1
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Shybeka I, Maynard JRJ, Saidjalolov S, Moreau D, Sakai N, Matile S. Dynamic Covalent Michael Acceptors to Penetrate Cells: Thiol-Mediated Uptake with Tetrel-Centered Exchange Cascades, Assisted by Halogen-Bonding Switches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213433. [PMID: 36272154 PMCID: PMC10098706 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chalcogen-centered cascade exchange chemistry is increasingly understood to account for thiol-mediated uptake, that is, the ability of reversibly thiol-reactive agents to penetrate cells. Here, reversible Michael acceptors are shown to enable and inhibit thiol-mediated uptake, including the cytosolic delivery of proteins. Dynamic cyano-cinnamate dimers rival the best chalcogen-centered inhibitors. Patterns generated in inhibition heatmaps reveal contributions from halogen-bonding switches that occur independent from the thyroid transporter MCT8. The uniqueness of these patterns supports that the entry of tetrel-centered exchangers into cells differs from chalcogen-centered systems. These results expand the chemical space of thiol-mediated uptake and support the existence of a universal exchange network to bring matter into cells, abiding to be decoded for drug delivery and drug discovery in the broadest sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Shybeka
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John R J Maynard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Saidbakhrom Saidjalolov
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Moreau
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Hock N, Racaniello GF, Aspinall S, Denora N, Khutoryanskiy VV, Bernkop‐Schnürch A. Thiolated Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Mimicking the Workhorses of Our Body. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102451. [PMID: 34773391 PMCID: PMC8728822 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have generated a broad range of nanoparticles (NPs) for numerous biomedical applications. Among the various properties of NPs are functionalities being related to thiol substructures. Numerous biological processes that are mediated by cysteine or cystine subunits of proteins representing the workhorses of the bodies can be transferred to NPs. This review focuses on the interface between thiol chemistry and NPs. Pros and cons of different techniques for thiolation of NPs are discussed. Furthermore, the various functionalities gained by thiolation are highlighted. These include overall bio- and mucoadhesive, cellular uptake enhancing, and permeation enhancing properties. Drugs being either covalently attached to thiolated NPs via disulfide bonds or being entrapped in thiolated polymeric NPs that are stabilized via inter- and intrachain crosslinking can be released at the diseased tissue or in target cells under reducing conditions. Moreover, drugs, targeting ligands, biological analytes, and enzymes bearing thiol substructures can be immobilized on noble metal NPs and quantum dots for therapeutic, theranostic, diagnostic, biosensing, and analytical reasons. Within this review a concise summary and analysis of the current knowledge, future directions, and potential clinical use of thiolated NPs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Hock
- Thiomatrix Forschungs und Beratungs GmbHTrientlgasse 65Innsbruck6020Austria
| | | | - Sam Aspinall
- Reading School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights PO Box 224, Room 122 (Chemistry and Pharmacy Building)ReadingRG66DXUK
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy – Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Bari “Aldo Moro”Bari70125Italy
| | - Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights PO Box 224, Room 122 (Chemistry and Pharmacy Building)ReadingRG66DXUK
| | - Andreas Bernkop‐Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of PharmacyUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82Innsbruck6020Austria
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3
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Laurent Q, Martinent R, Lim B, Pham AT, Kato T, López-Andarias J, Sakai N, Matile S. Thiol-Mediated Uptake. JACS AU 2021; 1:710-728. [PMID: 34467328 PMCID: PMC8395643 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective focuses on thiol-mediated uptake, that is, the entry of substrates into cells enabled by oligochalcogenides or mimics, often disulfides, and inhibited by thiol-reactive agents. A short chronology from the initial observations in 1990 until today is followed by a summary of cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s (CPDs) and cyclic oligochalcogenides (COCs) as privileged scaffolds in thiol-mediated uptake and inhibitors of thiol-mediated uptake as potential antivirals. In the spirit of a Perspective, the main part brings together topics that possibly could help to explain how thiol-mediated uptake really works. Extreme sulfur chemistry mostly related to COCs and their mimics, cyclic disulfides, thiosulfinates/-onates, diselenolanes, benzopolysulfanes, but also arsenics and Michael acceptors, is viewed in the context of acidity, ring tension, exchange cascades, adaptive networks, exchange affinity columns, molecular walkers, ring-opening polymerizations, and templated polymerizations. Micellar pores (or lipid ion channels) are considered, from cell-penetrating peptides and natural antibiotics to voltage sensors, and a concise gallery of membrane proteins, as possible targets of thiol-mediated uptake, is provided, including CLIC1, a thiol-reactive chloride channel; TMEM16F, a Ca-activated scramblase; EGFR, the epithelial growth factor receptor; and protein-disulfide isomerase, known from HIV entry or the transferrin receptor, a top hit in proteomics and recently identified in the cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Laurent
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rémi Martinent
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bumhee Lim
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anh-Tuan Pham
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Takehiro Kato
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Twair A, Kassem I, Murad H, Abbady AQ. Secretion of Recombinant Human Annexin V in Fusion with the Super Folder GFP for Labelling Phosphatidylserine-Exposing Membranes. J Membr Biol 2021; 254:175-187. [PMID: 33604692 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Annexin V (ANXV), mostly characterized by its ability to interact with biological membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. ANXV interacts mainly with phosphatidylserine (PS), for that fluorescent ANXV widely produced and used as a sensitive and specific probe to mark apoptotic cells or any PS-containing bilayers membranes. Many reports described the prokaryotic expression of recombinant human ANXV. To overcome some of E. coli expression limitations, we aimed in this work to investigate unconventional alternative expression system in mammalian cells for producing secreted human ANXV in fusion with the super folder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP). HEK239T cells were transfected using polyethylenimine (PEI) and pcDNA-sfGFP-ANXV plasmid. Forty-eight hours post transfection, direct fluorescence measurement, immunoblotting and ELISA confirmed the presence of secreted sfGFP-ANXV in cells supernatant. The yield of secreted 6 × His-tagged sfGFP-ANXV after affinity purification was estimated to be around 2 µg per 1 ml of cells supernatant. The secretion system was proper to produce a fully functional sfGFP-ANXV fusion protein in quantities enough to recognize and bind PS-containing surfaces or liposomes. Besides, biological assays such as flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy confirmed the capacity of the secreted sfGFP-ANXV to detect PS exposure on apoptotic cells. Taken together, we present mammalian expression as a quick, affordable and endotoxin-free system to produce sfGFP-ANXV fusion protein. The secreted sfGFP-ANXV in eukaryotic system is a promising biotechnological tool, it opens up new horizons for additional applications in the detection of PS bearing surfaces and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Twair
- Division of Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Issam Kassem
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
- National Commission for Biotechnology (NCBT), Damascus, Syria
| | - Hossam Murad
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - Abdul Qader Abbady
- Division of Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
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5
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Cheng Y, Pham AT, Kato T, Lim B, Moreau D, López-Andarias J, Zong L, Sakai N, Matile S. Inhibitors of thiol-mediated uptake. Chem Sci 2020; 12:626-631. [PMID: 34163793 PMCID: PMC8179002 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05447j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellman's reagent has caused substantial confusion and concern as a probe for thiol-mediated uptake because it is the only established inhibitor available but works neither efficiently nor reliably. Here we use fluorescent cyclic oligochalcogenides that enter cells by thiol-mediated uptake to systematically screen for more potent inhibitors, including epidithiodiketopiperazines, benzopolysulfanes, disulfide-bridged γ-turned peptides, heteroaromatic sulfones and cyclic thiosulfonates, thiosulfinates and disulfides. With nanomolar activity, the best inhibitors identified are more than 5000 times better than Ellman's reagent. Different activities found with different reporters reveal thiol-mediated uptake as a complex multitarget process. Preliminary results on the inhibition of the cellular uptake of pseudo-lentivectors expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein do not exclude potential of efficient inhibitors of thiol-mediated uptake for the development of new antivirals. Thiol-reactive inhibitors for the cellular entry of cyclic oligochalcogenide (COC) transporters and SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudo-lentivirus are reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Cheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Anh-Tuan Pham
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Takehiro Kato
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Bumhee Lim
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Dimitri Moreau
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Javier López-Andarias
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Lili Zong
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ +41 22 379 6523
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6
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Martinent R, Du D, López-Andarias J, Sakai N, Matile S. Oligomers of Cyclic Oligochalcogenides for Enhanced Cellular Uptake. Chembiochem 2020; 22:253-259. [PMID: 32975867 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monomeric cyclic oligochalcogenides (COCs) are emerging as attractive transporters to deliver substrates of interest into the cytosol through thiol-mediated uptake. The objective of this study was to explore COC oligomers. We report a systematic evaluation of monomers, dimers, and trimers of asparagusic, lipoic, and diselenolipoic acid as well as their supramolecular monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers. COC dimers were more than twice as active as the monomers on both the covalent and noncovalent levels, whereas COC trimers were not much better than dimers. These trends might suggest that thiol-mediated uptake of COCs is synergistic over both short and long distances, that is, it involves more than two COCs and more than one membrane protein, although other interpretations cannot be excluded at this level of complexity. These results thus provide attractive perspectives for structural evolution as well as imminent use in practice. Moreover, they validate automated HC-CAPA as an invaluable method to collect comprehensive data on cytosolic delivery within a reasonable time at a level of confidence that is otherwise inconceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Martinent
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dongchen Du
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Javier López-Andarias
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Martinent R, López-Andarias J, Moreau D, Cheng Y, Sakai N, Matile S. Automated high-content imaging for cellular uptake, from the Schmuck cation to the latest cyclic oligochalcogenides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2007-2016. [PMID: 32831957 PMCID: PMC7431755 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress with chemistry tools to deliver into living cells has seen a shift of attention from counterion-mediated uptake of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and their mimics, particularly the Schmuck cation, toward thiol-mediated uptake with cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s (CPDs) and cyclic oligochalcogenides (COCs), here exemplified by asparagusic acid. A persistent challenge in this evolution is the simultaneous and quantitative detection of cytosolic delivery and cytotoxicity in a high-throughput format. Here, we show that the combination of the HaloTag-based chloroalkane penetration assay (CAPA) with automated high-content (HC) microscopy can satisfy this need. The automated imaging of thousands of cells per condition in multiwell plates allows us to obtain quantitative data on not only the fluorescence intensity but also on the localization in a very short time. Quantitative and statistically relevant results can be obtained from dose-response curves of the targeted delivery to selected cells and the cytotoxicity in the same experiment, even with poorly optimized cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Martinent
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Javier López-Andarias
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Moreau
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yangyang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Bayat N, McOrist N, Ariotti N, Lai M, Sia KC, Li Y, Grace JL, Quinn JF, Whittaker MR, Kavallaris M, Davis TP, Lock RB. Thiol-Reactive Star Polymers Functionalized with Short Ethoxy-Containing Moieties Exhibit Enhanced Uptake in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9795-9808. [PMID: 31853178 PMCID: PMC6914812 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s220326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Directing nanoparticles to cancer cells without using antibodies is of great interest. Subtle changes to the surface chemistry of nanoparticles can significantly affect their biological fate, including their propensity to associate with different cell populations. For instance, nanoparticles functionalized with thiol-reactive groups can potentially enhance association with cells that over-express cell-surface thiol groups. The potential of such an approach for enhancing drug delivery for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells has not been investigated. Herein, we investigate the impact of thiol-reactive star polymers on the cellular association and the mechanisms of uptake of the nanoparticles. Methods We prepared fluorescently labeled star polymers functionalized with an mPEG brush corona and pyridyl disulfide to examine how reactivity to exofacial thiols impacts cellular association with ALL cells. We also studied how variations to the mPEG brush composition could potentially be used as a secondary method for controlling the extent of cell association. Specifically, we examined how the inclusion of shorter diethylene glycol brush moieties into the nanoparticle corona could be used to further influence cell association. Results Star polymers incorporating both thiol-reactive and diethylene glycol brush moieties exhibited the highest cellular association, followed by those functionalized solely with thiol reactive groups compared to control nanoparticles in T and B pediatric ALL patient-derived xenografts harvested from the spleens and bone marrow of immunodeficient mice. Transfection of cells with an early endosomal marker and imaging with correlative light and electron microscopy confirmed cellular uptake. Endocytosis inhibitors revealed dynamin-dependent clathrin-mediated endocytosis as the main uptake pathway for all the star polymers. Conclusion Thiol-reactive star polymers having an mPEG brush corona that includes a proportion of diethylene glycol brush moieties represent a potential strategy for improved leukemia cell delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Bayat
- Leukemia Biology Program, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nathan McOrist
- Leukemia Biology Program, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Ariotti
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, Chemical Sciences Building, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - May Lai
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Keith Cs Sia
- Leukemia Biology Program, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuhuan Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - James L Grace
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John F Quinn
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael R Whittaker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Tumor Biology and Targeting Program, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Richard B Lock
- Leukemia Biology Program, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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9
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Zhang R, Qin X, Kong F, Chen P, Pan G. Improving cellular uptake of therapeutic entities through interaction with components of cell membrane. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:328-342. [PMID: 30905189 PMCID: PMC6442206 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1582730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient cellular delivery of biologically active molecules is one of the key factors that affect the discovery and development of novel drugs. The plasma membrane is the first barrier that prevents direct translocation of chemic entities, and thus obstructs their efficient intracellular delivery. Generally, hydrophilic small molecule drugs are poor permeability that reduce bioavailability and thus limit the clinic application. The cellular uptake of macromolecules and drug carriers is very inefficient without external assistance. Therefore, it is desirable to develop potent delivery systems for achieving effective intracellular delivery of chemic entities. Apart from of the types of delivery strategies, the composition of the cell membrane is critical for delivery efficiency due to the fact that cellular uptake is affected by the interaction between the chemical entity and the plasma membrane. In this review, we aimed to develop a profound understanding of the interactions between delivery systems and components of the plasma membrane. For the purpose, we attempt to present a broad overview of what delivery systems can be used to enhance the intracellular delivery of poorly permeable chemic entities, and how various delivery strategies are applied according to the components of plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fandong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Pengwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Guojun Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Tai’an, P.R. China
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10
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Martínez-Jothar L, Beztsinna N, van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE, Oliveira S. Selective Cytotoxicity to HER2 Positive Breast Cancer Cells by Saporin-Loaded Nanobody-Targeted Polymeric Nanoparticles in Combination with Photochemical Internalization. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1633-1647. [PMID: 30817164 PMCID: PMC6448105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In cancer treatment, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) can serve as a vehicle for the delivery of cytotoxic proteins that have intracellular targets but that lack well-defined mechanisms for cellular internalization, such as saporin. In this work, we have prepared PEGylated poly(lactic acid- co-glycolic acid- co-hydroxymethyl glycolic acid) (PLGHMGA) NPs for the selective delivery of saporin in the cytosol of HER2 positive cancer cells. This selective uptake was achieved by decorating the surface of the NPs with the 11A4 nanobody that is specific for the HER2 receptor. Confocal microscopy observations showed rapid and extensive uptake of the targeted NPs (11A4-NPs) by HER2 positive cells (SkBr3) but not by HER2 negative cells (MDA-MB-231). This selective uptake was blocked upon preincubation of the cells with an excess of nanobody. Nontargeted NPs (Cys-NPs) were not taken up by either type of cells. Importantly, a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect was only observed on SkBr3 cells when these were treated with saporin-loaded 11A4-NPs in combination with photochemical internalization (PCI), a technique that uses a photosensitizer and local light exposure to facilitate endosomal escape of entrapped nanocarriers and biomolecules. The combined use of saporin-loaded 11A4-NPs and PCI strongly inhibited cell proliferation and decreased cell viability through induction of apoptosis. Also the cytotoxic effect could be reduced by an excess of nanobody, reinforcing the selectivity of this system. These results suggest that the combination of the targeting nanobody on the NPs with PCI are effective means to achieve selective uptake and cytotoxicity of saporin-loaded NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martínez-Jothar
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nataliia Beztsinna
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Oliveira
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division
of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Morelli P, Bartolami E, Sakai N, Matile S. Glycosylated Cell‐Penetrating Poly(disulfide)s: Multifunctional Cellular Uptake at High Solubility. Helv Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Morelli
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH‐1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Eline Bartolami
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH‐1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH‐1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH‐1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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Chuard N, Poblador-Bahamonde AI, Zong L, Bartolami E, Hildebrandt J, Weigand W, Sakai N, Matile S. Diselenolane-mediated cellular uptake. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1860-1866. [PMID: 29675232 PMCID: PMC5892345 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05151d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenophilicity, minimized dihedral angles, acidic selenols, multitarget hopping: cytosolic delivery with 1,2-diselenolanes outperforms 1,2-dithiolanes, by far.
The emerging power of thiol-mediated uptake with strained disulfides called for a move from sulfur to selenium. We report that according to results with fluorescent model substrates, cellular uptake with 1,2-diselenolanes exceeds uptake with 1,2-dithiolanes and epidithiodiketopiperazines with regard to efficiency as well as intracellular localization. The diselenide analog of lipoic acid performs best. This 1,2-diselenolane delivers fluorophores efficiently to the cytosol of HeLa Kyoto cells, without detectable endosomal capture as with 1,2-dithiolanes or dominant escape into the nucleus as with epidithiodiketopiperazines. Diselenolane-mediated cytosolic delivery is non-toxic (MTT assay), sensitive to temperature but insensitive to inhibitors of endocytosis (chlorpromazine, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, wortmannin, cytochalasin B) and conventional thiol-mediated uptake (Ellman's reagent), and to serum. Selenophilicity, the extreme CSeSeC dihedral angle of 0° and the high but different acidity of primary and secondary selenols might all contribute to uptake. Thiol-exchange affinity chromatography is introduced as operational mimic of thiol-mediated uptake that provides, in combination with rate enhancement of DTT oxidation, direct experimental evidence for existence and nature of the involved selenosulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chuard
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland . ; http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ ; Tel: +41 22 379 6523
| | - Amalia I Poblador-Bahamonde
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland . ; http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ ; Tel: +41 22 379 6523
| | - Lili Zong
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland . ; http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ ; Tel: +41 22 379 6523
| | - Eline Bartolami
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland . ; http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ ; Tel: +41 22 379 6523
| | - Jana Hildebrandt
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Friedrich-Schiller University Jena , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weigand
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Friedrich-Schiller University Jena , Germany
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland . ; http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ ; Tel: +41 22 379 6523
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry , University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland . ; http://www.unige.ch/sciences/chiorg/matile/ ; Tel: +41 22 379 6523
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Zong L, Bartolami E, Abegg D, Adibekian A, Sakai N, Matile S. Epidithiodiketopiperazines: Strain-Promoted Thiol-Mediated Cellular Uptake at the Highest Tension. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:449-453. [PMID: 28573207 PMCID: PMC5445525 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The disulfide dihedral angle in epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) is near 0°. Application of this highest possible ring tension to strain-promoted thiol-mediated uptake results in efficient delivery to the cytosol and nucleus. Compared to the previous best asparagusic acid (AspA), ring-opening disulfide exchange with ETPs occurs more efficiently even with nonactivated thiols, and the resulting thiols exchange rapidly with nonactivated disulfides. ETP-mediated cellular uptake is more than 20 times more efficient compared to AspA, occurs without endosomal capture, depends on temperature, and is "unstoppable" by inhibitors of endocytosis and conventional thiol-mediated uptake, including siRNA against the transferrin receptor. These results suggest that ETP-mediated uptake not only maximizes delivery to the cytosol and nucleus but also opens the door to a new multitarget hopping mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Morelli
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Geneva; Quai Ernest Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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15
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Chuard N, Gasparini G, Moreau D, Lörcher S, Palivan C, Meier W, Sakai N, Matile S. Strain-Promoted Thiol-Mediated Cellular Uptake of Giant Substrates: Liposomes and Polymersomes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2947-2950. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chuard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; Switzerland
| | - Giulio Gasparini
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Current address: Firmenich SA, Division of Research and Development; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Moreau
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Samuel Lörcher
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Palivan
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; Switzerland
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16
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Chuard N, Gasparini G, Moreau D, Lörcher S, Palivan C, Meier W, Sakai N, Matile S. Strain-Promoted Thiol-Mediated Cellular Uptake of Giant Substrates: Liposomes and Polymersomes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chuard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; Switzerland
| | - Giulio Gasparini
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Current address: Firmenich SA, Division of Research and Development; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Moreau
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Samuel Lörcher
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Palivan
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Meier
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Molecular Systems Engineering; Switzerland
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17
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Pathak RK, Dhar S. Unique Use of Alkylation for Chemo-Redox Activity by a Pt(IV) Prodrug. Chemistry 2016; 22:3029-36. [PMID: 26807548 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Resistance towards chemotherapeutics displayed by cancer cells is a significant stumbling block against fruitful cisplatin-based therapy. A unique dual-acting chemotherapeutic modality, Platin-B, a prodrug of cisplatin and pipobroman-mimicking alkylating agent, was constructed to circumvent tumor resistance. Platin-B exhibited a superior cytotoxicity profile in cisplatin-resistant cancer cells. Enhanced activity and the ability to overcome cancer-induced resistance of Platin-B was related to adduct formation with intracellular glutathione, followed by the activity of Platin-B on the mitochondria of cells, along with its conventional nuclear activity. Alkylating moieties present on Platin-B enhanced its cellular and subcellular concentration and protected it from early drug sequestration by biological thiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Pathak
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-9454
| | - Shanta Dhar
- NanoTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA), Fax: (+1) 706-542-9454.
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18
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Li T, Takeoka S. A novel application of maleimide for advanced drug delivery: in vitro and in vivo evaluation of maleimide-modified pH-sensitive liposomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3855-66. [PMID: 24143089 PMCID: PMC3797616 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s47749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maleimide is a stable and easy-to-handle moiety that rapidly and covalently conjugates thiol groups of cysteine residues in proteins or peptides. Herein, we use maleimide to modify the surface of liposomes in order to obtain an advanced drug delivery system. Employing a small amount (0.3 mol%) of maleimide-polyethylene glycol (PEG) to modify the surface of the liposomes M-GGLG-liposomes, composed of 1,5-dihexadecyl N,N-diglutamyl-lysyl-L-glutamate (GGLG)/cholesterol/poly(ethylene glycol) 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (PEG5000-DSPE)/maleimide-PEG5000-Glu2C18 at a molar ratio of 5:5:0.03:0.03, drug delivery efficiency was remarkably improved both in vitro and in vivo compared to unmodified liposomes (GGLG-liposomes, composed of GGLG/cholesterol/PEG5000-DSPE/PEG5000-Glu2C18 at a molar ratio of 5:5:0.03:0.03). Moreover, this modification did not elicit any detectable increase in cytotoxicity. The maleimide-modification did not alter the physical characteristics of the liposomes such as size, zeta potential, pH sensitivity, dispersibility and drug encapsulation efficiency. However, M-GGLG-liposomes were more rapidly (≥2-fold) internalized into HeLa, HCC1954, and MDA-MB-468 cells compared to GGLG-liposomes. In vivo, M-GGLG-liposomes encapsulating doxorubicin (M-GGLG-DOX-liposomes) also showed a more potent antitumor effect than GGLG-DOX-liposomes and the widely used 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC)-DOX-liposomes after two subcutaneous injections around breast cancer tissue in mice. The biodistribution of liposomes in this model was observed using an in vivo imaging system, which showed that M-GGLG-liposomes were present for significantly longer at the injection site compared to GGLG-liposomes. The outstanding biological functions of the maleimide-modified liposomes as a novel drug delivery system make them ideally suited to a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Li
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University (TWIns), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Opposing influence of intracellular and membrane thiols on the toxicity of reducible polycations. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8843-50. [PMID: 23948163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity of polycations has been recognized since their first use in gene delivery. Bioreducible polycations attract attention because of their improved safety due to selective intracellular degradation by glutathione (GSH). Here we present a systematic study of the toxicity of bioreducible poly(amido amine)s (PAA). PAA with increasing content of disulfide bonds were synthesized by Michael addition. Toxicity of PAA was evaluated in two cell lines with different innate levels of intracellular GSH. Increasing the content of disulfide bonds decreased the toxicity of PAA, with more significant decrease observed in cells with high GSH. Depleting intracellular GSH by diethyl maleate resulted in increased toxicity of bioreducible PAA. In contrast, increasing the GSH concentrations by growing cells in hypoxic conditions resulted in further decreased toxicity compared with cells grown in normoxic conditions. The presence of exofacial plasma membrane thiols selectively increased toxicity of bioreducible PAA while having no effect on non-degradable controls. These results improve our understanding of the cellular mechanisms of polycation toxicity. They also shed light on the opposing effects of different cellular thiol pools on the toxicity of bioreducible polycations.
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20
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Efficient MRI labeling of endothelial progenitor cells: design of thiolated surface stabilized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:346-55. [PMID: 23481176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design thiolated surface stabilized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (TSS-SPIONs) for efficient internalization with high MRI sensitivity. TSS-SPIONs were developed by chelation between thiolated chitosan-thioglycolic acid (chitosan-TGA) hydrogel and iron ions (Fe(2+)/Fe(3+)). Likely, unmodified chitosan hydrogel SPIONs (UC-SPIONs) and uncoated SPIONs were used as control. Moreover, TSS-SPIONs were investigated regarding to their iron core size, hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, iron contents, molar relaxivities (r1 and r2), and cellular internalization. TSS-SPIONs demonstrated an iron oxide core diameter (crystallite size by XRD) of 3.1 ± 0.02 nm, a hydrodynamic diameter of 94 ± 20 nm, a zeta potential of +21 ± 5 mV, and an iron content of 3.6 ± 0.9 mg/mL. In addition, internalization of TSS-SPIONs into human endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) from umbilical cord blood was more than threefold and 17-fold higher in contrast to UC-SPIONs and SPIONs, respectively. With twofold lower incubation iron concentration of TSS-SPIONs, more than threefold higher internalization was achieved as compared to Resovist®. Also, cell viability of more than 90% was observed in the presence of TSS-SPIONs after 24h. The molar MR relaxivities (r2) value at 1.5 T was threefold higher than that of Resovist® and demonstrated that TSS-SPIONs have the potential as very effective T2 contrast-enhancement agent. According to these findings, TSS-SPIONs with efficient internalization, lower cytotoxicity, and high MRI sensitivity seem to be promising for cell tracking.
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21
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Li J, Manickam DS, Chen J, Oupicky D. Effect of cell membrane thiols and reduction-triggered disassembly on transfection activity of bioreducible polyplexes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 46:173-80. [PMID: 22406090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioreducible polyplexes are promising vectors for delivery of nucleic acids due to low toxicity and favorable transfection activity. The often improved transfection is usually explained by enhanced intracellular reductive disassembly of the polyplexes. This study evaluated the effect of enhanced reductive disassembly on transfection activity of plasmid DNA and antisense oligonucleotide (AON) polyplexes based on a series of bioreducible poly(amido amine)s (PAA). We found that the presence of disulfide bonds in PAA had no effect on nucleic acid binding, hydrodynamic size and zeta potential of polyplexes. Increasing the disulfide content in PAA increased susceptibility to reduction-triggered DNA and AON release from the polyplexes. Increasing the disulfide content in PAA increased DNA transfection but had no effect on AON transfection. Plasma membrane protein thiols played a key role in the observed enhancement of DNA transfection. The presence of disulfide bonds in PAA had no significant effect on the rate of intracellular DNA clearance, suggesting that enhanced intracellular disassembly of the bioreducible polyplexes is not a major contributing factor to the improved transfection activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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22
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Torres AG, Gait MJ. Exploiting cell surface thiols to enhance cellular uptake. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:185-90. [PMID: 22260747 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Efficient cellular delivery is one of the key issues that has hampered the therapeutic development of novel synthetic biomolecules such as oligonucleotides, peptides and nanoparticles. The highly specialized cellular plasma membrane specifically internalizes compounds through tightly regulated mechanisms. It is possible to exploit these natural mechanisms of cellular uptake with rationally designed reagents. Here, we discuss how thiol groups (-SH) naturally present on the cell surface (exofacial thiols) can be used to enhance cellular association and internalization of various materials bearing thiol-reactive groups in their structure. We propose that such thiol modifications should be considered in future design of synthetic biomolecules for optimized cellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian G Torres
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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23
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Blacklock J, Mao G, Oupický D, Möhwald H. DNA release dynamics from bioreducible layer-by-layer films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:8597-8605. [PMID: 20131916 PMCID: PMC2877163 DOI: 10.1021/la904673r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
DNA release dynamics from layer-by-layer (LbL) films is an important aspect to consider with regards to localized gene delivery systems. The rate of DNA release and the condensation state of DNA during release are of particular interest in the field of gene delivery. A hyperbranched poly(amido amine) (RHB) containing bioreducible disulfide bonds is used to form interpolyelectrolyte complexes with DNA during LbL film assembly. During film disassembly, DNA is released in physiologic conditions due to the reducing nature of the RHB. Uncondensed DNA deposited on the surface was compared to DNA condensed by RHB in polyplex form by using two types of LbL films, RHB/DNA/RHB and polyplex terminated films, RHB/DNA/polyplex. LbL films with up to three layers are used in order to facilitate high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. X-ray reflectivity, ellipsometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are also used. The film disassembly, rearrangement, and release of molecules from the surface due to thiol-disulfide exchange is conducted in reducing dithiothreitol (DTT) solutions. Salt is found to accelerate the overall rate of film disassembly. Additionally, it was found that the polyplex layer disassembles faster than the DNA layer. The predominant intermediate structure is the toroid structure for the polyplex layer and the fiber bundle structure for the DNA layer during film disassembly. This study offers a simple means to modulate DNA release from LbL films by utilizing both condensed and uncondensed DNA in different layers. The study highlights nanostructures, toroids, and bundles as dominant intermediate DNA structures during DNA release from LbL films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Blacklock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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Aubry S, Burlina F, Dupont E, Delaroche D, Joliot A, Lavielle S, Chassaing G, Sagan S. Cell‐surface thiols affect cell entry of disulfide‐conjugated peptides. FASEB J 2009; 23:2956-67. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-127563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soline Aubry
- UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
| | - Fabienne Burlina
- UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
| | - Edmond Dupont
- Ecole Normale Superieure CNRS UMR 8542 Homeoprotein Cell Biology Paris France
| | - Diane Delaroche
- UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
| | - Alain Joliot
- Ecole Normale Superieure CNRS UMR 8542 Homeoprotein Cell Biology Paris France
| | - Solange Lavielle
- UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
| | - Gerard Chassaing
- UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
- CNRS UMR 7613, Synthesis, Structure, and Function of Bioactive Molecules Paris France
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25
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Blacklock J, You YZ, Zhou QH, Mao G, Oupický D. Gene delivery in vitro and in vivo from bioreducible multilayered polyelectrolyte films of plasmid DNA. Biomaterials 2008; 30:939-50. [PMID: 19013638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) films were assembled on flexible stainless steel substrate using plasmid DNA and reducible hyperbranched poly(amido amine) (RHB) polycation. The films were characterized by XPS and their disassembly in reducing conditions confirmed by ellipsometry. Fibroblast and smooth muscle cell attachment and proliferation on DNA/RHB films were indistinguishable from those on control DNA/poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) films. In vitro transfection activity was evaluated using reporter plasmids encoding for secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and green fluorescent protein (GFP). DNA/RHB films showed higher and longer lasting transfection activity than control DNA/PEI films using SEAP plasmid. It was revealed through the use of GFP plasmid that DNA/RHB films transfected almost the entire cell population growing on the films. In vivo transfection activity was evaluated by subcutaneously implanting a stainless steel substrate coated with the DNA/RHB films containing SEAP plasmid DNA and measuring the levels of SEAP secreted into the blood circulation of rats. It was found that the plasma levels of SEAP peaked at approximately 160 ng SEAP/mL five days post-implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Blacklock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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26
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Abstract
Polyplexes sensitive to redox potential gradients represent a promising class of vectors for delivery of nucleic acids. This review focuses on the recent advances in the development of these vectors. The biological rationale for the design of redox-sensitive polyplexes is discussed together with the basic synthetic approaches for introducing reducible disulfide bonds into the structure of the polyplexes. The biological properties of the redox-sensitive polyplexes of plasmid DNA, mRNA, antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA are reviewed with emphasis on in vitro cellular delivery, cytotoxicity and in vivo activity. Overall, redox-sensitive polyplexes represent a promising platform for further development as vectors for delivery of a wide variety of therapeutic nucleic acids.
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27
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Martien R, Loretz B, Sandbichler AM, Schnürch AB. Thiolated chitosan nanoparticles: transfection study in the Caco-2 differentiated cell culture. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:045101. [PMID: 21817495 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/04/045101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to monitor the expression of secreted protein in differentiated Caco-2 cells after transfection with nanoparticles, in order to improve gene delivery. Based on unmodified chitosan and thiolated chitosan conjugates, nanoparticles with the gene reporter pSEAP (recombinant Secreted Alkaline Phosphatase) were generated at pH 4.0. Transfection studies of thiolated chitosan in Caco-2 cells during the exponential growth phase and differentiation growth phase of the cells led to a 5.0-fold and 2.0-fold increase in protein expression when compared to unmodified chitosan nanoparticles. The mean particle size for both unmodified chitosan and cross-linked thiolated chitosan nanoparticles is 212.2 ± 86 and 113.6 ± 40 nm, respectively. The zeta potential of nanoparticles was determined to be 7.9 ± 0.38 mV for unmodified chitosan nanoparticles and 4.3 ± 0.74 mV for cross-linked thiolated chitosan nanoparticles. Red blood cell lysis evaluation was used to evaluate the membrane damaging properties of unmodified and thiolated chitosan nanoparticles and led to 4.61 ± 0.36% and 2.29 ± 0.25% lysis, respectively. Additionally, cross-linked thiolated chitosan nanoparticles were found to exhibit higher stability toward degradation in gastric juices. Furthermore the reversible effect of thiolated chitosan on barrier properties was monitored by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and is supported by immunohistochemical staining for the tight junction protein claudin. According to these results cross-linked thiolated chitosan nanoparticles have the potential to be used as a non-viral vector system for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Martien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, Josef Möller Haus, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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Blacklock J, Handa H, Soundara Manickam D, Mao G, Mukhopadhyay A, Oupický D. Disassembly of layer-by-layer films of plasmid DNA and reducible TAT polypeptide. Biomaterials 2007; 28:117-24. [PMID: 16962657 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the disassembly of layer-by-layer (LbL) films of plasmid DNA and a reducible cationic polypeptide. To utilize a reducing microenvironment of cellular plasma membrane as a potential trigger, LbL films are assembled to contain both DNA and the TAT-based polypeptide (PTAT) with reducible disulfide bonds in the backbone. The assembly and disassembly processes are monitored by goniometry, ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The structure of the PTAT films is compared with that of non-reducible poly(L-lysine) (PLL) films. Both PTAT and PLL films exhibit exponential growth but with the contact angle alternating between characteristic values. Ellipsometry and AFM show a gradual and complete disassembly of the PTAT but not the PLL films in a 24h period in the reducing environment in vitro. This study suggests a potential of using reducible LbL films for controlled DNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Blacklock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Martien R, Loretz B, Thaler M, Majzoob S, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Chitosan–thioglycolic acid conjugate: An alternative carrier for oral nonviral gene delivery? J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 82:1-9. [PMID: 17265441 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Regarding safety concerns, nonviral gene delivery vehicles that have the required efficiency and safety for use in human gene therapy are being widely investigated. The aim of this study was to synthesize and evaluate a thiolated chitosan to improve the efficacy of oral gene delivery systems. Thiolated chitosan was synthesized by introducing thioglycolic acid (TGA) to chitosan via amide bond formation mediated by a carbodiimide. Based on this conjugate, nanoparticles with pDNA were generated at pH 4.0 and 5.0. Cytotoxicity of the thiolated chitosan/pDNA nanoparticles on Caco-2 cells was evaluated. The diameter of thiolated chitosan/pDNA nanoparticles was in the range of 100-200 nm. The zeta potential was determined to be 5-6 mV. Due to stability toward nucleases, the transfection rate of thiolated chitosan/pDNA nanoparticles was fivefold higher than that of unmodified chitosan/pDNA nanoparticles. Lactate dehydrogenase tests for thiolated chitosan/pDNA (pH 4.0 and 5.0) showed that (3.79 +/- 0.23)% and (2.9 +/- 0.13)% cell damage. According to these results, thiolated chitosan represents promising excipients for preparation DNA nanoparticles in nonviral gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Martien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Wu J, Wu GY, Zern MA. The prospects of hepatic drug delivery and gene therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 7:1795-817. [PMID: 15991930 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.7.11.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Liver targeted therapy is designed to deliver a substance preferentially to the organ in order to increase the accumulation, improve the therapeutic effect and reduce toxicity to other organs. The aim of selective targeting is to deliver a substance to a specific cell type in the liver. A variety of vehicles have been designed and further modified for selective targeting of therapeutics to the liver. The targeting properties and strategies of commonly used agents, such as liposomes, microspheres and recombinant chylomicrons, are discussed. Viral and non-viral vectors, such as cationic liposomes, reconstituted chylomicron remnants, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, and SV-40, are currently being evaluated for the delivery of DNA to the liver. New developments in improving the targeting efficiency of the available vectors while avoiding their disadvantages have made their use in clinical trials of various genetic disorders possible. For viral hepatitis, antisense and ribozyme techniques are being employed with selective targeting approaches. A commonly employed current strategy for targeting hepatocellular carcinoma cells is to make the tumour cells convert non-toxic 'prodrugs' to toxic metabolites in situ, achieving a high concentration of the toxic product in the local milieu, while avoiding systemic toxicity. Although gene therapy itself is in its infancy, some encouraging results have been developed in studies of familial hypercholesterolaemia, haemophilia, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and Crigler-Najjar syndrome. The potential strengths as well as the problems with these studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-5083, USA.
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Chluba J, Lima de Souza D, Frisch B, Schuber F. Enhancement of gene delivery by an analogue of alpha-MSH in a receptor-independent fashion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1510:198-208. [PMID: 11342158 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(00)00348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to transfect melanoma specifically by receptor-mediated endocytosis we prepared dioctadecyl aminoglycylspermine (lipospermine)--DNA complexes with [Nle(4),D-Phe(7)]-alpha-MSH(4--10), a pseudo-peptide analogue of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) linked to a thiol-reactive phospholipid. With these complexes we obtained an up to 70-fold increase of transfection with B16-F1 melanoma cells. However when B16-G4F, an alpha-MSH receptor negative melanoma cell line was transfected, an up to 700-fold increased transfection efficiency was observed. The peptide hormone analogue was equally efficient when it was only mixed with lipospermine--DNA complexes without covalent coupling. In addition to melanoma cells we also obtained up to 30-fold increased transfection with BN cells (embryonic liver cells). Our data show that an alpha-MSH analogue increased transfection independently of the MSH receptor expression but reaches efficiencies approaching those obtained with peptides derived from viral fusion proteins. The absence of targeting of constructs containing [Nle(4),D-Phe(7)]-alpha-MSH(4-10) can probably be attributed due to the relatively modest number of MSH receptors at the surface of melanoma. We suggest, however, that the peptide hormone analogue used in this study has membrane-active properties and could be of interest as helper agent to enhance non-viral gene delivery presumably by endosomal-destabilizing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chluba
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR 7514 CNRS-ULP, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France.
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Gerasimov OV, Boomer JA, Qualls MM, Thompson DH. Cytosolic drug delivery using pH- and light-sensitive liposomes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999; 38:317-338. [PMID: 10837763 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(99)00035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of literature describes the development and applications of novel targeting and/or contents release triggering schemes to improve the therapeutic index of drugs encapsulated within liposomes. This review focuses on literature appearing between January 1995-December 1997 that report 1) antibody and receptor-mediated targeting approaches for improving drug localization and 2) acid, enzymatic, thermal or photochemical triggering processes that destabilize membranes and improve drug bioavailability via cytoplasmic delivery of liposomal contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- OV Gerasimov
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Boeckler C, Dautel D, Schelté P, Frisch B, Wachsmann D, Klein JP, Schuber F. Design of highly immunogenic liposomal constructs combining structurally independent B cell and T helper cell peptide epitopes. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:2297-308. [PMID: 10427993 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199907)29:07<2297::aid-immu2297>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have designed liposomal diepitope constructs that allow the physical combination, within the same vesicle, of B and Th epitopes as structurally separate entities. The immune response against such constructs was explored using TPEDPTDPTDPQDPSS (TPE), a B cell epitope originating from a Streptococcus mutans surface adhesin and QYIKANSKFIGITEL (QYI), a "universal" Th epitope from tetanus toxin. The two peptides were linked to the outer surface of small (diameter approximately 100 nm) unilamellar liposomes by covalent conjugation to two different anchors. To that end we have developed a strategy that allows the controlled chemical coupling of TPE and QYI, functionalized at their N terminus with a thiol, to preformed liposomes containing thiol-reactive derivatives of phosphatidylethanolamine and the lipopeptide S-[2,3-bis (palmitoyloxy)-(2-RS)-propyl]-N-palmitoyl-(R)-cysteinyl-alanyl-gly cine (Pam3CAG), respectively. This synthetic construct (administered i.p. to BALB/c mice) induced highly intense (titers > 20,000), anamnestic and long-lasting (over 2 years) immune responses, indicating that this strategy is successful. Two parameters were of prime importance to elicit this response with our liposomal diepitope constructs: (1) the simultaneous expression of B and Th epitopes on the same vesicle, and (2) the lipopeptide Pam3CAG anchor of the Th epitope QYI could not be replaced by a phosphatidylethanolamine anchor (a lesser immune response was observed). Analysis of the antibody response revealed a complex pattern; thus, besides the humoral response (production of IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b) a superposition of a T-independent (TI-2 type) response was also found (IgM and IgG3). These results indicate that liposomal diepitope constructs could be attractive in the development of synthetic peptide-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boeckler
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Pharmacie, Strasbourg-Illkirch, France
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Budker V, Gurevich V, Hagstrom JE, Bortzov F, Wolff JA. pH-sensitive, cationic liposomes: a new synthetic virus-like vector. Nat Biotechnol 1996; 14:760-4. [PMID: 9630986 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0696-760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe the use of cationic, pH-sensitive liposomes to mediate the efficient transfer of DNA into a variety of cells in culture. Cationic lipids, containing an amine with a pK within the physiologic range of 4.5 to 8, were synthesized and incorporated with dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine into liposomes. Acid conditions promoted DNA-binding, DNA-incorporation, and DNA-induced fusion by these cationic, pH-sensitive liposomes. Transfection efficiency in cultured cells was dependent on endosomal acidification in a manner akin to acidic-induced endosomal release of viruses. These liposomes constitute a promising new class of reagents for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Budker
- Department of Pediatrics, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53705, USA
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