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Lee G. Tau and signal transduction. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024; 81:103-106. [PMID: 38053488 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Pramanik S, Sulistio YA, Heese K. Neurotrophin Signaling and Stem Cells-Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Stem Cell Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7401-7459. [PMID: 27815842 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are members of a neuronal growth factor protein family whose action is mediated by the tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) receptor family receptors and the p75 NT receptor (p75NTR), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Although NTs were first discovered in neurons, recent studies have suggested that NTs and their receptors are expressed in various types of stem cells mediating pivotal signaling events in stem cell biology. The concept of stem cell therapy has already attracted much attention as a potential strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Strikingly, NTs, proNTs, and their receptors are gaining interest as key regulators of stem cells differentiation, survival, self-renewal, plasticity, and migration. In this review, we elaborate the recent progress in understanding of NTs and their action on various stem cells. First, we provide current knowledge of NTs, proNTs, and their receptor isoforms and signaling pathways. Subsequently, we describe recent advances in the understanding of NT activities in various stem cells and their role in NDs, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Finally, we compile the implications of NTs and stem cells from a clinical perspective and discuss the challenges with regard to transplantation therapy for treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pramanik
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanuar Alan Sulistio
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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Ding X, Cai J, Li S, Liu XD, Wan Y, Xing GG. BDNF contributes to the development of neuropathic pain by induction of spinal long-term potentiation via SHP2 associated GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors activation in rats with spinal nerve ligation. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 73:428-51. [PMID: 25447233 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain still remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether spinal BDNF contributes to dorsal horn LTP induction and neuropathic pain development by activation of GluN2B-NMDA receptors via Src homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) phosphorylation in rats following spinal nerve ligation (SNL). We first demonstrated that spinal BDNF participates in the development of long-lasting hyperexcitability of dorsal horn WDR neurons (i.e. central sensitization) as well as pain allodynia in both intact and SNL rats. Second, we revealed that BDNF induces spinal LTP at C-fiber synapses via functional up-regulation of GluN2B-NMDA receptors in the spinal dorsal horn, and this BDNF-mediated LTP-like state is responsible for the occlusion of spinal LTP elicited by subsequent high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) of the sciatic nerve in SNL rats. Finally, we validated that BDNF-evoked SHP2 phosphorylation is required for subsequent GluN2B-NMDA receptors up-regulation and spinal LTP induction, and also for pain allodynia development. Blockade of SHP2 phosphorylation in the spinal dorsal horn using a potent SHP2 protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor NSC-87877, or knockdown of spinal SHP2 by intrathecal delivery of SHP2 siRNA, not only prevents BDNF-mediated GluN2B-NMDA receptors activation as well as spinal LTP induction and pain allodynia elicitation in intact rats, but also reduces the SNL-evoked GluN2B-NMDA receptors up-regulation and spinal LTP occlusion, and ultimately alleviates pain allodynia in neuropathic rats. Taken together, these results suggest that the BDNF/SHP2/GluN2B-NMDA signaling cascade plays a vital role in the development of central sensitization and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ding
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
| | - Jie Cai
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
| | - Song Li
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
| | - Xiao-Dan Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
| | - You Wan
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
| | - Guo-Gang Xing
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China; Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Beijing 100191, P.R. China.
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Uren RT, Turnley AM. Regulation of neurotrophin receptor (Trk) signaling: suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) is a new player. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:39. [PMID: 24860421 PMCID: PMC4030161 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic neurotrophins Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Neurotrophins NT-3 and NT-4 are well known to regulate various aspects of neuronal differentiation, survival and growth. They do this by binding to their cognate receptors, members of the Tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) receptor tyrosine kinase family, namely TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. These receptors are then internalized and localized to different cellular compartments, where signal transduction occurs. Conversely, members of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family are best known as negative regulators of signaling via the JAK/STAT pathway. Some members of the family, and in particular SOCS2, have roles in the nervous system that at least partially overlap with that of neurotrophins, namely neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. Recent evidence suggests that SOCS2 is a novel regulator of NGF signaling, altering TrkA cellular localization and downstream signaling to affect neurite growth but not neuronal survival. This review first discusses regulation of Trk receptor signaling, followed by the role of SOCS2 in the nervous system and finishes with a discussion of possible mechanisms by which SOCS2 may regulate TrkA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel T Uren
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience Research and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ann M Turnley
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience Research and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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TrkB receptor signalling: implications in neurodegenerative, psychiatric and proliferative disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10122-42. [PMID: 23670594 PMCID: PMC3676832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Trk family of receptors play a wide variety of roles in physiological and disease processes in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Amongst these the TrkB receptor in particular has attracted major attention due to its critical role in signalling for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3) and neurotrophin-4 (NT4). TrkB signalling is indispensable for the survival, development and synaptic plasticity of several subtypes of neurons in the nervous system. Substantial evidence has emerged over the last decade about the involvement of aberrant TrkB signalling and its compromise in various neuropsychiatric and degenerative conditions. Unusual changes in TrkB signalling pathway have also been observed and implicated in a range of cancers. Variations in TrkB pathway have been observed in obesity and hyperphagia related disorders as well. Both BDNF and TrkB have been shown to play critical roles in the survival of retinal ganglion cells in the retina. The ability to specifically modulate TrkB signalling can be critical in various pathological scenarios associated with this pathway. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying TrkB signalling, disease implications and explore plausible ameliorative or preventive approaches.
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Huang YS, Cheng CY, Chueh SH, Hueng DY, Huang YF, Chu CM, Wu ST, Tai MC, Liang CM, Liao MH, Chen CC, Shen LH, Ma KH. Involvement of SHP2 in focal adhesion, migration and differentiation of neural stem cells. Brain Dev 2012; 34:674-84. [PMID: 22118986 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SHP2 (Src-homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase) plays an important role in cell adhesion, migration and cell signaling. However, its role in focal adhesion, differentiation and migration of neural stem cells is still unclear. METHODS In this study, rat neurospheres were cultured in suspension and differentiated neural stem cells were cultured on collagen-coated surfaces. RESULTS The results showed that p-SHP2 co-localized with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin in neurospheres and in differentiated neural precursor cells, astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Suppression of SHP2 activity by PTP4 or siRNA-mediated SHP2 silencing caused reduction in the cell migration and neurite outgrowth, and thinning of glial cell processes. Differentiation-induced activation of FAK, Src, paxillin, ERK1/2, and RhoA was decreased by SHP2 inactivation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that SHP2 is recruited in focal adhesions of neural stem cells and regulates focal adhesion formation. SHP2-mediated regulation of neural differentiation and migration may be related to formation of focal adhesions and RhoA and ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuahn-Sieh Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Hower AE, Beltran PJ, Bixby JL. Dimerization of tyrosine phosphatase PTPRO decreases its activity and ability to inactivate TrkC. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1635-47. [PMID: 19573017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), like receptor tyrosine kinases, regulate neuronal differentiation. While receptor tyrosine kinases are dimerized and activated by extracellular ligands, the extent to which RPTPs dimerize, and the effects of dimerization on phosphatase activity, are poorly understood. We have examined a neuronal type III RPTP, PTPRO; we find that PTPRO can form dimers in living cells, and that disulfide linkages in PTPROs intracellular domain likely regulate dimerization. Dimerization of PTPROs transmembrane and intracellular domains, achieved by ligand binding to a chimeric fusion protein, decreases activity toward artificial peptides and toward a putative substrate, tropomyosin-related kinase C (TrkC). Dephosphorylation of TrkC by PTPRO may be physiologically relevant, as it is efficient, and TrkC and PTPRO can be co-precipitated from transfected cells. Inhibition of PTPROs phosphatase activity by dimerization is interesting, as dimerization of a related RPTP, CD148/PTPRJ, increases activity. Thus, our results suggest a complex relationship between dimerization and activity in type III RPTPs.
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Mitsuhashi H, Futai E, Sasagawa N, Hayashi Y, Nishino I, Ishiura S. Csk-homologous kinase interacts with SHPS-1 and enhances neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. J Neurochem 2007; 105:101-12. [PMID: 17999719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SHPS-1 is an immunoglobulin superfamily protein with four immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in its cytoplasmic region. Various neurotrophic factors induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of SHPS-1 and the association of SHPS-1 with the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified a protein tyrosine kinase, Csk-homologous kinase (CHK), as an SHPS-1-interacting protein. Immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays using glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins containing the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of CHK revealed that CHK associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated SHPS-1 via its SH2 domain. HIS3 assay in a yeast two-hybrid system using the tyrosine-to-phenylalanine mutants of SHPS-1 indicated that the first and second ITIMs of SHPS-1 are required to bind CHK. Over-expression of wild-type CHK, but not a kinase-inactive CHK mutant, enhanced the phosphorylation of SHPS-1 and its subsequent association with SHP-2. CHK phosphorylated each of four tyrosines in the cytoplasmic region of SHPS-1 in vitro. Co-expression of SHPS-1 and CHK enhanced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Thus, CHK phosphorylates and associates with SHPS-1 and is involved in neural differentiation via SHP-2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Mitsuhashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim HJ, Han AM, Shim JH, Yoon HH, Kwon H, Kwon YK. Shp2 is involved in neuronal differentiation of hippocampal precursor cells. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:750-4. [PMID: 17679554 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HiB5 is a multipotent hippocampal stem cell line whose differentiation into cells of a neuronal phenotype is promoted by neurotrophic factors such as PDGF and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We examined the potential role of Src homology 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (Shp2) in this differentiation process. We found that Shp2 became tyrosine phosphorylated following PDGF treatment. Wild-type Shp2 enhanced the expression of neurofilament, synapsin I and PSD95 by PDGF and BDNF, whereas their expression was attenuated by the catalytically inactive mutants Shp2C/S and Shp2DeltaP. Formation of dendritic spine-like structures increased with wild-type Shp2, but diminished with Shp2C/S and Shp2DeltaP. PSD95, localized in the post-synaptic density region of dendritic spines, PDGFRbeta and TrkB were co-immunoprecipitated with Shp2 antibodies. These results suggest that Shp2 plays a positive role in mediating PDGF- and BDNF-activated signaling which promotes the formation of dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Jae Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyunghee University, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Wang C, Lee JJ, Jung HH, Zuo Z. Pretreatment with volatile anesthetics, but not with the nonimmobilizer 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane, reduced cell injury in rat cerebellar slices after an in vitro simulated ischemia. Brain Res 2007; 1152:201-8. [PMID: 17434151 PMCID: PMC1950153 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A prior exposure to the volatile anesthetic isoflurane has been shown to induce neuroprotection in rats. This phenomenon is called preconditioning. We designed this study to determine whether the potency of volatile anesthetics in inducing neuropreconditioning is related to their potency to induce anesthesia. Cerebellar slices of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to various concentrations of isoflurane, halothane, sevoflurane, desflurane or the nonimmobilizer 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane for 15 min, followed by a 15-min drug-free period, and then were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 10 min at 37 degrees C. After a 5-h recovery at 37 degrees C, brain slices were used for quantification of cell injury by spectrophotometric measurement of formazan produced from 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. All four volatile anesthetics induced a concentration-dependent preconditioning effect. The EC50 for this effect induced by isoflurane, halothane, sevoflurane or desflurane was 221, 173, 184 and 929 microM, respectively. This EC50 was linearly correlated with the aqueous concentration of one minimum alveolar concentration. The volatile anesthetic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection was abolished by DL-threo-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid, DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate or dihydrokainate, glutamate transporter inhibitors. The volatile nonimmobilizer 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane at any concentrations tested in the study did not induce a significant preconditioning effect. Isoflurane preconditioning did not change the oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced glutamate accumulation. These results suggest that the preconditioning-induced neuroprotection by volatile anesthetics is not agent-specific. Mechanisms that are involved in inducing anesthesia may contribute to the induction of preconditioning effect by volatile anesthetics. Modification of glutamate transporter activity may be one of such mechanisms to induce these protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0710, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jeong Jin Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0710, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Hae-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0710, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University, Korea
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0710, USA
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Wu CJ, Chen Z, Ullrich A, Greene MI, O'Rourke DM. Inhibition of EGFR-mediated phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI3-K) signaling and glioblastoma phenotype by signal-regulatory proteins (SIRPs). Oncogene 2000; 19:3999-4010. [PMID: 10962556 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several growth factors and cytokines, including EGF, are known to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Signal Regulatory Proteins (SIRPs). Consistent with the idea that increased phosphorylation activates SIRP function, we overexpressed human SIRPalpha1 in U87MG glioblastoma cells in order to examine how SIRPalpha1 modulates EGFR signaling pathways. Endogenous EGFR proteins are overexpressed in U87MG cells and these cells exhibit survival and motility phenotypes that are influenced by EGFR kinase activity. Overexpression of the SIRPalpha1 cDNA diminished EGF-induced phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI3-K) activation in U87MG cells. Reduced EGF-stimulated activation of PI3-K was mediated by interactions between carboxyl terminus of SIRPalpha1 and the Src homology-2 (SH2)-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase, SHP2. SIRPalpha1 overexpression also reduced the EGF-induced association between SHP2 and the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3-K. Inhibition of transformation and enhanced apoptosis following gamma-irradiation were observed in SIRPalpha1-overexpressing U87MG cells, and enhanced apoptosis was associated with reduced levels of bcl-xL protein. Furthermore, SIRPalpha1-overexpressing U87MG cells displayed reduced cell migration and cell spreading that was mediated by association between SIRPalpha1 and SHP2. However, SIRPalpha1-overexpressing U87MG clonal derivatives exhibited no differences in cell growth or levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. These data reveal a pathway that negatively regulates EGFR-induced PI3-K activation in glioblastoma cells and involves interactions between SHP2 and tyrosine phosphorylated SIRPalpha1. These results also suggest that negative regulation of PI3-K pathway activation by the SIRP family of transmembrane receptors may diminish EGFR-mediated motility and survival phenotypes that contribute to transformation of glioblastoma cells. Oncogene (2000) 19, 3999 - 4010.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
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Araki T, Yamada M, Ohnishi H, Sano S, Uetsuki T, Hatanaka H. Shp-2 specifically regulates several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in cultured cerebral cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2000; 74:659-68. [PMID: 10646517 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophins, promotes differentiation and survival and regulates plasticity of various types of neurons. BDNF binds to TrkB, a receptor tyrosine kinase, which results in the activation of a variety of signaling molecules to exert the various functions of BDNF. Shp-2, a Src homology 2 domain-containing cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase, is involved in neurotrophin signaling in PC12 cells and cultured cerebral cortical neurons. To examine the roles of Shp-2 in BDNF signaling in cultured rat cerebral cortical neurons, the wild-type and phosphatase-inactive mutant (C/S mutant) forms of Shp-2 were ectopically expressed in cultured neurons using recombinant adenovirus vectors. We found that several proteins tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to BDNF showed enhanced levels of tyrosine phosphorylation in cultured neurons infected with C/S mutant adenovirus in comparison with those infected with the wild-type Shp-2 adenovirus. In addition, in immunoprecipitates with anti-Shp-2 antibody, we also observed at least four proteins that displayed enhanced phosphorylation in response to BDNF in cultured neurons infected with the C/S mutant adenovirus. We found that the Shp-2-binding protein, brain immunoglobulin-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs (BIT), was strongly tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to BDNF in cultured neurons expressing the C/S mutant of Shp-2. In contrast, the level of BDNF-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and coprecipitated proteins with anti-Trk and Grb2 antibodies did not show any difference between neurons infected with these two types of Shp-2. Furthermore, the survival effect of BDNF was enhanced by the wild type of Shp-2, although it was not influenced by the C/S mutant of Shp-2. These results indicated that in cultured cerebral cortical neurons Shp-2 is specifically involved in the regulation of several tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, including BIT, in the BDNF signaling pathway. In addition, the phosphatase Shp-2 may not influence the level of BDNF-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in cultured cortical neurons. Further, Shp-2 may have potential to positively regulate BDNF-promoting neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Araki
- Division of Protein Biosynthesis, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Arregui CO, Balsamo J, Lilien J. Regulation of signaling by protein-tyrosine phosphatases: potential roles in the nervous system. Neurochem Res 2000; 25:95-105. [PMID: 10685609 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007595617447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During neuronal development, cells respond to a variety of environmental cues through cell surface receptors that are coupled to a signaling transduction machinery based on protein tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases have received a great deal of attention; however, in the last few years, receptor (plasma membrane associated) and non-receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have also been shown to play important roles in development of the nervous system. In many cases PTPs have provocative distribution patterns or have been shown to be associated with specific cell adhesion and growth factor receptors. Additionally, altering PTP expression levels or activity impairs neuronal behavior. In this review we outline what is currently known about the role of PTPs in development, differentiation and neuronal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Arregui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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H�rsch D, Kahn CR. Region-specific mRNA expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory isoforms in the central nervous system of C57BL/6J mice. J Comp Neurol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19991206)415:1<105::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of receptor-mediated signaling by the neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, NT3, and NT4/5. Two distinct receptor types have been distinguished, Trks and p75. The Trks are receptor tyrosine kinases that utilize a complex set of substrates and adapter proteins to activate defined secondary signaling cascades required for neurotrophin-promoted neuronal differentiation, plasticity, and survival. A specialized aspect of Trk/neurotrophin action in neurons is the requirement for retrograde signaling from the distal periphery to the cell body. p75 is a universal receptor for neurotrophins that is a member of the TNF receptor/Fas/CD40 superfamily. p75 appears to modify Trk signaling when the two receptor types are coexpressed. When expressed in the absence of Trks, p75 mediates responses to neurotrophins including promotion of apoptotic death. The mechanisms of p75 receptor signaling remain to be fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Friedman
- Department of Pathology, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior and Taub Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York, 10032, USA.
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Lin SY, Wu K, Len GW, Xu JL, Levine ES, Suen PC, Mount HT, Black IB. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances association of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1D with the NMDA receptor subunit NR2B in the cortical postsynaptic density. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 70:18-25. [PMID: 10381539 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our recent studies revealed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) rapidly enhances tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the NMDA receptor subunit, NR2B, in the postsynaptic density (PSD), potentially regulating synaptic plasticity. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic NR2B signaling, we examined the protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTP1D; BDNF reportedly increases association of PTP1D with tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in cortical neurons and PC 12 cells. We now report that PTP1D is an intrinsic component of the rat cerebrocortical PSD, based on Western blot analysis using specific anti-PTP1D antibodies. In addition, NR2B was co-immunoprecipitated with PTP1D using anti-NR2B antibodies or anti-PTP1D antibodies, indicating physical association of the subunit with PTP1D. Moreover, treatment of the purified PSD with BDNF for 5 min elicited a two-fold increase in the association of NR2B with PTP1D. The BDNF action appeared to be specific, since nerve growth factor, another member of the neurotrophin gene family, did not alter the association. Finally, an overlay assay revealed that BDNF caused a two-fold increase in binding of blotted PSD NR2B proteins to PTP1D-SH2 domains, revealing molecular mechanisms mediating the PTP1D-NR2B binding. Taken together, our results raise the possibility that PTP1D participates in BDNF-mediated NR2B signaling cascades at the postsynaptic site, thereby regulating synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Takahashi-Tezuka M, Yoshida Y, Fukada T, Ohtani T, Yamanaka Y, Nishida K, Nakajima K, Hibi M, Hirano T. Gab1 acts as an adapter molecule linking the cytokine receptor gp130 to ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:4109-17. [PMID: 9632795 PMCID: PMC108995 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.7.4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gab1 has structural similarities with Drosophila DOS (daughter of sevenless), which is a substrate of the protein tyrosine phosphatase Corkscrew. Both Gab1 and DOS have a pleckstrin homology domain and tyrosine residues, potential binding sites for various SH2 domain-containing adapter molecules when they are phosphorylated. We found that Gab1 was tyrosine phosphorylated in response to various cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-3, alpha interferon (IFN-alpha), and IFN-gamma. Upon the stimulation of IL-6 or IL-3, Gab1 was found to form a complex with phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase and SHP-2, a homolog of Corkscrew. Mutational analysis of gp130, the common subunit of IL-6 family cytokine receptors, revealed that neither tyrosine residues of gp130 nor its carboxy terminus was required for tyrosine phosphorylation of Gab1. Expression of Gab1 enhanced gp130-dependent mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase ERK2 activation. A mutation of tyrosine 759, the SHP-2 binding site of gp130, abrogated the interactions of Gab1 with SHP-2 and PI-3 kinase as well as ERK2 activation. Furthermore, ERK2 activation was inhibited by a dominant negative p85 PI-3 kinase, wortmannin, or a dominant negative Ras. These observations suggest that Gab1 acts as an adapter molecule in transmitting signals to ERK MAP kinase for the cytokine receptor gp130 and that SHP-2, PI-3 kinase, and Ras are involved in Gab1-mediated ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takahashi-Tezuka
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Research Center, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
During neural development, cells interact dynamically with each other and with the extracellular matrix, using cell signaling to control differentiation, axonogenesis, and survival. Enzymes that regulate protein tyrosine phosphorylation often lie at the core of such cell signaling. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) are recognized as being of central importance here, and a growing family of PTPases are now known to be expressed in embryonic neurons and glia. Both receptor-like and cytoplasmic enzymes have been identified. The receptor family includes immunoglobulin superfamily members that influence cell-cell adhesion, proteoglycans that control neurite growth, and enzymes in Drosophila that regulate axon guidance and target cell recognition. Cytoplasmic PTPases are implicated in nerve cell commitment and potentially in the regulation of cell survival. This review outlines what we currently know about PTPases in the nervous system and presents concepts concerning their possible modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stoker
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, UK.
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