1
|
Kumar D, Gauthami S, Bayry J, Kaveri SV, Hegde NR. Antibody Therapy: From Diphtheria to Cancer, COVID-19, and Beyond. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2021; 40:36-49. [PMID: 33900819 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dawn of the 20th century saw the formative years of developments in immunology. In particular, immunochemistry, specifically pertaining to antibodies, was extensively studied. These studies laid the foundations for employing antibodies in a variety of ways. Not surprisingly, antibodies have been used for applications ranging from biomedical research to disease diagnostics and therapeutics to evaluation of immune responses during natural infection and those elicited by vaccines. Despite recent advancements in cellular immunology and the excitement of T cell therapy, use of antibodies represents a large proportion of immunotherapeutic approaches as well as clinical interventions. Polyclonal antibodies in the form of plasma or sera continue to be used to treat a number of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancers, and infectious diseases. Historically, antisera to toxins have been the longest serving biotherapeutics. In addition, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) have been extensively used to treat not only immunodeficiency conditions but also autoimmune disorders. Beyond the simplistic suppositions of their action, the IVIg have also unraveled the immune regulatory and homeostatic ramifications of their use. The advent of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), on the other hand, has provided a clear pathway for their development as drug molecules. MAbs have found a clear place in the treatment of cancers and extending lives and have been used in a variety of other conditions. In this review, we capture the important developments in the therapeutic applications of antibodies to alleviate disease, with a focus on some of the recent developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sulgey Gauthami
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Srinivas V Kaveri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Bureau India, IFI, New Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu RM, Hwang YC, Liu IJ, Lee CC, Tsai HZ, Li HJ, Wu HC. Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:1. [PMID: 31894001 PMCID: PMC6939334 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1028] [Impact Index Per Article: 257.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been more than three decades since the first monoclonal antibody was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in 1986, and during this time, antibody engineering has dramatically evolved. Current antibody drugs have increasingly fewer adverse effects due to their high specificity. As a result, therapeutic antibodies have become the predominant class of new drugs developed in recent years. Over the past five years, antibodies have become the best-selling drugs in the pharmaceutical market, and in 2018, eight of the top ten bestselling drugs worldwide were biologics. The global therapeutic monoclonal antibody market was valued at approximately US$115.2 billion in 2018 and is expected to generate revenue of $150 billion by the end of 2019 and $300 billion by 2025. Thus, the market for therapeutic antibody drugs has experienced explosive growth as new drugs have been approved for treating various human diseases, including many cancers, autoimmune, metabolic and infectious diseases. As of December 2019, 79 therapeutic mAbs have been approved by the US FDA, but there is still significant growth potential. This review summarizes the latest market trends and outlines the preeminent antibody engineering technologies used in the development of therapeutic antibody drugs, such as humanization of monoclonal antibodies, phage display, the human antibody mouse, single B cell antibody technology, and affinity maturation. Finally, future applications and perspectives are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Min Lu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chyi Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - I-Ju Liu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chiu Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Han-Zen Tsai
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Li
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,, 128 Academia Rd., Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jhaveri DT, Zheng L, Jaffee EM. Specificity delivers: therapeutic role of tumor antigen-specific antibodies in pancreatic cancer. Semin Oncol 2014; 41:559-75. [PMID: 25440603 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is among the most deadly cancers with less than 5% of the patients living beyond 5 years post-diagnosis. Lack of early diagnostic biomarkers and resistance to current therapies help explain these disappointing numbers. Thus, more effective and better-targeted therapies are needed quickly. Monoclonal antibodies offer an attractive alternative targeted therapy option for PDA because they are highly specific and potent. However, currently available monoclonal antibody therapies for PDA are still in their infancy with a low success rate and low likelihood of being approved. The challenges faced by these therapies include the following: lack of predictive and response biomarkers, unfavorable safety profiles, expression of targets not restricted to the cancer cells, flawed preclinical model systems, drug resistance, and PDA's complex nature. Additionally, discovery of novel PDA-specific antigen targets, present on the cell surface or in the extracellular matrix, is needed. Predictive and response markers also need to be determined for PDA patient subgroups so that the most appropriate effective therapy can be delivered. Serologic approaches, recombinant antibody-producing technologies, and advances in antibody engineering techniques will help to identify these predictive biomarkers and aid in the development of new therapeutic antibodies. A combinatorial approach simultaneously targeting antigens on the PDA cell, stroma, and immunosuppressive cells should be employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darshil T Jhaveri
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are arguably the most significant class of biologics for use as pharmaceuticals and diagnostics. Many technological concepts exist for the generation and identification of therapeutically relevant mAbs, including the isolation and cloning of immunoglobulin (Ig) encoding genes from single B-lineage cells. This review summarizes various single B cell approaches and describes their use for the discovery of mAbs with potential therapeutic values or in basic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tiller
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Di Fabio F, Alvarado C, Gologan A, Youssef E, Voda L, Mitmaker E, Beitel LK, Gordon PH, Trifiro M. Somatic Mosaicism of Androgen Receptor CAG Repeats in Colorectal Carcinoma Epithelial Cells From Men. J Surg Res 2009; 154:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Rohatgi S, Ganju P, Sehgal D. Systematic design and testing of nested (RT-)PCR primers for specific amplification of mouse rearranged/expressed immunoglobulin variable region genes from small number of B cells. J Immunol Methods 2008; 339:205-19. [PMID: 18926828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a highly specific and sensitive (RT-)PCR capable of potentially amplifying the rearranged/expressed VH and VL gene belonging to any mouse immunoglobulin V gene family from a single or a small number of B cells. A database of germline immunoglobulin sequences was used to design 112 primers for a nested (RT-)PCR based strategy to cover all VH, VL, JH, JL, CH and CL gene families/genes from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. 93.7% of the primers had 4-fold or less, while 71.4% had no degeneracy. The proportions of germline V genes to which the primers bind with no, up to 1 and up to 2 mismatches are 59.7%, 84.1% and 94.9%, respectively. Most but not all V gene family specific primers designed allow amplification of full-length V genes. The nested primers permit PCR amplification of rearranged V genes belonging to all VH and VL gene families from splenocyte genomic DNA. The V gene family-specific nature of the primers was experimentally confirmed for randomly selected 6 VH and 6 Vkappa families, and all Vlambda genes. The broad V gene family coverage of our primer set was experimentally validated by amplifying the rearranged/expressed VH and VL genes from splenocytes and a panel of 38 hybridomas under conditions where primer mixes and genomic DNA or total RNA was used as starting template. We observed no or low-level cross-family priming. Pooled constant region specific primers allowed efficient RT-PCR amplification of H and L chain isotypes. The expressed VH and VL genes belonging to different V gene families RT-PCR amplified from a mixture of hybridomas in a representative manner. We successfully amplified the expressed VH and Vkappa gene from a single hybridoma cell by RT-PCR and from 10-15 microdissected B cells by genomic PCR. This, first of its kind, comprehensive set of highly sensitive and specific nested primers that provide broad V gene family coverage will open up new avenues and opportunities to study various aspects of mouse B cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soma Rohatgi
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Espina V, Wulfkuhle JD, Calvert VS, VanMeter A, Zhou W, Coukos G, Geho DH, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA. Laser-capture microdissection. Nat Protoc 2007; 1:586-603. [PMID: 17406286 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the cellular and molecular interactions that drive disease within the tissue microenvironment holds promise for discovering drug targets of the future. In order to recapitulate the in vivo interactions thorough molecular analysis, one must be able to analyze specific cell populations within the context of their heterogeneous tissue microecology. Laser-capture microdissection (LCM) is a method to procure subpopulations of tissue cells under direct microscopic visualization. LCM technology can harvest the cells of interest directly or can isolate specific cells by cutting away unwanted cells to give histologically pure enriched cell populations. A variety of downstream applications exist: DNA genotyping and loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) analysis, RNA transcript profiling, cDNA library generation, proteomics discovery and signal-pathway profiling. Herein we provide a thorough description of LCM techniques, with an emphasis on tips and troubleshooting advice derived from LCM users. The total time required to carry out this protocol is typically 1-1.5 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Espina
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd. MS 4E3, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sircar K, Gottlieb B, Alvarado C, Aprikian A, Beitel LK, Alam-Fahmy M, Begin L, Trifiro M. Androgen receptor CAG repeat length contraction in diseased and non-diseased prostatic tissues. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2007; 10:360-8. [PMID: 17440439 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To investigate contraction of CAG repeats within the androgen receptor gene (AR) as shorter CAG repeats have been implicated as a possible risk factor in prostate cancer (PCa). AR CAG repeat lengths were analyzed in DNA from microdissected diseased prostates, leukocytes from matched peripheral blood, and control non-diseased prostates. Consistently, all prostatic tissues, whether from benign or cancerous areas of diseased prostates, or from control prostates, showed multiple AR CAG repeat contractions. Germline DNA from blood leukocytes had single CAG repeat lengths in the normal range. AR CAG repeat length contraction may be involved in prostate carcinogenesis and may precede the pathological process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sircar
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pospisil R, Alexander CB, Obiakor H, Sinha RK, Mage RG. CD5+ B cells are preferentially expanded in rabbit appendix: the role of CD5 in B cell development and selection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:711-22. [PMID: 16375969 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although only a small proportion of mouse and human B cells are CD5(+), most adult rabbit B cells express CD5. However, CD5 was not detectable on the majority of B cells in neonatal appendix 1 and 3days after birth. Cell trafficking studies demonstrated that CD5(+) and CD5(-) CD62L(+) B cells from bone marrow migrated into appendix. There, CD5(+) B cells were preferentially expanded and predominated by approximately 2weeks of age. In mutant ali/ali rabbits, VHa2(+) B cells develop through gene conversion-like alteration of rearranged VH genes upstream of deleted VH1a2. Correlated appearance of individual CD5(+) germinal centers and VHa2(+) B-cells in mutant appendix suggests that CD5 binding positively selects cells with a2(+) framework regions that bind CD5. Following negative and positive selection, cells with diversified rearranged heavy- and light-chain sequences exit appendix, migrate to peripheral tissues and constitute the preimmune repertoire of CD5(+) B cells that encounter foreign antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pospisil
- Laboratory of Immunology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alvarado C, Beitel LK, Sircar K, Aprikian A, Trifiro M, Gottlieb B. Somatic mosaicism and cancer: a micro-genetic examination into the role of the androgen receptor gene in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8514-8. [PMID: 16166332 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that the androgen receptor (AR) plays a major role in all prostate cancer stages, including both androgen-dependent and -independent tumors. A large number of studies have examined the possible effects of a functional polymorphism in the AR gene, a variable-length CAG repeat, on the development of prostate cancer, but the results to date have been inconclusive. We have considered the fact that the tissue heterogeneity present in almost all prostate cancer tumors has rarely been regarded as an indicator of AR genetic heterogeneity. To determine if genetic heterogeneity exists and is a significant event in prostate cancer development, we have examined prostate cancer tumors for somatic shortening of the AR gene CAG repeat. All 72 laser capture microdissected samples from archival prostate cancer tissues, as well as samples from freshly prepared prostate cancer tissues, showed some genetic heterogeneity (somatic mosaicism) for AR CAG repeat length. Cancerous tissues showed a much greater degree of genetic heterogeneity than adjacent benign tissues, as well as a very significant shortening of their CAG repeat lengths. However, CAG repeat length heterogeneity was not observed in normal prostate tissues. It is hypothesized that somatic mosaicism of the AR CAG repeat in prostate cancer tumors may be found to be an important genetic event in precancerous tissue, which may subsequently lead to the development of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alvarado
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Keays KM, Owens GP, Ritchie AM, Gilden DH, Burgoon MP. Laser capture microdissection and single-cell RT-PCR without RNA purification. J Immunol Methods 2005; 302:90-8. [PMID: 16084216 PMCID: PMC3279919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are characterized by intrathecal synthesis of increased amounts of immunoglobulin G (IgG) directed against the agent that causes disease. In other inflammatory CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis and CNS sarcoid, the targets of the humoral immune response are uncertain. To identify the IgGs expressed by individual CD38(+) plasma cells seen in human brain sections, we merged the techniques of laser capture microdissection (LCM) and single-cell RT-PCR. Frozen brain sections from a patient who died of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), were rapidly immunostained and examined by LCM to dissect individual CD38(+) cells. After cell lysis, we developed two techniques for reverse-transcription (RT) of unpurified total RNA in the cell lysates. The first method performed repeated and rapid freeze-thawing, followed by centrifugation of the cell lysate into tubes for subsequent RT. The second, more successful method performed RT in situ on detergent-solubilized cells directly on the cap surface; subsequent nested PCR identified heavy and light chain sequences expressed by two-thirds of individually isolated plasma cells. These techniques will streamline the identification of gene expression products in single cells from complex tissues and have the potential to identify IgGs expressed in the CNS of inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryne Melissa Keays
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Denver, CO 80262, United States
| | - Gregory P. Owens
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Denver, CO 80262, United States
| | - Alanna M. Ritchie
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Denver, CO 80262, United States
| | - Donald H. Gilden
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Denver, CO 80262, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Mark P. Burgoon
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Denver, CO 80262, United States
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 303 315 3727; fax: +1 303 315 8720. (M.P. Burgoon)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Day RC, Grossniklaus U, Macknight RC. Be more specific! Laser-assisted microdissection of plant cells. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2005; 10:397-406. [PMID: 16027030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Laser-assisted microdissection (LAM) is a powerful tool for isolating specific tissues, cell types and even organelles from sectioned biological specimen in a manner conducive to the extraction of RNA, DNA or protein. LAM, which is an established technique in many areas of biology, has now been successfully adapted for use with plant tissues. Here, we provide an overview of the processes involved in conducting a successful LAM study in plants and review recent developments that have made this technique even more desirable. We also discuss how the technology might be exploited to answer some pertinent questions in plant biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Day
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Taylor TB, Nambiar PR, Raja R, Cheung E, Rosenberg DW, Anderegg B. Microgenomics: Identification of new expression profiles via small and single-cell sample analyses. Cytometry A 2004; 59:254-61. [PMID: 15170605 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the sequencing of the human genome has been finished, microgenomics has been booming, employing highly sophisticated, high-throughput platforms. But these mainly chip-based methods can only generate biologically relevant data if the samples investigated consist of homogeneous cell populations, in which no unwanted cells of different specificity and/or developmental stage obscure the results. METHODS Different sampling methods have been routinely applied to overcome the problem presented by heterogeneous samples, e.g., global surveys, cell cultures, and microdissection. Various methods of laser-assisted microdissection, employing either positive or negative selection of tissue areas or even single cells, are available. RESULTS These laser-assisted microdissection methods allow for fast and precise procurement of extremely small samples. Through subsequent application of recently developed methods of linear mRNA amplification in a pool of isolated total RNA, it has now become possible to perform complex high-throughput RNA expression profiling by microdissecting and processing even single-cell samples. CONCLUSIONS Studies using the tools and methods of microgenomics have shed light on how those new approaches will eventually aid in the development of a new generation of diagnostics, e.g., leading to new patient-specific drugs tailored to the requirements assessed by assaying only a few biopsy cells.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sokolova YY, McNally LR, Fuxa JR, Vinson SB. Spore morphotypes of Thelohania solenopsae (microsporidia) described microscopically and confirmed by PCR of individual spores microdissected from smears by position ablative laser microbeam microscopy. Microbiology (Reading) 2004; 150:1261-1270. [PMID: 15133089 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of Thelohania solenopsae, a parasite of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), until recently was thought to include formation of two types of spores: unicellular meiospores, maturing inside sporophorous vesicles in sets of eight (octospores); and Nosema-like binuclear free spores. Megaspores, discovered in 2001, develop primarily in alates and are morphologically distinct from the two previously known types of spores. The role of megaspores in the T. solenopsae life cycle, as well as their existence, has been questioned. The current research includes light and electron microscopic descriptions of the three major spore morphotypes characteristic of T. solenopsae development. In addition, individual octospores and megaspores were isolated into groups of 8–20 from methanol-fixed and Calcofluor-stained smears of the infected ants for subsequent PCR analysis by the laser pressure catapulting function of a position ablative laser microbeam microscope, a technique applied for the first time to research of microsporidia. The PCR-amplified SSU rDNA nucleotide sequences from octospores and megaspores were identical. This, along with the consistency with which megaspores are detected in infected ants, demonstrates that megaspores are integral to the life cycle of T. solenopsae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Y Sokolova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064, St Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana Agricultural Experimental Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Lacey R McNally
- Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70805, USA
| | - James R Fuxa
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana Agricultural Experimental Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - S Bradleigh Vinson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Laser Literature Watch. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LASER MEDICINE & SURGERY 2003; 21:239-46. [PMID: 13678463 DOI: 10.1089/104454703768247837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
16
|
Zieziulewicz TJ, Unfricht DW, Hadjout N, Lynes MA, Lawrence DA. Shrinking the biologic world--nanobiotechnologies for toxicology. Toxicol Sci 2003; 74:235-44. [PMID: 12832654 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfg108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although toxicologic effects need to be considered at the organismal level, the adverse events originate from interactions and alterations at the molecular level. Cellular structures and functions can be disrupted by modifications of the nanometer structure of critical molecules; therefore, devices used to assess biologic and toxicologic processes at the nanoscale will allow important new research pursuits. In order to properly assess alterations at these dimensions, nanofabricated tools are needed to detect, separate, analyze, and manipulate cells or biologic molecules of interest. The emergence of laser tweezers, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), laser capture microdissection (LCM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and multi-photon microscopes have allowed for these assessments. Micro- and nanobiotechnologies will further advance biologic, clinical, and toxicologic endeavors with the aid of miniaturized, more sensitive devices. Miniaturized table-top laboratory equipment incorporating additional innovative technologies can lead to new advances, including micro total analysis systems (microTAS) or "lab-on-a-chip" and "sentinel sensor" devices. This review will highlight several devices, which have been made possible by techniques originating in the microelectronics industry. These devices can be used for toxicologic assessment of cellular structures and functions, such as cellular adhesion, signal transduction, motility, deformability, metabolism, and secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Zieziulewicz
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology and Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sehgal D, Obiakor H, Mage RG. Distinct clonal Ig diversification patterns in young appendix compared to antigen-specific splenic clones. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5424-33. [PMID: 12023335 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The young rabbit appendix is a dynamic site for primary B cell repertoire development. To study diversification patterns during clonal expansion, we collected single appendix B cells from 3- to 9-wk-old rabbits and sequenced rearranged H and L chain genes. Single cells obtained by hydraulic micromanipulation or laser capture microdissection were lysed, PCR amplified, and products directly sequenced. Gene conversion-like changes occurred in rearranged H and L chain sequences by 3-4 wk of age. Somatic mutations were found in the D regions that lack known conversion donors and probably also occurred in the V genes. A few small sets of clonally related appendix B cells were found at 3-5 wk; by 5.5 wk, some larger clones were recovered. The diversification patterns in the clones from appendix were strikingly different from those found previously in splenic germinal centers where an immunizing Ag was driving the expansion and selection process toward high affinity. Clonally related appendix B cells developed different amino acid sequences in each complementarity-determining region (CDR) including CDR3, whereas dominant clones from spleen underwent few changes in CDR3. The variety of combining sites generated by diversification within individual clones suggests that at least some clonal expansion and selection, known to require normal gut flora, may be driven through indirect effects of microbial components rather than solely by their recognition as specific foreign Ags. This diversity of combining sites within B cell clones supports the proposed role of appendix in generating the preimmune repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devinder Sehgal
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|