, Lee J. Discovery of Potent Human Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer’s Agents Based on Rational Design. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2573-2590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Van-Hai Hoang
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong-Thao Tran
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minghua Cui
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Van T. H. Ngo
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyae Ann
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmi Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Department
of Global Medical Science, Sungshin University, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghyun Choi
- Medifron DBT, Sandanro 349, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City, Gyeonggi-Do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanyang Cho
- Medifron DBT, Sandanro 349, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City, Gyeonggi-Do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kim
- Medifron DBT, Sandanro 349, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City, Gyeonggi-Do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Ha
- Medifron DBT, Sandanro 349, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City, Gyeonggi-Do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Hong
- Medifron DBT, Sandanro 349, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City, Gyeonggi-Do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- Medifron DBT, Sandanro 349, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-City, Gyeonggi-Do 15426, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Identification of potential glutaminyl cyclase inhibitors from lead-like libraries by in silico and in vitro fragment-based screening. Mol Divers 2017; 21:175-186. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-016-9717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
20
|
Hielscher-Michael S, Griehl C, Buchholz M, Demuth HU, Arnold N, Wessjohann LA. Natural Products from Microalgae with Potential against Alzheimer's Disease: Sulfolipids Are Potent Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14110203. [PMID: 27827845 PMCID: PMC5128746 DOI: 10.3390/md14110203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many new enzymes, like glutaminyl cyclase (QC), could be associated with pathophysiological processes and represent targets for many diseases, so that enzyme-inhibiting properties of natural substances are becoming increasingly important. In different studies, the pathophysiology connection of QC to various diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) was described. Algae are known for the ability to synthesize complex and highly-diverse compounds with specific enzyme inhibition properties. Therefore, we screened different algae species for the presence of QC inhibiting metabolites using a new "Reverse Metabolomics" technique including an Activity-correlation Analysis (AcorA), which is based on the correlation of bioactivities to mass spectral data with the aid of mathematic informatics deconvolution. Thus, three QC inhibiting compounds from microalgae belonging to the family of sulfolipids were identified. The compounds showed a QC inhibition of 81% and 76% at concentrations of 0.25 mg/mL and 0.025 mg/mL, respectively. Thus, for the first time, sulfolipids are identified as QC inhibiting compounds and possess substructures with the required pharmacophore qualities. They represent a new lead structure for QC inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Hielscher-Michael
- Group Algae Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences and Process Technology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06366 Köthen, Germany.
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Carola Griehl
- Group Algae Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences and Process Technology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06366 Köthen, Germany.
| | - Mirko Buchholz
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Norbert Arnold
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lues I, Weber F, Meyer A, Bühring U, Hoffmann T, Kühn-Wache K, Manhart S, Heiser U, Pokorny R, Chiesa J, Glund K. A phase 1 study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of PQ912, a glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor, in healthy subjects. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2015; 1:182-195. [PMID: 29854937 PMCID: PMC5975062 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Pyroglutamate-amyloid-β (pE-Aβ) peptides are major components of Aβ-oligomers and Aβ-plaques, which are regarded as key culprits of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. PQ912 is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme glutaminyl cyclase (QC), essential for the formation of pE-Aβ peptides. Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single- and multiple-ascending oral dose study investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of PQ912 in healthy nonelderly and elderly subjects. Results PQ912 was considered safe and well tolerated with dose-proportional pharmacokinetics up to doses of 200 mg. At higher doses up to 1800 mg, exposure was supraproportional and exposure in elderly subjects was approximately 1.5- to 2.1-fold higher. Exposure in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was approximately 20% of the unbound drug in plasma, and both serum and CSF QC activity was inhibited in a dose-related manner. Discussion This first-in-man study of a compound-targeting QC inhibition justifies further development of PQ912 for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Lues
- Probiodrug AG, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rolf Pokorny
- Covance Clinical Research Unit AG, Allschwil (Basel), Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jimenez-Sanchez M, Lam W, Hannus M, Sönnichsen B, Imarisio S, Fleming A, Tarditi A, Menzies F, Dami TE, Xu C, Gonzalez-Couto E, Lazzeroni G, Heitz F, Diamanti D, Massai L, Satagopam VP, Marconi G, Caramelli C, Nencini A, Andreini M, Sardone GL, Caradonna NP, Porcari V, Scali C, Schneider R, Pollio G, O’Kane CJ, Caricasole A, Rubinsztein DC. siRNA screen identifies QPCT as a druggable target for Huntington's disease. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:347-354. [PMID: 25848931 PMCID: PMC4696152 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a currently incurable neurodegenerative condition caused by an abnormally expanded polyglutamine tract in huntingtin (HTT). We identified new modifiers of mutant HTT toxicity by performing a large-scale 'druggable genome' siRNA screen in human cultured cells, followed by hit validation in Drosophila. We focused on glutaminyl cyclase (QPCT), which had one of the strongest effects on mutant HTT-induced toxicity and aggregation in the cell-based siRNA screen and also rescued these phenotypes in Drosophila. We found that QPCT inhibition induced the levels of the molecular chaperone αB-crystallin and reduced the aggregation of diverse proteins. We generated new QPCT inhibitors using in silico methods followed by in vitro screening, which rescued the HD-related phenotypes in cell, Drosophila and zebrafish HD models. Our data reveal a new HD druggable target affecting mutant HTT aggregation and provide proof of principle for a discovery pipeline from druggable genome screen to drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Wun Lam
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Michael Hannus
- Cenix BioScience GmbH, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sara Imarisio
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EG
| | - Alessia Tarditi
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Fiona Menzies
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Teresa Ed Dami
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EG
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Catherine Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EG
| | | | - Giulia Lazzeroni
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Freddy Heitz
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Diamanti
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luisa Massai
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Venkata P. Satagopam
- Structural and Computational Biology, EMBL, Meyerhofstr.1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, House of Biomedicine, 7 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Guido Marconi
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Caramelli
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Nencini
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Andreini
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Sardone
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Porcari
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Scali
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Reinhard Schneider
- Structural and Computational Biology, EMBL, Meyerhofstr.1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, House of Biomedicine, 7 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giuseppe Pollio
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cahir J. O’Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Andrea Caricasole
- Siena Biotech. Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 35 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - David C. Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang YM, Huang KF, Tsai IH. Snake venom glutaminyl cyclases: Purification, cloning, kinetic study, recombinant expression, and comparison with the human enzyme. Toxicon 2014; 86:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
Cynis H, Funkelstein L, Toneff T, Mosier C, Ziegler M, Koch B, Demuth HU, Hook V. Pyroglutamate-amyloid-β and glutaminyl cyclase are colocalized with amyloid-β in secretory vesicles and undergo activity-dependent, regulated secretion. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014; 14:85-97. [PMID: 24943989 DOI: 10.1159/000358430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS N-truncated pyroglutamate (pGlu)-amyloid-β [Aβ(3-40/42)] peptides are key components that promote Aβ peptide accumulation, leading to neurodegeneration and memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. Because Aβ deposition in the brain occurs in an activity-dependent manner, it is important to define the subcellular organelle for pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42) production by glutaminyl cyclase (QC) and their colocalization with full-length Aβ(1-40/42) peptides for activity-dependent, regulated secretion. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that pGlu-Aβ and QC are colocalized with Aβ in dense-core secretory vesicles (DCSV) for activity-dependent secretion with neurotransmitters. METHODS Purified DCSV were assessed for pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42), Aβ(1-40/42), QC, and neurotransmitter secretion. Neuron-like chromaffin cells were analyzed for cosecretion of pGlu-Aβ, QC, Aβ, and neuropeptides. The cells were treated with a QC inhibitor, and pGlu-Aβ production was measured. Human neuroblastoma cells were also examined for pGlu-Aβ and QC secretion. RESULTS Isolated DCSV contain pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42), QC, and Aβ(1-40/42) with neuropeptide and catecholamine neurotransmitters. Cellular pGlu-Aβ and QC undergo activity-dependent cosecretion with Aβ and enkephalin and galanin neurotransmitters. The QC inhibitor decreased the level of secreted pGlu-Aβ. The human neuroblastoma cells displayed regulated secretion of pGlu-Aβ that was colocalized with QC. CONCLUSIONS pGlu-Aβ and QC are present with Aβ in DCSV and undergo activity-dependent, regulated cosecretion with neurotransmitters.
Collapse
|
25
|
Höfling C, Indrischek H, Höpcke T, Waniek A, Cynis H, Koch B, Schilling S, Morawski M, Demuth HU, Roßner S, Hartlage-Rübsamen M. Mouse strain and brain region-specific expression of the glutaminyl cyclases QC and isoQC. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:64-73. [PMID: 24886834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaminyl cyclases (QCs) catalyze the formation of pyroglutamate (pGlu) from glutamine precursors at the N-terminus of a number of peptide hormones, neuropeptides and chemokines. This post-translational modification stabilizes these peptides, protects them from proteolytical degradation or is important for their biological activity. However, QC is also involved in a pathogenic pGlu modification of peptides accumulating in protein aggregation disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and familial Danish and familial British dementia. Its isoenzyme (isoQC) was shown to contribute to aspects of inflammation by pGlu-modifying and thereby stabilizing the monocyte chemoattractant protein CCL2. For the generation of respective animal models and for pharmacological treatment studies the characterization of the mouse strain and brain region-specific expression of QC and isoQC is indispensible. In order to address this issue, we used enzymatic activity assays and specific antibodies to detect both QC variants by immunohistochemistry in nine different mouse strains. Comparing different brain regions, the highest enzymatic QC/isoQC activity was detected in ventral brain, followed by cortex and hippocampus. Immunohistochemical stainings revealed that QC/isoQC activity in cortex mostly arises from isoQC expression. For most brain regions, the highest QC/isoQC activity was detected in C3H and FVB mice, whereas low QC/isoQC activity was present in CD1, SJL and C57 mice. Quantification of QC- and isoQC-immunoreactive cells by unbiased stereology revealed a higher abundance of isoQC- than of QC-immunoreactive neurons in Edinger-Westphal nucleus and in substantia nigra. In the locus coeruleus, however, there were comparable densities of QC- and of isoQC-immunoreactive neurons. These observations are of considerable importance with regard to the selection of appropriate mouse strains for the study of QC/isoQC relevance in mouse models of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation and for the testing of therapeutical interventions in these models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henrike Indrischek
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Theodor Höpcke
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Waniek
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Cynis
- Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Halle, Germany
| | - Birgit Koch
- Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Halle, Germany
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI Leipzig, Department of Drug Design and Target Validation MWT, Halle, Germany.
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Adamson SW, Browning RE, Chao CC, Bateman RC, Ching WM, Karim S. Molecular characterization of tick salivary gland glutaminyl cyclase. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:781-93. [PMID: 23770496 PMCID: PMC3740044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Glutaminyl cyclase (QC) catalyzes the cyclization of N-terminal glutamine residues into pyroglutamate. This post-translational modification extends the half-life of peptides and, in some cases, is essential in binding to their cognate receptor. Due to its potential role in the post-translational modification of tick neuropeptides, we report the molecular, biochemical and physiological characterization of salivary gland QC during the prolonged blood feeding of the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) and the gulf-coast tick (Amblyomma maculatum). QC sequences from I. scapularis and A. maculatum showed a high degree of amino acid identity to each other and other arthropods and residues critical for zinc binding/catalysis (D159, E202, and H330) or intermediate stabilization (E201, W207, D248, D305, F325, and W329) are conserved. Analysis of QC transcriptional gene expression kinetics depicts an upregulation during the bloodmeal of adult female ticks prior to fast-feeding phases in both I. scapularis and A. maculatum suggesting a functional link with bloodmeal uptake. QC enzymatic activity was detected in saliva and extracts of tick salivary glands and midguts. Recombinant QC was shown to be catalytically active. Furthermore, knockdown of QC transcript by RNA interference resulted in lower enzymatic activity, and small, unviable egg masses in both studied tick species as well as lower engorged tick weights for I. scapularis. These results suggest that the post-translational modification of neurotransmitters and other bioactive peptides by QC is critical to oviposition and potentially other physiological processes. Moreover, these data suggest that tick-specific QC-modified neurotransmitters/hormones or other relevant parts of this system could potentially be used as novel physiological targets for tick control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Adamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive # 5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Browning
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive # 5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Chien-Chung Chao
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20892
| | - Robert C. Bateman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, William Carey University, 498 Tuscan Avenue, Hattiesburg, MS 39401, USA
| | - Wei-Mei Ching
- Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20892
| | - Shahid Karim
- Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive # 5018, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ramsbeck D, Buchholz M, Koch B, Böhme L, Hoffmann T, Demuth HU, Heiser U. Structure–Activity Relationships of Benzimidazole-Based Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitors Featuring a Heteroaryl Scaffold. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6613-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4001709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ramsbeck
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| | - Mirko Buchholz
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| | - Birgit Koch
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| | - Livia Böhme
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| | - Torsten Hoffmann
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| | - Ulrich Heiser
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Enzymology §Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120
Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Recombinant human Glutaminyl Cyclase expressed in E. coli is produced as inclusion bodies. Lack of glycosylation is the main origin of its accumulation in insoluble aggregates. Mutation of single isolated hydrophobic amino acids into negative amino acids was not able to circumvent inclusion bodies formation. On the contrary, substitution with carboxyl-terminal residues of two or three aromatic residues belonging to extended hydrophobic patches on the protein surface provided soluble but still active forms of the protein. These mutants could be expressed in isotopically enriched forms for NMR studies and the maximal attainable concentration was sufficient for the acquisition of 1H-15N HSQC spectra that represent the starting point for future drug development projects targeting Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
|
29
|
Tran PT, Hoang VH, Thorat SA, Kim SE, Ann J, Chang YJ, Nam DW, Song H, Mook-Jung I, Lee J, Lee J. Structure–activity relationship of human glutaminyl cyclase inhibitors having an N-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl thiourea template. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3821-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
30
|
Koch B, Buchholz M, Wermann M, Heiser U, Schilling S, Demuth HU. Probing Secondary Glutaminyl Cyclase (QC) Inhibitor Interactions Applying an in silico-Modeling/Site-Directed Mutagenesis Approach: Implications for Drug Development. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:937-46. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
31
|
Inhibition of glutaminyl cyclase attenuates cell migration modulated by monocyte chemoattractant proteins. Biochem J 2012; 442:403-12. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20110535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
QC (glutaminyl cyclase) catalyses the formation of N-terminal pGlu (pyroglutamate) in peptides and proteins. pGlu formation in chemoattractants may participate in the regulation of macrophage activation and migration. However, a clear molecular mechanism for the regulation is lacking. The present study examines the role of QC-mediated pGlu formation on MCPs (monocyte chemoattractant proteins) in inflammation. We demonstrated in vitro the pGlu formation on MCPs by QC using MS. A potent QC inhibitor, PBD150, significantly reduced the N-terminal uncyclized-MCP-stimulated monocyte migration, whereas pGlu-containing MCP-induced cell migration was unaffected. QC small interfering RNA revealed a similar inhibitory effect. Lastly, we demonstrated that inhibiting QC can attenuate cell migration by lipopolysaccharide. These results strongly suggest that QC-catalysed N-terminal pGlu formation of MCPs is required for monocyte migration and provide new insights into the role of QC in the inflammation process. Our results also suggest that QC could be a drug target for some inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ruiz-Carrillo D, Koch B, Parthier C, Wermann M, Dambe T, Buchholz M, Ludwig HH, Heiser U, Rahfeld JU, Stubbs MT, Schilling S, Demuth HU. Structures of Glycosylated Mammalian Glutaminyl Cyclases Reveal Conformational Variability near the Active Center. Biochemistry 2011; 50:6280-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bi200249h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Ruiz-Carrillo
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Birgit Koch
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoph Parthier
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Wermann
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tresfore Dambe
- PSF AG, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirko Buchholz
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Heiser
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Milton T. Stubbs
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Mitteldeutsches Zentrum für Struktur und Dynamik der Proteine (MZP), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Carrillo DR, Parthier C, Jänckel N, Grandke J, Stelter M, Schilling S, Boehme M, Neumann P, Wolf R, Demuth HU, Stubbs MT, Rahfeld JU. Kinetic and structural characterization of bacterial glutaminyl cyclases from Zymomonas mobilis and Myxococcus xanthus. Biol Chem 2010; 391:1419-28. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although enzymes responsible for the cyclization of amino-terminal glutamine residues are present in both plant and mammal species, none have yet been characterized in bacteria. Based on low sequence homologies to plant glutaminyl cyclases (QCs), we cloned the coding sequences of putative microbial QCs from Zymomonas mobilis (ZmQC) and Myxococcus xanthus (MxQC). The two recombinant enzymes exhibited distinct QC activity, with specificity constants k
cat
/K
m of 1.47±0.33 mm
-1 s-1 (ZmQC) and 142±32.7 mm
-1 s-1 (MxQC) towards the fluorescent substrate glutamine-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarine. The measured pH-rate profile of the second order rate constant displayed an interesting deviation towards the acidic limb of the pH chart in the case of ZmQC, whereas MxQC showed maximum activity in the mild alkaline pH range. Analysis of the enzyme variants ZmQCGlu46Gln and MxQCGln46Glu show that the exchanged residues play a significant role in the pH behaviour of the respective enzymes. In addition, we determined the three dimensional crystal structures of both enzymes. The tertiary structure is defined by a five-bladed β-propeller anchored by a core cation. The structures corroborate the putative location of the active site and confirm the proposed relation between bacterial and plant glutaminyl cyclases.
Collapse
|
34
|
Biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels based on a self-elimination degradation mechanism. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6675-84. [PMID: 20561680 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Two vinyl sulfone functionalized crosslinkers were developed for the purpose of preparing degradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels (EMXL and GABA-EMXL hydrogels). A self-elimination degradation mechanism in which an N-terminal residue of a glutamine is converted to pyroglutamic acid with subsequent release of diamino PEG (DAP) is proposed. The hydrogels were formed via Michael addition by mixing degradable or nondegradable crosslinkers and copolymer {4% w/v; poly[PEG-alt-poly(mercapto-succinic acid)]} at room temperature in phosphate buffer (PB, pH = 7.4). Hydrogel degradation was characterized by assessing diamino PEG release and examining morphological changes as well as the swelling and weight loss ratio under physiological conditions (37 degrees C). Degradation of EMXL and GABA-EMXL hydrogels occurred by surface erosion (confirmed by SEM). GABA-EMXL degradation was significantly faster (approximately 3-fold) than EMXL; however, the degradation of both hydrogels in mouse plasma was 12-times slower than in PBS. The slower degradation rate in plasma as compared to buffer is consistent with the presence of gamma-glutamyltransferase, gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase and/or glutaminyl cyclase (QC), which have been shown to suppress pyroglutamic acid formation. The current studies suggest that EMXL and GABA-EMXL hydrogels may have biomedical applications where 1-2 week degradation timeframes are optimal.
Collapse
|
35
|
Buchholz M, Hamann A, Aust S, Brandt W, Böhme L, Hoffmann T, Schilling S, Demuth HU, Heiser U. Inhibitors for Human Glutaminyl Cyclase by Structure Based Design and Bioisosteric Replacement. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7069-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900969p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Department of Enzymology
- Department of Preclinical Pharmacology
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Stephan A, Wermann M, von Bohlen A, Koch B, Cynis H, Demuth HU, Schilling S. Mammalian glutaminyl cyclases and their isoenzymes have identical enzymatic characteristics. FEBS J 2009; 276:6522-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
37
|
Schilling S, Appl T, Hoffmann T, Cynis H, Schulz K, Jagla W, Friedrich D, Wermann M, Buchholz M, Heiser U, von Hrsten S, Demuth HU. Inhibition of glutaminyl cyclase prevents pGlu-A formation after intracorticalhippocampal microinjectionin vivoin situ. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1225-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
38
|
Cynis H, Scheel E, Saido TC, Schilling S, Demuth HU. Amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein: evidence of a pivotal role of glutaminyl cyclase in generation of pyroglutamate-modified amyloid-beta. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7405-13. [PMID: 18570439 DOI: 10.1021/bi800250p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamyl-modified amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides play a major role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Posttranslational formation of pyroglutamic acid (pGlu) at position 3 or 11 of Abeta implies cyclization of an N-terminal glutamate residue rendering the modified peptide degradation resistant, more hydrophobic, and prone to aggregation. Previous studies using artificial peptide substrates suggested the potential involvement of the enzyme glutaminyl cyclase in generation of pGlu-Abeta. Here we show that glutaminyl cyclase (QC) catalyzes the formation of Abeta 3(pE)-40/42 after amyloidogenic processing of APP in two different cell lines, applying specific ELISAs and Western blotting based on urea-PAGE. Inhibition of QC by the imidazole derivative PBD150 led to a blockage of Abeta 3(pE)-42 formation. Apparently, the QC-catalyzed formation of N-terminal pGlu is favored in the acidic environment of secretory compartments, which is also supported by double-immunofluorescence labeling of QC and APP revealing partial colocalization. Finally, initial investigations focusing on the molecular pathway leading to the generation of truncated Abeta peptides imply an important role of the amino acid sequence near the beta-secretase cleavage site. Introduction of a single-point mutation, resulting in an amino acid substitution, APP(E599Q), i.e., at position 3 of Abeta, resulted in significant formation of Abeta 3(pE)-40/42. Introduction of the APP KM595/596NL "Swedish" mutation causing overproduction of Abeta, however, surprisingly diminished the concentration of Abeta 3(pE)-40/42. The study provides new cell-based assays for the profiling of small molecule inhibitors of QC and points to conspicuous differences in processing of APP depending on sequence at the beta-secretase cleavage site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Cynis
- Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
A conserved hydrogen-bond network in the catalytic centre of animal glutaminyl cyclases is critical for catalysis. Biochem J 2008; 411:181-90. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
QCs (glutaminyl cyclases; glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferases, EC 2.3.2.5) catalyse N-terminal pyroglutamate formation in numerous bioactive peptides and proteins. The enzymes were reported to be involved in several pathological conditions such as amyloidotic disease, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and melanoma. The crystal structure of human QC revealed an unusual H-bond (hydrogen-bond) network in the active site, formed by several highly conserved residues (Ser160, Glu201, Asp248, Asp305 and His319), within which Glu201 and Asp248 were found to bind to substrate. In the present study we combined steady-state enzyme kinetic and X-ray structural analyses of 11 single-mutation human QCs to investigate the roles of the H-bond network in catalysis. Our results showed that disrupting one or both of the central H-bonds, i.e., Glu201···Asp305 and Asp248···Asp305, reduced the steady-state catalysis dramatically. The roles of these two COOH···COOH bonds on catalysis could be partly replaced by COOH···water bonds, but not by COOH···CONH2 bonds, reminiscent of the low-barrier Asp···Asp H-bond in the active site of pepsin-like aspartic peptidases. Mutations on Asp305, a residue located at the centre of the H-bond network, raised the Km value of the enzyme by 4.4–19-fold, but decreased the kcat value by 79–2842-fold, indicating that Asp305 primarily plays a catalytic role. In addition, results from mutational studies on Ser160 and His319 suggest that these two residues might help to stabilize the conformations of Asp248 and Asp305 respectively. These data allow us to propose an essential proton transfer between Glu201, Asp305 and Asp248 during the catalysis by animal QCs.
Collapse
|
40
|
Gontsarova A, Kaufmann E, Tumani H, Dressel A, Mandel F, Wiesmüller KH, Kunert-Keil C, Brinkmeier H. Glutaminyl cyclase activity is a characteristic feature of human cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 389:152-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
41
|
Schilling S, Lindner C, Koch B, Wermann M, Rahfeld JU, von Bohlen A, Rudolph T, Reuter G, Demuth HU. Isolation and characterization of glutaminyl cyclases from Drosophila: evidence for enzyme forms with different subcellular localization. Biochemistry 2007; 46:10921-30. [PMID: 17722885 DOI: 10.1021/bi701043x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminyl cyclases (QCs) present in plants and vertebrates catalyze the formation of pyroglutamic acid (pGlu) from N-terminal glutamine. Pyroglutamyl hormones also identified in invertebrates imply the involvement of QC activity during their posttranslational maturation. Database mining led to the identification of two genes in Drosophila, which putatively encode QCs, CG32412 (DromeQC) and CG5976 (isoDromeQC). Analysis of their primary structure suggests different subcellular localizations. While DromeQC appeared to be secreted due to an N-terminal signal peptide, isoDromeQC contains either an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting or a secretion signal due to generation of different transcripts from gene CG5976. According to the prediction, homologous expression of the corresponding cDNAs in S2 cells revealed either secreted protein in the medium or intracellular QC activity. Subcellular fractionation and immunochemistry support export of isoDromeQC into the mitochondrion. For enzymatic characterization, DromeQC and isoDromeQC were expressed heterologously in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli, respectively. Compared to mammalian QCs, the specificity constants were about 1 order of magnitude lower for most of the analyzed substrates. The pH dependence of the specificity constant was similar for both enzymes, indicating the necessity of an unprotonated substrate amino group and two protonated groups of the enzyme, resulting in an asymmetric bell-shaped characteristic. The determination of the metal content of DromeQC revealed equimolar protein-bound zinc. These results prove conserved enzymatic mechanisms between QCs from invertebrates and mammals. Drosophila is the first organism for which isoenzymes of glutaminyl cyclase have been isolated. The identification of a mitochondrial QC points toward yet undiscovered physiological functions of these enzymes.
Collapse
|
42
|
Schilling S, Stenzel I, von Bohlen A, Wermann M, Schulz K, Demuth HU, Wasternack C. Isolation and characterization of the glutaminyl cyclases from Solanum tuberosum and Arabidopsis thaliana: implications for physiological functions. Biol Chem 2007; 388:145-53. [PMID: 17261077 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminyl cyclases (QCs) catalyze the formation of pyroglutamic acid at the N-terminus of several peptides and proteins. On the basis of the amino acid sequence of Carica papaya QC, we identified cDNAs of the putative counterparts from Solanum tuberosum and Arabidopsis thaliana. Upon expression of the corresponding cDNAs from both plants via the secretory pathway of Pichia pastoris, two active QC proteins were isolated. The specificity of the purified proteins was assessed using various substrates with different amino acid composition and length. Highest specificities were observed with substrates possessing large hydrophobic residues adjacent to the N-terminal glutamine and for fluorogenic dipeptide surrogates. However, compared to Carica papaya QC, the specificity constants were approximately one order of magnitude lower for most of the QC substrates analyzed. The QCs also catalyzed the conversion of N-terminal glutamic acid to pyroglutamic acid, but with approximately 10(5)- to 10(6)-fold lower specificity. The ubiquitous distribution of plant QCs prompted a search for potential substrates in plants. Based on database entries, numerous proteins, e.g., pathogenesis-related proteins, were found that carry a pyroglutamate residue at the N-terminus, suggesting QC involvement. The putative relevance of QCs and pyroglutamic acid for plant defense reactions is discussed.
Collapse
|
43
|
Buchholz M, Heiser U, Schilling S, Niestroj AJ, Zunkel K, Demuth HU. The First Potent Inhibitors for Human Glutaminyl Cyclase: Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationship. J Med Chem 2005; 49:664-77. [PMID: 16420052 DOI: 10.1021/jm050756e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first effective inhibitors for human glutaminyl cyclase (QC) are described. The structures are developed by applying a ligand-based optimization approach starting from imidazole. Screening of derivatives of that heterocycle led to compounds of the imidazol-1-yl-alkyl thiourea type as a lead scaffold. A library of thiourea derivatives was synthesized, resulting in an inhibitory improvement by 2 orders of magnitude, leading to 1-(3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)thiourea as a potent inhibitor. Systematic exploitation of the scaffold revealed a strong impact on the inhibitory efficacy and resulted in the development of imidazole-propyl-thioamides as another new class of potent inhibitors. A flexible alignment of the most potent compounds of the thioamide and thiourea class and a QC substrate revealed a good match of characteristic features of the molecules, which suggests a similar binding mode of both inhibitors and the substrate to the active site of QC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Buchholz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Schilling S, Cynis H, von Bohlen A, Hoffmann T, Wermann M, Heiser U, Buchholz M, Zunkel K, Demuth HU. Isolation, Catalytic Properties, and Competitive Inhibitors of the Zinc-Dependent Murine Glutaminyl Cyclase. Biochemistry 2005; 44:13415-24. [PMID: 16201766 DOI: 10.1021/bi051142e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Murine glutaminyl cyclase (mQC) was identified in the insulinoma cell line beta-TC 3 by determination of enzymatic activity and RT-PCR. The cloned cDNA was expressed in the secretory pathway of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and purified after fermentation using a new three-step protocol. mQC converted a set of various substrates with very similar specificity to human QC, indicating a virtually identical catalytic competence. Furthermore, mQC was competitively inhibited by imidazole derivatives. A screen of thiol reagents revealed cysteamine as a competitive inhibitor of mQC bearing a Ki value of 42 +/-2 microM. Substitution of the thiol or the amino group resulted in a drastic loss of inhibitory potency. The pH dependence of catalysis and inhibition support that an uncharged nitrogen of the inhibitors and the substrate is necessary in order to bind to the active site of the enzyme. In contrast to imidazole and cysteamine, the heterocyclic chelators 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,6-dipicolinic acid, and 8-hydroxyquinoline inactivated mQC in a time-dependent manner. In addition, citric acid inactivated the enzyme at pH 5.5. Inhibition by citrate was abolished in the presence of zinc ions. A determination of the metal content by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy in mQC revealed stoichiometric amounts of zinc bound to the protein. Metal ion depletion appeared to have no significant effect on protein structure as shown by fluorescence spectroscopy, suggesting a catalytic role of zinc. The results demonstrate that mQC and probably all animal QCs are zinc-dependent catalysts. Apparently, during evolution from an ancestral protease, a switch occurred in the catalytic mechanism which is mainly based on a loss of one metal binding site.
Collapse
|
45
|
Schilling S, Manhart S, Hoffmann T, Ludwig HH, Wasternack C, Demuth HU. Substrate specificity of glutaminyl cyclases from plants and animals. Biol Chem 2004; 384:1583-92. [PMID: 14719800 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminyl cyclases (QC) catalyze the intramolecular cyclization of N-terminal glutamine residues of peptides and proteins. For a comparison of the substrate specificity of human and papaya QC enzymes, a novel continuous assay was established by adapting an existing discontinuous method. Specificity constants (kcat/Km) of dipeptides and dipeptide surrogates were higher for plant QC, whereas the selectivity for oligopeptides was similar for both enzymes. However, only the specificity constants of mammalian QC were dependent on size and composition of the substrates. Specificity constants of both enzymes were equally pH-dependent in the acidic pH-region, revealing a pKa value identical to the pKa of the substrate, suggesting similarities in the substrate conversion mode. Accordingly, both QCs converted the L-beta homoglutaminyl residue in the peptide H-beta homoGln-Phe-Lys-Arg-Leu-Ala-NH2 and the glutaminyl residues of the branched peptide H-Gln-Lys(Gln)-Arg-Leu-Ala-NH2 as well as the partially cyclized peptide H-Gln-cyclo(N epsilon-Lys-Arg-Pro-Ala-Gly-Phe). In contrast, only QC from C. papaya was able to cyclize a methylated glutamine residue, while this compound did not even inhibit human QC-catalysis, suggesting distinct substrate recognition pattern. The conversion of the potential physiological substrates [Gln1]-gastrin, [Gln1]-neurotensin and [Gln1]-fertilization promoting peptide indicates that human QC may play a key role in posttranslational modification of most if not all pGlu-containing hormones.
Collapse
|
46
|
Schilling S, Hoffmann T, Manhart S, Hoffmann M, Demuth HU. Glutaminyl cyclases unfold glutamyl cyclase activity under mild acid conditions. FEBS Lett 2004; 563:191-6. [PMID: 15063747 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2003] [Revised: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal pyroglutamate (pGlu) formation from glutaminyl precursors is a posttranslational event in the processing of bioactive neuropeptides such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone and neurotensin during their maturation in the secretory pathway. The reaction is facilitated by glutaminyl cyclase (QC), an enzyme highly abundant in mammalian brain. Here, we describe for the first time that human and papaya QC also catalyze N-terminal glutamate cyclization. Surprisingly, the enzymatic Glu(1) conversion is favored at pH 6.0 while Gln(1) conversion occurs with an optimum at pH 8.0. This unexpected finding might be of importance for deciphering the events leading to deposition of highly toxic pyroglutamyl peptides in amyloidotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schilling
- Probiodrug AG, Biocenter, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Schilling S, Niestroj AJ, Rahfeld JU, Hoffmann T, Wermann M, Zunkel K, Wasternack C, Demuth HU. Identification of Human Glutaminyl Cyclase as a Metalloenzyme. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:49773-9. [PMID: 14522962 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309077200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glutaminyl cyclase (QC) was identified as a metalloenzyme as suggested by the time-dependent inhibition by the heterocyclic chelators 1,10-phenanthroline and dipicolinic acid. The effect of EDTA on QC catalysis was negligible. Inactivated enzyme could be fully restored by the addition of Zn2+ in the presence of equimolar concentrations of EDTA. Little reactivation was observed with Co2+ and Mn2+. Other metal ions such as K+, Ca2+, and Ni2+ were inactive under the same conditions. Additionally, imidazole and imidazole derivatives were identified as competitive inhibitors of QC. An initial structure activity-based inhibitor screening of imidazole-derived compounds revealed potent inhibition of QC by imidazole N-1 derivatives. Subsequent data base screening led to the identification of two highly potent inhibitors, 3-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl]-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one and 1,4-bis-(imidazol-1-yl)-methyl-2,5-dimethylbenzene, which exhibited respective Ki values of 818 +/- 1 and 295 +/- 5 nm. The binding properties of the imidazole derivatives were further analyzed by the pH dependence of QC inhibition. The kinetically obtained pKa values of 6.94 +/- 0.02, 6.93 +/- 0.03, and 5.60 +/- 0.05 for imidazole, methylimidazole, and benzimidazole, respectively, match the values obtained by titrimetric pKa determination, indicating the requirement for an unprotonated nitrogen for binding to QC. Similarly, the pH dependence of the kinetic parameter Km for the QC-catalyzed conversion of H-Gln-7-ami-no-4-methylcoumarin also implies that only N-terminally unprotonated substrate molecules are bound to the active site of the enzyme, whereas turnover is not affected. The results reveal human QC as a metal-dependent transferase, suggesting that the active site-bound metal is a potential site for interaction with novel, highly potent competitive inhibitors.
Collapse
|
48
|
Schilling S, Hoffmann T, Rosche F, Manhart S, Wasternack C, Demuth HU. Heterologous expression and characterization of human glutaminyl cyclase: evidence for a disulfide bond with importance for catalytic activity. Biochemistry 2002; 41:10849-57. [PMID: 12196024 DOI: 10.1021/bi0260381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminyl cyclase (QC, EC 2.3.2.5) catalyzes the formation of pyroglutamate residues from glutamine at the N-terminus of peptides and proteins. In the current study, human QC was functionally expressed in the secretory pathway of Pichia pastoris, yielding milligram quantities after purification from the supernatant of a 5 L fermentation. Initial characterization studies of the recombinant QC using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry revealed correct proteolytic processing and N-glycosylation at both potential sites with similar 2 kDa extensions. CD spectral analysis indicated a high alpha-helical content, which contrasts with plant QC from Carica papaya. The kinetic parameters for conversion of H-Gln-Tyr-Ala-OH by recombinant human QC were almost identical to those previously reported for purified bovine pituitary QC. However, the results obtained for conversion of H-Gln-Gln-OH, H-Gln-NH2, and H-Gln-AMC were found to be contradictory to previous studies on human QC expressed intracellularly in E. coli. Expression of QC in E. coli showed that approximately 50% of the protein did not contain a disulfide bond that is present in the entire QC expressed in P. pastoris. Further, the enzyme was consistently inactivated by treatment with 15 mM DTT, whereas deglycosylation had no effect on enzymatic activity. Analysis of the fluorescence spectra of the native, reduced, and unfolded human QC point to a conformational change of the protein upon treatment with DTT. In terms of the different enzymatic properties, the consequences of QC expression in different environments are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schilling
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Probiodrug AG, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|