[In vitro optical assessment of three types of non-diffractive extended depth-of-focus intraocular lenses]

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro optical performance of three types of non-diffractive extended depth-of-focus (EDoF) intraocular lenses (IOLs). Methods: Experimental study. Three Vivity IOLs, three Eyhance IOLs, and three ES60 IOLs were included. The professional optical bench OptiSpheric® IOL PRO 2 and an ISO-2 corneal model were applied. The through-focus modulation transfer function (MTF) and predicted visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) of different spatial frequencies and different focuses under apertures of 3.0 mm and 4.5 mm were recorded. The aspheric monofocal (Tecnis ZCB00), diffractive EDoF (Tecnis Symfony), and trifocus (STF1) IOLs, as well as the lowest visual requirement criteria of EDoF IOLs of American Academy of Ophthalmology served as assessment controls. Results: For the 3.0-mm aperture, the peak value of the MTF was highest with ZCB00, followed by Eyhance, ES60, Vivity, Symfony, and STF1. All experimental non-diffractive EDoF IOLs had two MTF peaks, and the distance between both peaks was longest with Vivity (1.76 D), followed by ES60 (1.43 D) and Eyhance (1.36 D). Among the control IOLs, Symfony had two MTF peaks, and the peak MTF of the intermediate focus was highest. STF1 had three MTF peaks, and the peak MTF of the near focus was highest. For the 4.5-mm aperture, the ranking of the MTF peak of the six types of IOLs was the same as that for the 3.0-mm aperture. Vivity had an increased MTF peak of the distance focus, but a decreased intermediate focus MTF peak, while the MTF peaks of the distance, intermediate, and near focuses in the other IOLs decreased, compared to those for the 3.0-mm aperture. The predicted visual acuity of the distance focus of the three types of non-diffractive EDoF IOLs was all better than 0.0. The predicted visual acuity of the intermediate focus of the Vivity IOL and the ES60 IOL was 0.11 and 0.05 better than that of the Eyhance IOL, respectively. Based on the predicted visual acuity of 0.2, Vivity and ES60 had a depth of focus of at least 0.50 D exceeding ZCB00, while Eyhance had a depth of focus of 0.40 D exceeding ZCB00. Conclusion: In the experiments in vitro, the three types of non-diffractive EDoF IOLs exhibited varying degrees of intermediate to near focus optical performance while maintaining distance focus optical performance. The Eyhance IOL showed better distance focus optical performance than ES60 and Vivity IOL. The Vivity IOL and the ES60 IOL showed better depth of focus extensions than the Eyhance IOL and met the lowest visual requirement criteria of EDoF IOLs of American Academy of Ophthalmology.

GM1 ganglioside protects against LPS-induced neuroinflammatory and oxidative responses by inhibiting the activation of Akt, TAK1 and NADPH oxidase in MG6 microglial cells

GM1 is a major brain ganglioside that exerts neurotrophic, neuroprotective and antineuroinflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to obtain insights into the antineuroinflammatory mechanisms of exogenous GM1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MG6 mouse transformed microglial cell line. First, we found that GM1 prevented the LPS-induced transformation of microglia into an amoeboid-like shape. GM1 treatment inhibited LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in MG6 cells. In LPS-treated mice, GM1 also reduced striatal microglia activation and attenuated COX-2 expression. Subsequent mechanistic studies showed that GM1 suppressed LPS-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), two critical transcription factors responsible for the production of proinflammatory mediators. GM1 exhibited antineuroinflammatory properties by suppressing Akt/NF-κB signaling and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Furthermore, GM1 suppressed LPS-induced activation of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), upstream regulators of the IκBα/NF-κB and MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathways. GM1 also inhibited NOX-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and protected against LPS-induced MG6 cell death, suggesting an antioxidant role of GM1. In conclusion, GM1 exerts both antineuroinflammatory and antioxidative effects by inhibiting Akt, TAK1 and NOX2 activation.

[Efficacy and short-term outcomes of myocardial protection using single-dose histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate cardioplegia during aortic root surgery with different duration of myocardial ischemia]

Objective: To explore the efficacy of myocardial protection with single-dose histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) cardioplegia during aortic root operation, and the correlation between short-term clinical outcomes and duration of myocardial ischemia. Methods: The data of clinical cases undergoing myocardial protection with single-dose HTK cardioplegia during aortic root operation from January 2018 to December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into conventional HTK cardioplegia group (<3 h) and prolonged HTK cardioplegia group (≥3 h) according to duration of intraoperative myocardial ischemia. A 1∶1 propensity score matching was performed and the correlations between duration of myocardial ischemia and postoperative short-term outcomes (30-day mortality, readmission, mechanical circulation support and renal insufficiency) were analyzed. Results: A total of 282 patients were included in the final analysis, with 210 cases in the conventional HTK cardioplegia group and 72 cases inthe prolonged HTK cardioplegia group before matching. After matching, there were 64 cases (53 males and 11 females) in the conventional HTK cardioplegia group, with a mean age of (49.4±14.2) years. The prolonged HTK cardioplegia group had 64 cases (55 males and 9 females), with a mean age of (50.5±12.3) years. Higher sensitivity troponin [12 h: 10.1 (4.6, 18.7) μg/Lvs 4.1(2.2, 8.6) μg/L, P=0.002; 24 h: 7.7 (4.5, 19.0) μg/L vs 4.8 (2.2, 11.9) μg/L, P=0.025] and creatine kinase isoenzyme[12 h: 46.3 (28.1, 62.4) μg/L vs 20.7(14.1, 32.9) μg/L, P<0.001; 24 h: 26.3(13.4, 49.2) μg/L vs 14.5 (10.1, 33.5)μg/L, P=0.011] after surgery was detected in prolonged HTK cardioplegia group. Comparisons of other primary and secondary endpoint events showed no significant differences between the two groups (all P>0.05). Multivariate binary logistic regression showed that duration of myocardial ischemia had no significant effect on postoperative 30-day mortality (OR=1.255, 95%CI: 0.500-3.148, P=0.629), 30-day readmission (OR=0.378, 95%CI: 0.069-2.065, P=0.261) and mechanical circulation support (OR=0.991, 95%CI: 0.331-2.970, P=0.998). Conclusion: During aortic root surgery, single-dose HTK cardioplegia may provide satisfactory myocardial protection, and there was no significant correlation between duration of myocardial ischemia and short-term clinical outcomes.

[Comparison of formulas for intraocular lens power calculation after corneal refractive surgery]

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of five intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas for calculating IOL power in patients with previous myopia-corrected corneal refractive surgery. Methods: In this case series study, a total of 30 eyes of 30 patients who had excimer laser corneal refractive surgery for myopia and subsequent cataract surgery in Qingdao Eye Hospital from April 2020 to October 2022 were included. The Pentacam anterior segment analysis system and IOLMaster were used to measure ocular parameters, including axial length, anterior chamber depth, keratometry, lens thickness, and mean true net power (mTNP). Five formulas were used for IOL power calculation: Shammas formula, Olsen formula, SRK/T (mTNP) formula, Haigis-L formula, and Barrett True-K formula. After cataract extraction, we obtained the actual postoperative refraction by measuring the objective refraction. The prediction error was determined as the difference between the actual postoperative refraction and the predicted refraction, and the absolute value of the prediction error was the absolute error. The differences in the calculation errors of the 5 formulas were compared. Results: Regarding the prediction errors, the results of the SRK/T (mTNP) and Olsen formulas were better than those of Shammas and Haigis-L, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The proportion of eyes with an absolute error of 0.50 D for Barrett True-K was highest (70%, 21/30), followed by the SRK/T (mTNP) formula (67%, 20/30). The proportions of eyes with an absolute error within 1.00 D for Barrett True-K, SRK/T (mTNP), and Olsen were all over 80%, with 24 eyes, 24 eyes, and 25 eyes, respectively. Conclusions: The Barrett True-K formula showed high accuracy in predicting the refraction after cataract extraction in patients with a history of corneal refractive surgery for myopia. The calculation result of the Haigis-L formula was highly unstable.

Characteristics of flight delays during solar flares

Solar flares are one of the severest solar activities that have important effects on near-Earth space. Previous studies have shown that flight arrival delays increase as a result of solar flares, but the intrinsic mechanism behind this relationship is still unknown. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of flight departure delays during 57 solar X-ray events by using a huge amount of flight data (~ 5 × 10⁶ records) gathered over a 5-year period. It is found that the average flight departure delay time during solar X-ray events increased by 20.68% (7.67 min) compared to quiet periods. Our analysis also revealed apparent time and latitude dependencies, with flight delays being more serious on the dayside than on the nightside and longer (shorter) delays tending to occur in lower (higher) latitude airports during solar X-ray events. Furthermore, our results suggest that the intensity of solar flares (soft X-ray flux) and the Solar Zenith Angle directly modulate flight departure delay time and delay rate. These results indicate that communication interferences caused by solar flares directly affect flight departure delays. This work expands our conventional understanding of the impacts of solar flares on human society and provides new insights for preventing or coping with flight delays.

[Safety and efficacy of toric intraocular lens implantation for more than 5 years]

Objective: To evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation for more than 5 years. Methods: This study was a prospective cohort study in which subjects were continuously observed over a two-year period (May 2014 to May 2016) in nine hospitals. The study randomly assigned subjects to two groups using a central dynamic randomization system: the study group, which received Proming^® IQ toric IOL implants, and the control group, which received AcrySof^® IQ toric IOL implants. The subjects completed a one-year follow-up, during which various measures were taken and evaluated, including visual acuity, IOL rotation, postoperative complications, intraocular pressure, and subjective evaluation (preoperatively and at 1 day, 6 months, 1 year, and 5 years post-surgery). The main statistical analysis methods include the Mann-Whitney U test, independent sample t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, paired sample t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. Results: A total of 45 eyes (26 in the study group and 19 in the control group) completed the five-year continuous observation period. The mean age of the subjects was (72.07±10.67) years and the mean interval from surgery to the last visit was (5.39±0.47) years. After five years, there were no significant differences in uncorrected distance visual acuity (0.20±0.26 vs. 0.16±0.13, t=0.17,P=0.752), best corrected distance visual acuity[0.00(0.00, 0.20) vs. 0.05±0.10, U=188.00, P=0.880], uncorrected near visual acuity[0.50 (0.20, 0.60) vs. 0.42±0.20, t=0.35, P=0.857], and best corrected near visual acuity (0.13±0.16 vs. 0.17±0.23, U=161.00, P=0.884) between the two groups. However, all measures improved significantly from baseline levels in both groups (all P<0.05). Five years after surgery, no matter objective refraction [(-0.67±0.85) D vs. (-0.73±1.08)D] or subjective refraction[-0.50 (-1.00, 0.00)D vs. (0.69±0.87)D], the degree of cylindrical degree is significantly lower than preoperative corneal astigmatism [(1.27±0.49) D vs. (1.34±0.82) D, all P<0.001]. In addition, there were no significant differences in intraocular pressure, subjective evaluation of visual adverse symptoms, distance vision spectacle independence, or overall satisfaction evaluation between the two groups (all P>0.05). The IOL rotation was 3.0°(1.0°, 6.0°) in the study group and 4.0°(2.0°, 6.0°)in the control group (U=185.50,P=0.574), indicating no significant difference between the groups in terms of rotational stability. Five years after surgery, there were 7 cases of posterior capsular opacification in the study group and 4 cases in the control group. There were no cases of IOL glistening in the study group, but 5 cases (26.32%) were observed in the control group. Conclusions: The long-term effects of Proming^® toric IOL implantation in correcting cataracts with regular corneal astigmatism are clear after five years, with few complications and stable results.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of GM1 Ganglioside on Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis in Rats

Exogenous ganglioside GM1 has been reported to exert an immunomodulatory effect. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of GM1 ganglioside on endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats and RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods: EIU was induced in Lewis rats by administering a subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). GM1 was injected intraperitoneally for three consecutive days prior to the LPS injection. Twenty-four hours after the LPS injection, the integrity of the blood-aqueous barrier was evaluated by determining the protein concentration and number of infiltrating cells in the aqueous humor (AqH). Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses of the iris-ciliary body (ICB) were performed to evaluate the effect of GM1 on the LPS-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). The effect of GM1 on proinflammatory mediators and signaling cascades was examined in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells using Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining to further clarify the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism. Results: GM1 significantly reduced the protein concentration and number of infiltrating cells in the AqH of rats with EIU. GM1 also decreased the LPS-induced expression of the ICAM-1 and COX-2 proteins in the ICB. In RAW 264.7 cells, GM1 inhibited the proinflammatory mediators induced by LPS, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), COX-2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and this inhibitory effect was potentially mediated by suppressing transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Conclusions: Based on this study, GM1 may be a potential anti-inflammatory agent for ocular inflammatory diseases.

Endogenous Expression of G-CSF in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons after Nerve Injury

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been reported to modulate pain function following nerve injury. However, the expression of endogenous G-CSF in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the response to nerve injury remain unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that G-CSF and G-CSFR are mainly expressed in both small- and medium-diameter DRG neurons in rats and are responsible for transmitting pain responses. G-CSF and G-CSFR were co-expressed in certain nociceptive DRG neurons. In addition, G-CSF was expressed in satellite glial cells around large-diameter DRG neurons. After sciatic nerve injury, the number of G-CSF-positive DRG neurons was increased in both the ipsilateral and contralateral lesion sites in rats. However, G-CSF expression in satellite glial cells was not affected by nerve injury. To clarify the role of G-CSF in pain, exogenous G-CSF was administered to a rat model of neuropathic pain induced by partial sciatic nerve transaction (PST). Our results indicate that treatment with G-CSF did not attenuate but exacerbated neuropathic pain. In summary, G-CSF may directly activate sensory neurons and contribute to nociceptive signaling.

[Clinical and experimental study of late postoperative opacification of hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses]

Objective: To analyze the cause of late postoperative opacification of hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) and the effect of IOL replacement surgery. Methods: This retrospective case series study comprised 15 eyes of 15 patients who were diagnosed as late postoperative opacification of hydrophilic acrylic IOLs from January 2019 to June 2020 at Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University. The clinical data of patients were reviewed, and two IOLs were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The intraoperative and postoperative complications of IOL replacement surgery were evaluated, and best corrected visual acuity was compared before and after surgery. Preoperative and postoperative data were compared using the paired t test. Results: The interval between the first IOL implantation and the detection of IOL opacification in 15 patients was (27.3±5.9) months. All the 15 patients had unilateral IOL opacification, and 9 patients had hypertension. Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c was significantly higher than the normal value in 4 of the 10 patients who underwent cataract surgery at our hospital. Confocal microscopy disclosed coralliform deposits on the superficial IOL optic. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed the presence of calcium and phosphorus crystals in the opacification region of IOLs. Visual acuity in all 13 eyes receiving IOL exchange was significantly improved from 1.03±0.64 (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) to 0.39±0.21 (P<0.05). Posterior capsule rupture (4 eyes), new IOL implanted in the ciliary sulcus (3 eyes) and zonule breaking (1 eye) occurred during IOL replacement. Conclusions: IOL opacification is related with the IOL material and calcium ion concentration on the IOL surface. IOL replacement surgery can improve visual acuity safely and effectively. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 512-518).

[Regulating bioelectric field and oxygen microenvironment to promote wound regeneration and repair]

The core problem of wound treatment is how to speed up healing. In recent years, the impact of wound microenvironment on healing has received increasing attention. Among the many factors affecting the wound microenvironment, wound bioelectric field and oxygen are crucial. At present, some new technologies based on microenvironmental factors including wound bioelectric field and oxygen to promote wound healing have been used in clinical practice. With further research development on the roles of wound bioelectric field and oxygen in wound healing and their mechanisms, a series of new technologies and products that regulate or create the most suitable wound microenvironment for healing including the bioelectric field of wound and oxygen will be produced, therefore providing effective means for precise wound treatment.

[Consistency analysis and influencing factors of performing VOTE scores for drug-induced sleep endoscopy]

Objective: To investigate the consistency of Velum, Oropharygneal, Tongue base, Epiglottis (VOTE) scores between two surgeons with similar clinical experience in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients with different degree of disease, and to analyze the influencing factors leading to the difference in score. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. 64 preoperative drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) videos of OSAHS patients during December 2014 to July 2018, from Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University were analyzed. The VOTE score was assessed single-blind by two similar experienced surgeons, and the Kappa value between the two scorers was calculated by the third researcher. According to the characteristics of the case, Fisher's exact test or chi-square test method was used to further explore the factors that influenced the consistency. Results: Sixty-four patients were divided into four groups according to the severity of the disease, including mild (7 cases), moderate (30 cases), severe(18 cases), and extremely severe (9 cases). The scores evaluated between two researchers were analysed for consistency. For mild patients, the two scorers were completely consistent in the configuration and degree of obstruction in the velum and epiglottis (Kappa=1). There was no agreement on whether obstruction or not, obstructed configuration, obstructed degree of the oropharynx and tongue base, and presence of velum and epiglottis obstruction. For moderate patients, the two scorers had a good consistency in the configuration and degree of the velum (0.61≤Kappa≤0.80), and there was no consistency in the evaluation of the degree of tongue base and epiglottis (P>0.05). The consistency of the remaining obstructed conditions in the four planes was generally or moderate (0.21≤Kappa≤0.60). For patients with severe OSAHS, the two raters were completely consistent in the evaluation of palatopharyngeal and epiglottic planes for the presence of obstruction, but there was no consistency in the degree of obstruction. Although the degree of obstruction in the oropharyngeal plane can be assessed with good consistency, the consistency of whether the plane was blocked or not was generally not high. In the assessment of other obstructive conditions in the four planes of severe patients, the agreement between the two scorers was moderate or generally. For extremely severe patients, the two scorers were completely consistent in the evaluation of the velum obstruction, but there was no consistency in the degree of obstruction of the oropharynx and tongue base, and the obstruction configuration and degree of the epiglottis. The evaluation of other obstructed conditions in the four planes is good or moderate. Among the patients with severe OSAHS, the difference in the assessment of obstruction of the oropharynx was associated with tonsil size (P<0.05). Conclusion: When physicians with similar clinical experience scored VOTE, the consistency of whether the velum and oropharyngeal planes are obstructed is related to the severity of the disease. Better consistency is observed among more severe OSAHS patients. The reason for the poor consistency of the oropharyngeal plane in severe OSAHS patients OSAHS is due to the difference of the tonsils size. For severe OSAHS patients with small tonsils, the assessment of whether the oropharynx is obstructed should be more cautious.

Total Synthesis of the Echinodermatous Ganglioside LLG-3 Possessing the Biological Function of Promoting the Neurite Outgrowth

A total synthesis of echinodermatous ganglioside LLG-3 with neuritogenic activity was accomplished by a convergent strategy. The synthesis of 2-hydroxyethyl 8-O-Me-α-sialoside 2 was started from the phenyl 7,8-di-O-Pico-thiosialoside 5, which can be chemoselectively removed the picoloyl group, and then the methyl group in 8-O-MeNeu5Ac moiety was chemoselectively prepared using TMSCHN₂/FeCl₃. For preparation of the terminal disialic unit, oxidative amidation was initially utilized by our group to efficiently construct the α(2,11) linkage of 8-O-Me-Neu5Acα(2,11)Neu5Gc. Herein, we also demonstrate that the synthesized ganglioside LLG-3 exhibited the neuritogenic activity toward the primary cortical neurons and that biological activity is superior to that of ganglioside DSG-A.

[Effects and mechanism of mitochondrial transcription factor A and cytochrome c oxidase pathway in the energy production of hypoxic cardiomyocytes of rats regulated by tumor necrosis factor receptor associated protein 1]

Objective: To investigate the effects and mechanism of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) pathway in the energy production of hypoxic cardiomyocytes of rats regulated by tumor necrosis factor receptor associated protein 1 (TRAP1). Methods: The cardiomyocytes were isolated from 135 neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 1-3 d) and cultured for the following experiments. (1) Cells were collected and divided into normoxia blank control (NBC) group, hypoxia blank control (HBC) group, hypoxia+ TRAP1 over-expression control (HTOC) group, and hypoxia+ TRAP1 over-expression (HTO) group according to the random number table (the same grouping method below), with 1 bottle in each group. Cells in NBC group were cultured routinely, cells in HBC group were cultured in hypoxic condition for 6 hours after routine culture, cells in HTOC and HTO groups were respectively added with TRAP1 over-expression empty virus vector and TRAP1 over-expression adenovirus vector virus suspension for transfection for 48 hours after routine culture and then cultured in hypoxic condition for 6 hours. The protein expression of TFAM of cells in each group was detected by Western blotting. (2) Cells were collected and divided into NBC, HBC, HTOC, HTO, HTO+ TFAM interference control (HTOTIC), and HTO+ TFAM interference (HTOTI) groups, with 1 well in each group. Cells in the former 4 groups were dealt with the same methods as the corresponding groups in experiment (1). Cells in HTOTIC and HTOTI groups were respectively added with TFAM interference empty virus vector and TFAM interference adenovirus vector virus suspension for transfection for 48 hours, and the other processing methods were the same as those in HTO group. The content of ATP of cells in each group was determined by ATP determination kit and microplate reader, and the COX activity of cells in each group was determined by COX activity assay kit and microplate reader. (3) Cells were collected and divided into NBC group, normoxia+ sodium azide (NSA) group, HBC group, and hypoxia+ sodium azide (HSA) group, with 1 well in each group. Cells in NBC and HBC groups were respectively dealt with the same methods as the corresponding groups in experiment (1). Cells in NSA and HSA groups were respectively added with 32 nmol sodium azide at 30 min before experiment or hypoxia, and then cells in HSA group were cultured in hypoxic condition for 6 hours. The content of ATP was determined by the same method as above. The above three experiments were repeated for three times. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and least significant difference test. Results: (1) Compared with that in NBC group, the protein expression of TFAM of cells in HBC group was significantly decreased (P<0.01). Compared with that in HBC group or HTOC group, the protein expression of TFAM of cells in HTO group was significantly increased (P<0.01). (2) Compared with 0.552±0.041 and 1.99±0.15 in NBC group, the COX activity (0.270±0.044) and ATP content (1.09±0.11) of cells in HBC group were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Compared with 0.269±0.042 and 1.17±0.12 in HBC group and those in HTOC group, the COX activity (0.412±0.032 and 0.404±0.016) and ATP content (1.75±0.06 and 1.69±0.07) of cells in HTO and HTOTIC groups were significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with those in HTO and HTOTIC groups, the COX activity (0.261±0.036) and ATP content (1.23±0.07) of cells in HTOTI group were significantly decreased (P<0.01). (3) Compared with that in NBC group, the ATP content of cells in NSA and NBC groups was significantly decreased (P<0.01). Compared with that in HBC group, the ATP content of cells in HSA group was significantly decreased (P<0.01). Conclusions: TRAP1 can increase the COX activity of cardiomyocytes by raising the expression of TFAM, and finally alleviate the impairment in energy production of cardiomyocytes caused by hypoxia.

[Some thoughts on the coordinated development of burn department and wound repair department]

On November 29, 2019, in order to strengthen the management of the diagnosis and treatment of the chronic refractory wounds, the National Health Commission released a notice that requires the qualified medical institutions in China to establish wound repair department. To ease the concern that the establishment of wound repair department could hinder the construction and development of burn discipline, the authors put forward their views based on the necessity of establishing wound repair department, the space for the respective development of burn department and wound repair department, and how to coordinate the development of burn department and wound repair department. It is hoped that this paper would be used as a reference by doctors in both fields of burn care and wound repair.

[Preliminary clinical observations of the effect of posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis with intraocular lens optic capture in the treatment of pediatric cataract]

Objective: To observe the preliminary clinical effect of intraocular lens optic capture through posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis in the treatment of pediatric cataract. Methods: It was a retrospective case series study. Forty-three eyes of 28 children underwent posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis with posterior chamber intraocular lens optic capture to treat cataract from June 2017 to October 2018 in Qingdao Eye Hospital. Postoperative best corrected visual acuity, diopters, intraocular pressure, the position of intraocular lens, and postoperative complications were assessed. The distribution of preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity was analyzed by Fisher's exact probability test. Results: Twenty-eight patients were 14 females and 14 males aged from 2 years old to 12 years old [mean age, (7±4) years]. All intraocular lenses were successfully captured in the posterior capsule. Patients were followed-up for 6.0 to 12.0 months (mean, 8.4 months). Except 2 eyes from one uncooperative child, the distribution of preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (<0.1, 0.1-<0.3, 0.3-<0.5, ≥0.5) had a significant difference (17, 17, 4, 3 eyes vs. 4, 4, 5, 28 eyes, P<0.01). At the last postoperative follow-up visit, the mean spherical equivalent was (0.21±0.74) D. Transient intraocular hypertension occurred in 3 eyes at 1 week after surgery and was controlled with stopping the use of corticosteroid eyedrops. No visual axis opacification or intraocular lens decentration or tilt was observed during the follow-up period. No other complications such as iris synechia, secondary glaucoma, retinal detachment, and cystoid macular edema were observed. Conclusions: Posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis with intraocular lens optic capture is a safe and effective technique to treat pediatric cataract. It has a significant effect on the prevention of visual axis opacification after cataract surgery in children. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56: 343-348).

Effects of sarcopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and laparoscopic surgery on postoperative complications in elderly patients with colorectal cancer: A prospective study

With the increasing number of elderly patients, the risk of diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased. The objective of this prospective study was to explore the effects of sarcopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and laparoscopic surgery on postoperative complications among elderly patients who recently underwent colorectal surgery. Patients aged over 65 years who underwent surgery for CRC at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University were considered for this study. The demographical and clinical characteristics of these patients, as well as postoperative complications, were prospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the diagnosis of sarcopenia, and the clinical variables corresponding to the two groups were compared. Further, the risk factors associated with postoperative complications were evaluated using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 360 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Incidences of postoperative complications in the sarcopenia and non-sarcopenia groups were at 38.3% and 27.3%, respectively. In addition, sarcopenia (p=0.029) and hypoalbuminemia (p=0.010) were identified as independent risk factors, while laparoscopic surgery (p=0.023) was identified as a protective factor for postoperative complications. However, laparoscopic surgery was a protective factor for postoperative complications in the colon group only (p=0.001). Sarcopenia and hypoalbuminemia are independent risk factors that influence the probability of developing complications following CRC surgery. Laparoscopic surgery is a protective factor for postoperative complications of CRC patients, particularly colon cancer patients.

[Effect and mechanism of cardiac adipose triglyceride lipase overexpression on burn-induced cardiac injury]

Objective: To explore the effect and potential mechanism of cardiac adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) overexpression on burn-induced cardiac injury. Methods: Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice with cardiac ATGL overexpression driven by the myosin heavy chain (MHC) promoter (MHC-ATGL burn group) and wild-type (wild-type burn group) mice were randomly chose to the following experiments with burn injury after 24 h (n=8/group), MHC-ATGL mice and wild-type mice with corresponded age and sex were included as control. Cardiac ATGL protein expression, serum levels of cardiac troponin T and cardiac kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac free fatty acid and reactive oxygen species were detected. The wild-type and MHC-ATGL burn groups were not only compared with their corresponded control groups, but also compared between each other. Results: The hair color and development were shown little difference between each group. ATGL protein expression is elevated in wild-type burn group (1.00±0.68 vs 3.09±0.93, P=0.023) and decreased in MHC-ATGL burn group (17.84±2.41 vs 10.36±2.22, P<0.001), while ATGL protein expression is still increased in MHC-ATGL burn group compared with wild-type burn group (P<0.001). Serum levels of cardiac troponin T and CK-MB were both elevated in wild-type burn group and MHC-ATGL burn group [(0.456±0.131) vs (0.076±0.019) μg/L and (0.219±0.089) vs (0.060±0.019) μg/L, (1 421±162) vs (221±67) U/L and (761±142) vs (221±41) U/L] (all P<0.001), while serum levels of cardiac troponin T and CK-MB was still decreased in MHC-ATGL burn group compared with wild-type burn group (P<0.001). In addition, cardiac free fatty acid was increased in wild-type burn group and little difference was found in MHC-ATGL burn group [(2.54±0.51) vs (0.46±0.27) mmol/L, P<0.001, and (0.81±0.38) vs (0.59±0.25) mmol/L, P=0.251], while cardiac free fatty acid was significant reduction in MHC-ATGL burn group compared with wild-type burn group (P<0.001). Levels of cardiac reactive oxygen species was both elevated in wild-type burn group and MHC-ATGL burn group [(1.89±0.23) vs (1.00±0.18) and (1.38±0.17) vs (0.95±0.13)] (both P<0.001), while levels of cardiac reactive oxygen was reduction in MHC-ATGL burn group compared with wild-type burn group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Cardiac ATGL overexpression may protect against burn-induced cardiac injury through reducing free fatty acid and reactive oxygen species production.

[CD38 dictates cardiac damage through mitochondrial apoptotic pathway under hypoxic-ischemic conditions]

Objective: To explore the mechanism of CD38-mediated cardiac damage under hypoxic-ischemic (H/I) conditions. Methods: Twenty CD38(-/-) male mice (8-week-old) and 20 wild-type (WT) male C57BL/6J mice (8-week-old) were randomly selected to construct the model of approximately 25% of the total body surface area (TBSA) burn injury. The cardiomyocytes (CMs) were separated from neonatal mice (1day) to construct the H/I injury model. Ad-CD38 adenovirus was transfected into CD38(-)/- primary CMs to callback CD38 expression. Animal experiments were grouped into WT-control group, CD38(-/-)-control group, WT-burn group, and CD38(-/-)-burn group (10 mice in each group). Primary CMs were divided into 6 groups: WT-normoxia group, CD38(-/-)-normoxia group, CD38(-/-)+Ad-CD38-normoxia group, WT-H/I group, CD38(-/-)-H/I group, CD38(-/-)+Ad-CD38-H/I group. The release of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) from CMs and the cell viability were measured to estimate the level of myocardial injury. Ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes was examined by electron microscope. CD38 protein level and mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blot. Flow cytometry was used to detect mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (MitoSOX) of CMs under H/I condition. Cardiac function of mice was detected by ultrasonic apparatus. Results: (1) Animal experiments: The expression level of cardiac CD38 in WT-burn group was significantly higher than that in sham group (P<0.001). The heart function of CD38(-/-)-burn group was obviously better than WT-burn group [ejection fraction (EF)%: (84.70±2.31)% vs (76.10±2.96)%, shortening fraction (FS)%: (48.90±5.00)% vs (38.10±2.80)%] (both P<0.001). (2) Cell experiments: The expression level of cardiac CD38 in WT CMs under H/I condition was significantly higher than that in WT CMs under normoxia condition (P<0.05). The level of LDH, apoptotic cell and MitoSOX in CD38(-/-)-H/I group were fewer than WT-H/I group and CD38(-/-)+Ad-CD38(-)H/I group [(11.2±3.0)% vs (18.2±3.4)% and (17.6±4.0)%, (13.0±2.8)% vs (23.1±4.9)% and (23.3±6.0)%, (162±11)% vs (228±18)% and (220±18)%] (all P<0.001). The levels of cleaved-caspase3, Cytochrome-C in CD38(-/-)-H/I group were significantly lower than those in WT-H/I group and CD38(-/-)+Ad-CD38-H/I group (P<0.001). The cell viability in CD38(-/-)-H/I group was higher than that in WT-H/I group and CD38(-/-)+Ad-CD38-H/I group (0.355±0.043 vs 0.280±0.051 and 0.291±0.024) (all P<0.05). Electron microscopy results showed that structure of mitochondria in CD38(-/-)-H/I group was better than in WT-H/I group and CD38(-/-)+Ad-CD38-H/I group. Conclusion: Overexpression of CD38 contributes to cardiac damage by stimulating mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

Lysosomal Dysfunction and Autophagy Blockade Contribute to MDMA-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a psychostimulant with high abuse potential and severe neurotoxicity. According to our previous study, MDMA promotes autophagosome accumulation and contributes to cell death in cultured cortical and serotonergic neurons. However, the detailed mechanism underlying autophagy dysfunction remains unclear. Lysosomes play an important role in autophagic degradation. The present study aimed to examine the role of lysosomal function in autophagic flux in neuronal cultures exposed to MDMA. We showed that MDMA induced enlarged vesicles that accumulate in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. In addition, we demonstrated that MDMA stimulated dynamin-dependent but clathrin-independent endocytosis, which might contribute to vacuole expansion. Morphological and Western blot analyses revealed that MDMA induced lysosomal swelling, whereas the activity of the lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes cathepsin B and cathepsin D was decreased in SH-SY5Y and cultured cortical neurons, which might lead to autophagosome accumulation and autophagic degradation blockage. Intriguingly, inactivation of cathepsins B and D led to cell death and autophagy-lysosomal dysregulation, which mimicked MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. Consequently, impairment of lysosomal proteolysis and blockage of autophagy degradation contributed to MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in neuronal cultures.

Olfactory ensheathing cells improve the survival of porcine neural xenografts in a Parkinsonian rat model

BACKGROUND

Parkinson's disease (PD) features the motor control deficits resulting from irreversible, progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. Although intracerebral transplantation of human fetal ventral mesencephalon (hfVM) has been proven effective at reviving DA function in the PD patients, this treatment is clinically limited by availability of hfVM and the related ethical issues. Homologous tissues to hfVM, such as porcine fetal ventral mesencephalon (pfVM) thus present a strong clinical potential if immune response following xenotransplantation could be tamed. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are glial cells showing immunomodulatory properties. It is unclear but intriuging whether these properties can be applied to reducing immune response following neural xenotransplantation of PD.

METHODS

To determine whether OECs may benefit neural xenografts for PD, different compositions of grafting cells were transplanted into striatum of the PD model rats. We used apomorphine-induced rotational behavior to evaluate effectiveness of the neural grafts on reviving DA function. Immunohistochemistry was applied to investigate the effect of OECs on the survival of neuroxenografts and underlying mechanisms of this effect.

RESULTS

Four weeks following the xenotransplantation, we found that the PD rats receiving pfVM + OECs co-graft exhibited a better improvement in apomorphine-induced rotational behavior compared with those receiving only pfVM cells. This result can be explained by higher survival of DA neurons (tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity) in grafted striatum of pfVM + OECs group. Furthermore, pfVM + OECs group has less immune response (CD3⁺ T cells and OX-6⁺ microglia) around the grafted area compared with pfVM only group. These results suggest that OECs may enhance the survival of the striatal xenografts via dampening the immune response at the grafted sites.

CONCLUSIONS

Using allogeneic OECs as a co-graft material for xenogeneic neural grafts could be a feasible therapeutic strategy to enhance results and applicability of the cell replacement therapy for PD.

[Analyzed the related factors of VOTE score for drug-induced sleep endoscopy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea]

Objective:To analyze the related factors of VOTE score for drug-induced endoscopy（DISE） in patients with obstructive sleep apnea （OSA）. Method:Fifty-four OSA patients, diagnosed by polysomnograph, underwent surgical treatment from Nov 2014 to Dec 2016 in our hospital. All patients underwent drug induced sleep endoscope, and then the collapse of pharyngeal space was evaluated. We analyzed the related factors with VOTE score. Result:The occlusion rates were significant statistical different in different spaces of 54 OSA patients undergoing DISE（P=0.000, velum 98.15%, oropharynx 81.48%, tongue base 40.47%, and epiglottis 11.11% respectively）. The rateand of tongue base collapsing was related with Mallampatis（P<0.05） and Friedman stage（P<0.05）. The VOTE score was weakly related with Friedman stage（r=0.297, P<0.05）, medium related with BMI（r=0.376, P<0.05）, AHI（r=0.312, P<0.05） and lowest SpO2（r=0.376, P<0.01）. Conclusion:In the VOTE scoring system for DISE, the rate of collapse in tongue base was related with Mallampatis and Friedman stage. The VOTE score was medium related with BMI, AHI and Lowest SpO2, mild related with Friedman stage.

Evaluation of brain SERT with 4-[18F]-ADAM/micro-PET and hearing protective effects of dextromethorphan in hearing loss rat model

This study investigated the protective effects of dextromethorphan (DXM) on noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in rats. This study aimed to improve the auditory threshold and to understand the protective effects of DXM against N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced neurite degeneration of serotonergic neurons. The animals were exposed to 8-kHz narrowband noise at a 118-dB sound pressure level for 3.5 h. The hearing thresholds were determined by measuring the auditory brainstem response to click stimuli. Serotonin transporter (SERT) expression was determined through micro-positron emission tomography (PET) using N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-¹⁸F-fluorophenylthio)benzylamine (4-[¹⁸F]-ADAM). We also investigated the effects of DXM on NMDA-induced morphological changes in the primary cultures of rat serotonergic neurons. NIHL significantly improved after prophylactic treatment with DXM (p < .05). SERT density in DXM-treated rats was significantly higher than that in non-DXM-treated rats. Because prophylactic medication restored the NMDA-inhibited neurite length of serotonergic neurons and presented SERT density, DXM could be a potential agent in alleviating NIHL.

[A multicenter study of the effectiveness and safety of Toric intraocular lens implantation]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Proming(®)Toric intraocular lens (IOL) in adults with cataract combined with corneal regular astigmatism. Methods: Multicentre, randomized, open and positive parallel controlled clinical study. A total of 121 patients (121 eyes) who had cataract combined with corneal regular astigmatism and met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in 9 hospitals from May 2014 to May 2016. There were 45 males and 76 females and the median age was 71 (42-88) years old. A total of 121 patients (121 eyes) were randomly assigned to the study group and the control group through the Central Randomization System. Sixty patients (60 eyes) of the study group were implanted with Proming(®)Toric IOL (Model: AT1BH-AT6BH) from Eyebright Medical Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., and 61 patients (61 eyes) of the control group were implanted with AcrySof (®)IQ Toric IOL (Model: SN6AT2-SN6AT7) from Alcon Laboratories, Inc. The visual acuity, IOL axial position, slit lamp examination, residual astigmatism and contrast sensitivity were recorded at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Statistical analysis was performed using χ(2) test, independent sample t test, Mann-Whitney U test, Friedman repeated measured ANOVA on ranks and non-parametric 2-factor variance analysis. Results: A total of 118 patients completed 6 months of follow-up, including 59 from the study group and 59 from the control group. The difference between the two groups in terms of the percentage of best corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA) reaching 20/40 was 1.69% [100% (59/59) vs. 98.31% (58/59) ], and the lower limit of the 95% CI (-1.60%) was greater than -10.00%. A total of 90 patients were followed up for 1 year, including 43 patients from study group and 47 patients from control group. At 1 year after operation, the percentages of the BCDVA up to 20/40 were 97.67%(42/43) in the study group and 97.87% (46/47) in the control group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (χ(2)=0.00, P=0.95);the percentages of the uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA) up to 20/40 were 81.40%(35/43) in the study group and 82.98%(39/47) in the control group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (χ(2)=0.04, P=0.84). At 1 year follow-up, the difference of contrast sensitivity at 18.0 c/d under the bright light, dark light, bright glare and dark glare between the two groups was not statistically significant (U=468.50, P=0.17;U=528.00, P=0.28;U=465.50, P=0.19;U=629.00, P=0.39);the difference of residual astigmatism between the two groups was not statistically significant (U=798.50, P=0.08);the difference of IOL rotation degree between the two groups was not statistically significant (U=869.00, P=0.25). There were no severe inflammatory responses nor other complications associated with IOL in both groups at each follow-up point. Conclusion: The visual quality, astigmatism correction effect, rotation stability and safety of Proming(®)Toric IOL for the treatment of cataract combined with corneal regular astigmatism is equivalent to AcrySof(®) IQ Toric IOL. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54: 349-356).

[In vitro study of the effect of human antigen R on lysosomal acidification during autophagy in mouse cardiomyocytes]

Objective: To investigate the effect of human antigen R on lysosomal acidification during autophagy in mouse cardiomyocytes cultured in vitro. Methods: The hearts of 20 C57BL/6 mice aged 1-2 days no matter male or female were isolated to culture primary cardiomyocytes which were used in the following experiments. (1) The cells were divided into 5 groups according to the random number table (the same grouping method below), i. e., normal control group and sugar-free serum-free 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 h groups. The cells in normal control group were routinely cultured for 54.0 h with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/nutrient mixture F12 (DMEM/F12) medium (the same regular culture condition below), and the cells in sugar-free serum-free 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 h groups were firstly regularly cultured for 53.5, 53.0, 51.0, 48.0 h and then cultured with replaced sugar-free serum-free medium for 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 h, respectively. The protein expressions of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 Ⅱ (LC3Ⅱ), autophagy-related protein 5, and adenosine triphosphatase V1 region E1 subunit (ATP6V1E1) were detected by Western blotting. (2) The cells were divided into normal control group and sugar-free serum-free 3.0 h group. The cells in corresponding groups were treated the same as those in experiment (1), and the cell lysosomal acidification level was observed and detected under a laser scanning confocal microscope. (3) Two batches of cells were grouped and treated the same as those in experiment (1). The protein expression of human antigen R in the whole protein of cells of one batch and its protein expression in the cytoplasm and nucleus protein of cells of the other batch were detected by Western blotting. (4) The cells were divided into normal control group, simple control small interfering RNA (siRNA) group, simple human antigen R-siRNA1 (HuR-siRNA1) group, simple HuR-siRNA2 group, sugar-free serum-free 3.0 h group, sugar-free serum-free+ control siRNA group, sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA1 group, and sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA2 group. After 48 hours of regular culture, the cells in simple control siRNA group and sugar-free serum-free+ control siRNA group were transfected with negative control siRNA for 6 h, the cells in simple HuR-siRNA1 group and sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA1 group were transfected with HuR-siRNA1 for 6 h, and the cells in simple HuR-siRNA2 group and sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA2 group were transfected with HuR-siRNA2 for 6 h. Hereafter, the cells in these 8 groups were continuously cultured for 48 h with regular conditon, and then the cells in normal control group and each simple siRNA-treated group were replaced with DMEM/F12 medium, the cells in the other groups were replaced with sugar-free serum-free medium, and they were cultured for 3 h. The protein expression of human antigen R in the whole protein of cells was detected by Western blotting. (5) Two batches of cells were divided into sugar-free serum-free+ control siRNA group and sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA1 group, and the cells in corresponding groups were treated the same as those in experiment (4). The distribution and expression of human antigen R in the cells of one batch were observed and detected by immunofluorescence method, and the lysosomal acidification level in the cells of the other batch was observed and detected under a laser scanning confocal microscope. (6) Three batches of cells were divided into sugar-free serum-free 3.0 h group, sugar-free serum-free+ control siRNA group, sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA1 group, and sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA2 group, and the cells in corresponding groups were treated the same as those in experiment (4). The protein expressions of cathepsin D in the whole protein of cells of one batch, human antigen R in the cytoplasm protein of cells of one batch, and ATP6V1E1 in the whole protein of cells of the other batch were detected by Western blotting. (7) The cells were divided into normal control group, sugar-free serum-free 3.0 h group, sugar-free serum-free+ control siRNA group, and sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA1 group, and the cells in corresponding groups were treated the same as those in experiment (4). The mRNA expression of ATP6V1E1 in cells was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The sample number of each experiment was 3. Data were processed with independent data t test, one-way analysis of variance, least significant difference t test, and Bonferroni correction. Results: (1) Compared with those of normal control group, the protein expressions of LC3Ⅱ and ATP6V1E1 in the whole protein of cells of sugar-free serum-free 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 h groups were significantly increased (t=12.16, 4.05, 4.82, 11.64, 3.29, 8.37, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with that of normal control group, the protein expression of autophagy-related protein 5 in the whole protein of cells of sugar-free serum-free 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 h groups was significantly increased (t=6.88, 10.56, 5.76, 9.91, P<0.05 or P<0.01). (2) Compared with 1.03±0.08 of normal control group, the lysosomal acidification level in the cells of sugar-free serum-free 3.0 group (2.92±0.30) was significantly increased (t=6.01, P<0.01). (3) There was no statistically significant difference in the overall comparison of protein expression of human antigen R in the whole protein of cells among the 5 groups (F=1.09, P>0.05). Compared with that of normal control group, the protein expression of human antigen R in the cytoplasm protein of cells was significantly increased in sugar-free serum-free 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 h groups (t=43.05, 11.07, 5.39, P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the protein expression of human antigen R in the nucleus protein of cells was significantly decreased in sugar-free serum-free 3.0 and 6.0 h groups (t=11.18, 12.71, P<0.01). (4) Compared with that of simple control siRNA group, the protein expression of human antigen R in the whole protein of cells of simple HuR-siRNA1 group and simple HuR-siRNA2 group was significantly decreased (t=4.82, 4.44, P<0.05). Compared with that of sugar-free serum-free+ control siRNA group, the protein expression of human antigen R in the whole protein of cells of sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA1 group and sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA2 group was significantly decreased (t=4.39, 6.27, P<0.05). (5) Compared with those of sugar-free serum-free+ control siRNA group, the distribution of human antigen R in the cytoplasm of cells and its expression level were significantly decreased in sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA1 group (t=10.13, P<0.01). Compared with 1.00±0.06 of sugar-free serum-free+ control siRNA group, the lysosomal acidification level (0.73±0.06) in the cells of sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA1 group was significantly decreased (t=3.28, P<0.01). (6) Compared with those of sugar-free serum-free+ control siRNA group, the protein expressions of cathepsin D in the whole protein of cells, human antigen R in the cytoplasm protein of cells, and ATP6V1E1 in the whole protein of cells were significantly decreased in sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA1 group and sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA2 group (t=4.16, 3.99, 4.81, 5.07, 11.68, 12.97, P<0.05 or P<0.01). (7) Compared with that of normal control group, the mRNA expression of ATP6V1E1 in the cells of sugar-free serum-free 3.0 h group was significantly increased (t=5.51, P<0.05). Compared with that of sugar-free serum-free+ control siRNA group, the mRNA expression of ATP6V1E1 in the cells of sugar-free serum-free+ HuR-siRNA1 group was significantly decreased (t=5.97, P<0.05). Conclusions: After sugar-free serum-free treatment in vitro, the autophagy in mouse primary cardiomyocytes is activated, the lysosomal acidification is enhanced, and the expression of human antigen R in cytoplasm is increased. Human antigen R function is activated and involved in maintaining lysosomal acidification during autophagy in mouse cardiomyocytes.

[Influence of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate on autophagy in hypoxic cardiomyocytes of rats and its mechanism]

Objective: To investigate influence of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) on autophagy in hypoxic cardiomyocytes of rats and its mechanism. Methods: Five neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were collected and sacrificed to harvest the hearts, and primary cardiomyocytes were separated for the following experiments. (1) Primary cardiomyocytes were collected and divided into normoxia group, hypoxia 9 h group, and hypoxia 9 h+ NAADP group according to random number table, with 5 wells in each group. Cells in normoxia group were cultured routinely in the constant temperature incubator at 37 ℃ for 9 hours. Cells in hypoxia 9 h group and hypoxia 9 h+ NAADP group were cultured in hypoxic incubator with volume fraction 94% nitrogen, 5% carbon dioxide, and 1% oxygen for 9 hours. Before hypoxia, cells in hypoxia 9 h+ NAADP group were dealt with final amount-of-substance concentration 10 μmol/L NAADP. Cell counting kit 8 was used to measure cell viability. (2) Primary cardiomyocytes were collected and divided into normoxia group, hypoxia 9 h group, hypoxia 9 h+ NAADP group, hypoxia 9 h+ tran-Ned-19 group, and hypoxia 9 h+ trans-Ned-19+ NAADP group according to the random number table, with 2 wells in each group. Cells in normoxia group were cultured routinely in the constant temperature incubator at 37 ℃ for 9 hours. And cells in the other 4 groups were cultured in hypoxic incubator as that in experiment (1) Before hypoxia, cells in hypoxia 9 h+ NAADP group were dealt with amount-of-substance concentration 10 μmol/L NAADP, cells in hypoxia 9 h+ tran-Ned-19 group were dealt with amount-of-substance concentration 1 μmol/L trans-Ned-19, and cells in hypoxia 9 h+ trans-Ned-19 + NAADP group were dealt with amount-of-substance concentration 10 μmol/L NAADP and 1 μmol/L trans-Ned-19. Protein expressions of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅱ and P62 were detected by Western blotting. (3) Primary cardiomyocytes were collected and grouped as those in experiment (1). The lysosomal acidity was determined by immunofluorescence method. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and least-significant difference test. Results: (1) The cell viability in normoxia group was 1.114±0.024, which was significantly higher than 0.685±0.079 of cells in hypoxia 9 h group (P<0.01). The cell viability of hypoxia 9 h+ NAADP group was 0.886±0.061, which was obviously higher than that of cells in hypoxia 9 h group (P<0.05). (2) Expressions of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅱ and P62 of cells in hypoxia 9 h group were significantly higher than those of cells in normoxia group (P<0.01). Compared with those in hypoxia 9 h group, expression of P62 in hypoxia 9 h+ NAADP group was significantly decreased (P<0.01), while expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅱ did not change significantly (P>0.05). There were no significantly statistical difference in expressions of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅱ and P62 between hypoxia 9 h group and hypoxia 9 h+ trans-Ned-19 group (P>0.05). Compared with those of cells in hypoxia 9 h+ NAADP group, expression of P62 of cells in hypoxia 9 h+ trans-Ned-19+ NAADP group was obviously increased (P<0.01), while expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅱ did not change significantly (P>0.05). (3) The intensity of green fluorescence of cells in normoxia group was strong and co-localized well with red fluorescence, and internal environment of lysosome was with stronger acidity. The intensity of green fluorescence in cells of hypoxia 9 h group was significantly lower than that of cells in normoxia group, and acidity of internal environment of lysosome was weakened. The intensity of green fluorescence and acidity of internal environment of lysosome in hypoxia 9 h+ NAADP were significantly stronger than those of cells in hypoxia 9 h group, but significantly lower than those of cells in normoxia group. Conclusions: NAADP can improve myocardial cell viability through acidifying internal environment of lysosome of cardiomyocyte after hypoxia, promoting degradation of autophagosomes, reducing autophagic lysosomal accumulation, and repairing damaged autophagic flow.

[Retrospective study on the characteristics of early organ injury in elderly patients with severe burns]

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of early organ injury in elderly patients with severe burns and the effects on the prognosis of patients. Methods: From January 2010 to August 2018, 62 patients with severe burns (43 men and 19 women, aged from 60 to 89 years at the time of admission) who were hospitalized in the Institute of Burn Research of the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University, hereinafter referred to as the author's affiliation), meeting the inclusion criteria, were included in elderly (E) group, and 124 patients with severe burns (86 men and 38 women, aged from 18 to 59 years at the time of admission) at the same term were included in young and middle-aged (YM) group. Treatment of patients in the 2 groups followed the conventional procedures of the author's affiliation. The following data of patients in the 2 groups were retrospectively analyzed. (1) Fluid replacement volume and urine volume within the first and second post injury hour (PIH) 24 were recorded. The levels of hemoglobin, haematocrit, and blood lactic acid at admission, PIH 24 and 48 were recorded. (2) The creatine kinase isozyme-MB (CK-MB), total bilirubin, blood creatinine, oxygenation index, and blood platelet count at admission, at shock stage, and on post injury day (PID) 3 to 7 were collected. (3) The days of seriously or critically ill and deaths were recorded. Data were processed with chi-square test, group t test, Mann-Whitney U test, analysis of variance for repeated measurement, and Bonferroni correction. Results: (1) There were no statistically significant differences in fluid replacement volume within the first and second PIH 24, and urine volume within the second PIH 24 between patients in the 2 groups (t=0.351, 1.307, 1.110, P>0.05). The urine volume of patients in group E within the first PIH 24 was significantly less than that in group YM (t=5.628, P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in levels of hemoglobin (t=0.011, 1.075, 0.239), haematocrit (t=0, 0.033, 0.199), and blood lactic acid (t=0.017, 1.002, 0.739) at admission, PIH 24 and 48 between patients in the 2 groups (P>0.05). (2) There were no statistically significant differences in levels of CK-MB at admission and on PID 3 to 7 between patients in the 2 groups (t=0.069, 0.001, P>0.05). The level of CK-MB of patients in group E at shock stage was significantly higher than that in group YM (t=4.017, P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in levels of total bilirubin at admission and on PID 3 to 7 between patients in the 2 groups (t=0.227, 0.002, P>0.05). However, the level of total bilirubin of patients in group E at shock stage was significantly higher than that in group YM (t=6.485, P<0.05). The levels of blood creatinine of patients in group E at admission and shock stage were significantly higher than those in group YM (t=4.226, 12.299, P<0.05 or P<0.01), while there was no statistically significant difference between them on PID 3 to 7 (t=0.693, P>0.05). The oxygenation indexes of patients in group E at admission and shock stage and on PID 3 to 7 [(371±16), (263±16), and (228±18) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)] were lower than (420±13), (327±13), and (281±17) mmHg of patients in group YM, respectively (t=5.650, 9.782, 4.856, P<0.05 or P<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in levels of blood platelet count at admission and shock stage between patients in the 2 groups (t=0.038, 0.588, P>0.05), while the level of blood platelet count of patients in group E on PID 3 to 7 was significantly lower than that in group YM (t=6.636, P<0.05). (3) The days of seriously or critically ill and death rate of patients in group E were respectively longer or higher than those in group YM (Z=-2.303, χ(2)=13.676, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusions: In the case of the same tissue perfusion at shock stage, injuries in heart, liver, kidney, lung, and coagulation system in elderly patients with severe burns are more obvious than those in young and middle-aged patients, with more severe illness and higher mortality.

Autophagy inhibition plays a protective role against 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced loss of serotonin transporters and depressive-like behaviors in rats

The 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular recreational drug, which ultimately leads to serotonergic (5-HT) neurotoxicity and psychiatric disorders. Previous in vitro studies have consistently demonstrated that MDMA provokes autophagic activation, as well as damage of 5-HT axons and nerve fibers. So far, whether autophagy, a well-conserved cellular process that is critical for cell fate, also participates in MDMA-induced neurotoxicity in vivo remains elusive. Here, we first examined time-course of autophagy-related changes during repeated administration of MDMA (10 mg/kg s.c. twice daily for 4 consecutive days) using immunofluorescent staining for tryptophan hydroxylase and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta in rats. We also evaluated the protective effects of 3-methyadanine (3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, 15 mg/kg i.p.) against MDMA-induced acute and long-term reductions in serotonin transporters (SERT) density in various brain regions using immunohistochemical staining and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging respectively. Plasma corticosterone measurements and forced swim tests were performed to evaluate the depressive performance. The staining results showed that repeated administration of MDMA increased expression of autophagosome and caused reduction in SERT densities of striatum and frontal cortex, which was ameliorated in the presence of 3-MA. PET imaging data also revealed that 3-MA could ameliorate MDMA-induced long-term decreased SERT availability in various brain regions of rats. Furthermore, immobility time of forced swim tests and plasma corticosterone levels were less in the group of MDMA co-injected with 3-MA compared with that of MDMA group. Together, these findings suggest that autophagy inhibition may confer protection against neurobiological and behavioral changes induced by MDMA.

[Role of hexokinase Ⅱ in the changes of autophagic flow in cardiomyocytes of mice with ischemia-hypoxia in vitro]

Objective: To investigate the role of hexokinase Ⅱ in the changes of autophagic flow in cardiomyocytes of mice with ischemia-hypoxia in vitro. Methods: The hearts of totally six male and female C57BL/6 mice aged from 1 to 2 days were isolated to culture primary cardiomyocytes which were used for the following experiments. (1) The cells were divided into 6 groups according to the random number table (the same grouping method below), i. e., normal control 3, 6, and 9 h groups and ischemia-hypoxia 3, 6, and 9 h groups, with 4 wells in each group. After being regularly cultured for 48 h with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/nutrient mixture F12 (DMEM/F12) medium (the same regular culture condition below), the cells in normal control 3, 6, and 9 h groups were cultured with replaced fresh DMEM/F12 medium for 3, 6, and 9 h, respectively, and the cells in ischemia-hypoxia 3, 6, and 9 h groups were cultured with replaced sugar-free serum-free medium in the low-oxygen incubator with a volume fraction of 1% oxygen and a volume fraction of 5% carbon dioxide at 37 ℃ (the same hypoxic culture condition below) for 3, 6, and 9 h, respectively. Cell viability was measured by the cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) method. (2) The cells were grouped and treated the same as those in experiment (1), with 1 well in each group. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 Ⅰ (LC3Ⅰ), LC3Ⅱ, p62, and hexokinase Ⅱ. (3) The cells were divided into normal control group, simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group, and ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) group, with 4 wells in each group. After a regular culture for 48 h, the cells in normal control group were cultured with replaced fresh DMEM/F12 medium for 9 h; the cells in simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group were replaced with sugar-free serum-free medium, and the cells in ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ 2-DG group were replaced with sugar-free serum-free medium in which 2-DG was dissolved in a concentration of 10 mmol/L (20 μmol), and then they were cultured with hypoxia for 9 h. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 method. (4) The cells were grouped and treated the same as those in experiment (3), with 1 well in each group. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of LC3Ⅰ, LC3Ⅱ, and p62. (5) The cells were grouped and treated the same as those in experiment (3), with 2 wells in each group. Transmission electron microscope was used to observe autophagosomes/autolysosomes in cardiomyocytes. (6) The cells were divided into normal control group, simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group, ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ hexosinase Ⅱ small interfering RNA1 (HK-ⅡsiRNA1) group, and ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ HK-ⅡsiRNA2 group, with 4 wells in each group. The cells in normal control group and simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group were regularly cultured for 48 h, and the cells in ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ HK-ⅡsiRNA1 group and ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ HK-ⅡsiRNA2 group were respectively transfected with 200 nmol/L HK-ⅡsiRNA1 and HK-ⅡsiRNA2 and then also cultured for 48 h. The cells in normal control group were cultured with replaced fresh DMEM/F12 medium for 9 h, and the cells in simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group, ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ HK-ⅡsiRNA1 group, and ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ HK-ⅡsiRNA2 group were cultured with replaced sugar-free serum-free medium and hypoxia for 9 h. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 method. (7) The cells were grouped and treated the same as those in experiment (6), with 1 well in each group. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of LC3Ⅰ, LC3Ⅱ, p62, and hexokinase Ⅱ. Except for experiment (5), each experiment was repeated 3 times. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and lest significant difference t test, and Bonferroni correction. Results: (1) The viabilities of cardiomyocytes in ischemia-hypoxia 3, 6, and 9 h groups were 0.450±0.022, 0.385±0.010, and 0.335±0.015, respectively, which were significantly lower than 0.662±0.026, 0.656±0.028, and 0.661±0.021 of the corresponding normal control 3, 6, and 9 h groups, respectively (t=6.21, 9.12, 12.48, P<0.01). (2) Compared with those of corresponding normal control 3, 6, and 9 h groups, the LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ ratio and protein expressions of p62 and hexokinase Ⅱ in cardiomyocytes of ischemia-hypoxia 3, 6, and 9 h groups were significantly increased (t(3 h)=16.15, 10.99, 5.30, t(6 h)=6.79, 10.42, 9.42, t(9 h)=15.76, 16.51, 7.20, P<0.05 or P<0.01). (3) The viability of cardiomyocytes in simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group was 0.353±0.022, which was significantly lower than 0.673±0.027 of normal control group (t=9.29, P<0.01). The viability of cardiomyocytes in ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ 2-DG group was 0.472±0.025, which was significantly higher than that of simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group (t=3.60, P<0.05). (4) Compared with those of normal control group, the LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ ratio and protein expression of p62 in cardiomyocytes of simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group were significantly increased (t=9.45, 8.40, P<0.01). Compared with those of simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group, the LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰratio and protein expression of p62 in cardiomyocytes of ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ 2-DG group were significantly decreased (t=4.39, 4.74, P<0.05). (5) In cardiomyocytes of normal control group, only single autophagosome/autolysosome with bilayer membrane structure was observed. Compared with that of normal control group, the number of autophagosome/autolysosome with bilayer membrane structure in cardiomyocytes of simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group was increased significantly. Compared with that of simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group, the number of autophagosome/autolysosome with bilayer membrane structure in cardiomyocytes of ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ 2-DG group was significantly decreased. (6) The viability of cardiomyocytes in simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group was 0.358±0.023, which was significantly lower than 0.673±0.026 in normal control group (t=9.12, P<0.01). The viabilities of cardiomyocytes in ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ HK-ⅡsiRNA1 group and ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ HK-ⅡsiRNA2 group were 0.487±0.027 and 0.493±0.022, respectively, which were significantly higher than the viability in simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group (t=3.63, 4.28, P<0.05). (7) Compared with those of normal control group, the LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰratio and protein expressions of p62 and hexokinase Ⅱ in cardiomyocytes of simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group were significantly increased (t=6.08, 6.31, 4.83, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with those of simple ischemia-hypoxia 9 h group, the LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ ratio and protein expressions of p62 and hexokinase Ⅱ in cardiomyocytes of ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ HK-ⅡsiRNA1 group and ischemia-hypoxia 9 h+ HK-ⅡsiRNA2 group were significantly decreased (t=5.10, 7.76, 15.33, 4.17, 8.42, 12.11, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusions: Ischemia-hypoxia upregulates the expression level of hexokinase Ⅱ protein in mouse cardiomyocytes cultured in vitro, which decreases the viability of cardiomyocytes by impairing autophagic flow. To inhibit the activity of hexokinase Ⅱ or its expression can alleviate the ischemia-hypoxia damage of cardiomyocytes.

Exciton binding energy and hydrogenic Rydberg series in layered ReS2

Unlike monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides such as MoS2, which possess high in-plane symmetry, layered ReS2 exhibits reduced in-plane crystal symmetry with a distorted 1 T structure. This unique symmetry leads to anisotropic optical properties, very promising for light polarization devices. Here, we report on low temperature polarization-resolved emission and absorption measurements of excitons in ReS2 from bulk to monolayer. In photoluminescence and reflectivity contrast spectra we distinguish two strongly polarized excitons X1 and X2 with dipole vectors along different crystal directions, which persist from bulk down to monolayer. Basing on the PL and RC spectra of bulk crystals we determine the energy of the ground and first four excited states of both excitons, which follow the usual hydrogenic Rydberg series of energy levels of 3D excitonic states (En = Ry*/n2). From the numerical fit we estimate that the energy gap is direct and equal to 1671.7 meV and binding energy of X1 and X2 is equal to 117.5 and 86.6 meV, respectively. In magneto-PL spectra of bulk ReS2 up to B = 10 T, the energy shift of all the states is below 2 meV. On reducing the crystal thickness from bulk to monolayer the ground state experience a strong blue shift.

[Multicenter epidemiological investigation of hospitalized elderly, young and middle-aged patients with severe burn]

Objective: To compare and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized elderly, young and middle-aged patients with severe burn in recent years, so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of elderly patients with severe burn. Methods: Relying on the entry system of epidemiological case data and biological sample of severe burn from multicenter in clinic, medical records of patients with severe burn, aged above 18, hospitalized in 8 burn wards from January 2012 to December 2015 were collected. Six hundred and fifteen patients who were more than 18 years old and less than or equal to 65 years old were included in young and middle-aged group (YM). Eighty-two patients aged more than 65 years old were included in elderly group (E). Data of age, gender, residence, education level, cause of injury, location of injury, season of injury, total burn area, occurrence and area of full-thickness burn injury, wound site, inhalation injury incidence and severity, post burn admission time, proportion of delayed resuscitation, proportion of escharectomy or tangential excision and skin grafting, preinjury systemic disease, system complication during hospitalization, length of hospital stay, outcome of treatment, and reason of abandoning treatment of patients were analyzed. Data were processed with chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. The odds ratios of preinjury systemic disease, system complication during hospitalization, and adverse outcome of patients in group YM were compared with those in group E. Results: (1) The majority of patients in the two groups were male, but the proportion of male patients in group YM was higher. There was statistically significant difference in gender distribution of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=18.727, P<0.001). The majority of patients in the two groups were from rural areas, but the proportion of rural patients in group E was higher. There was statistically significant difference in residence distribution of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=9.306, P=0.002). Patients in group YM mainly had secondary education, while patients in group E mainly had primary education. There was statistically significant difference in distribution of education level of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=146.797, P<0.001). (2) The most common causes of injury of patients in the two groups were both flame, but the proportion of patients with flame burn injury in group E was higher. There was statistically significant difference in distribution of cause of injury of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=25.063, P<0.001). The main locations of injury of patients in groups YM and E were respectively public place and private residence. There was statistically significant difference in location distribution of injury of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=46.313, P<0.001). The main seasons of injury of patients in groups YM and E were respectively summer and winter. There was statistically significant difference in season distribution of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=23.143, P<0.001). There was statistically significant difference in distribution of total burn area of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=25.799, P=0.002). The occurrences of full-thickness burn injury of patients in the two groups were similar (χ(2)=2.685, P=0.101), while there was statistically significant difference in area of full-thickness burn injury of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=26.702, P=0.002). There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of wound site of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=3.954, P=0.785). There were no statistically significant differences in incidence and severity distribution of inhalation injury of patients between the two groups (with χ(2) values respectively 0.425 and 0.672, P values above 0.05). (3) There was statistically significant difference in distribution of admission time of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=6.632, P=0.036), but there was no statistically significant difference in proportion of delayed resuscitation of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=1.261, P=0.261). The proportion of escharectomy or tangential excision and skin grafting of patients in group YM was 72.0% (443/615), which was significantly higher than 35.4% (29/82) of group E (χ(2)=44.498, P<0.001). The incidence of preinjury systemic disease of patients in group YM was 13.2% (81/615), which was significantly lower than 61.0% (50/82) of group E (χ(2)=108.337, P<0.001). The risk of preinjury systemic disease of patients in group E was 10.30 times of that of patients in group YM [with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 6.24-17.01, P<0.001]. During hospitalization, 59.8% (49/82) of patients in group E suffered from system complications, which was significantly higher than 36.6% (225/615) of group YM (χ(2)=16.282, P<0.001). The risk of system complication of patients in group E was 2.57 times of patients in group YM (with 95% CI of 1.61-4.12, P<0.001). The length of hospital stay of patients in group E was significantly shorter than that of group YM (U=36 735, P<0.001). There was statistically significant difference in treatment outcome of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=106.251, P<0.001). The risk of adverse outcome of patients in group E was 7.52 times of group YM (with 95% CI of 4.40-12.88, χ(2)=67.709, P<0.001). The proportion of abandoning treatment of patients in group E was significantly higher than that of group YM (χ(2)=150.670, P<0.001). The risk of abandoning treatment of patients in group E was 15.86 times of that of group YM (with 95% CI of 9.36-26.88, P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of reason of abandoning treatment of patients between the two groups (χ(2)=4.178, P=0.243). Conclusions: There were significant differences in the epidemiological characteristics of patients in groups E and YM. In elderly burn patients, the proportion of rural population was higher and the education level was lower. Flame burn was common and burns mostly occurred in private residences and in winter. The total burn area was slightly lower but the area of full-thickness burn injury was larger. The length of hospital stay was shorter and the proportion of surgical treatment was lower. The incidences of preinjury systemic disease and system complication during hospitalization were higher, and therefore the risks of adverse outcome and abandoning treatment were higher.

Creation of Electron-Positron Pairs in Photon-Photon Collisions Driven by 10-PW Laser Pulses

A novel approach is proposed to demonstrate the two-photon Breit-Wheeler process by using collimated and wide-bandwidth γ-ray pulses driven by 10-PW lasers. Theoretical calculations suggest that more than 3.2×10^{8} electron-positron pairs with a divergence angle of 7° can be created per shot, and the signal-to-noise ratio is higher than 10^{3}. The positron signal, which is roughly 100 times higher than the detection limit, can be measured by using the existing spectrometers. This approach, which could demonstrate the e^{-}e^{+} pair creation process from two photons, would provide important tests for two-photon physics and other fundamental physical theories.

[Chinese burn referral criteria (2018 version)]

There is no national referral criteria for burns in China till now, which brings inconvenience and confusion. Based on the oversea experiences and the actual situation in China, many famous experts on burns discussed and developed this Chinese burn referral criteria (2018 version). We hope these referral criteria will be helpful in clinical practice in burn field and can be improved continuously during application.

DS1/OsEMF1 interacts with OsARF11 to control rice architecture by regulation of brassinosteroid signaling

BACKGROUND

Plant height and leaf angle are important determinants of yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Genes involved in regulating plant height and leaf angle were identified in previous studies; however, there are many remaining unknown factors that affect rice architecture.

RESULTS

In this study, we characterized a dwarf mutant named ds1 with small grain size and decreased leaf angle,selected from an irradiated population of ssp. japonica variety Nanjing35. The ds1 mutant also showed abnormal floral organs. ds1 plants were insensitive to BL treatment and expression of genes related to BR signaling was changed. An F₂ population from a cross between ds1 and indica cultivar 93-11 was used to fine map DS1 and to map-based clone the DS1 allele, which encoded an EMF1-like protein that acted as a transcriptional regulator. DS1 was constitutively expressed in various tissues, and especially highly expressed in young leaves, panicles and seeds. We showed that the DS1 protein interacted with auxin response factor 11 (OsARF11), a major transcriptional regulator of plant height and leaf angle, to co-regulate D61/OsBRI1 expression. These findings provide novel insights into understanding the molecular mechanisms by which DS1 integrates auxin and brassinosteroid signaling in rice.

CONCLUSION

The DS1 gene encoded an EMF1-like protein in rice. The ds1 mutation altered the expression of genes related to BR signaling, and ds1 was insensitive to BL treatment. DS1 interacts with OsARF11 to co-regulate OsBRI1 expression.

[Review and prospect of burn medicine of China in 60 years]

Burn medicine of China started in 1958. Great progress has been achieved in discipline construction, scientific research, clinical treatment level, and talent team construction in 60 years. A large number of severely burned patients have been successfully treated, and plans for treatment of burn patients with Chinese characteristics have been established with world-leading treatment level. At the same time, in the continuous improvement of clinical treatment level, extensive experimental researches for the key scientific problems in clinical treatment of burn patients have been conducted, and a large number of innovative research results have been achieved by Chinese burn medicine workers. The theoretical research of burn medicine in China has stepped into advanced ranks of the world. Burn medicine will confront development opportunity and tough challenge in the future. We can take advantage of wound repair of burn discipline to deal with the situation of decreasing incidence of burn and undiminished importance of burn medicine. To establish and improve the chain of burn treatment is an important direction for burn discipline development in the future.

[Effects of decline of pH value on cardiomyocyte viability of rats and the mechanism]

Objective: To explore the effects of decline of pH value on cardiomyocyte viability of rats, and to analyze the possible mechanism. Methods: Hearts of five newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated, and then primary cardiomyocytes were cultured and used in the following experiments. (1) The primary cardiomyocytes were divided into pH 7.4+ 6 h, pH 7.0+ 6 h, pH 6.5+ 6 h, pH 6.0+ 6 h, pH 6.5+ 1 h, and pH 6.5+ 3 h groups according to the random number table, with 4 wells in each group. After being routinely cultured for 48 h (similarly hereinafter), cells in pH 7.4+ 6 h, pH 7.0+ 6 h, pH 6.5+ 6 h, and pH 6.0+ 6 h groups were cultured with pH 7.4, pH 7.0, pH 6.5, and pH 6.0 DMEM-F12 medium (similarly hereinafter), respectively, and then they were cultured for 6 h. Cells in pH 6.5+ 1 h and pH 6.5+ 3 h groups were cultured with pH 6.5 medium, and then they were cultured for 1 h and 3 h, respectively. Viability of cells was detected by methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium (MTT) method. (2) The primary cardiomyocytes were divided into pH 7.4, pH 6.5, and pH 6.5+ taxol groups according to the random number table, with 2 wells in each group. Cells in pH 7.4 group were cultured with pH 7.4 medium, while cells in pH 6.5 and pH 6.5+ taxol groups were cultured with pH 6.5 medium. Cells in pH 6.5+ taxol group were added with taxol of a final molarity of 0.2 μmol/L in addition, and then they were cultured for 6 h. Morphology and density of microtubule of cells was detected by immunofluorescence assay. (3) The primary cardiomyocytes were grouped and treated as in experiment (2), with 2 wells in each group. The expressions of polymerized microtubulin and free microtubulin were determined with Western blotting. (4) The primary cardiomyocytes were grouped and treated as in experiment (2), with 4 wells in each group. Viability of cells after treated with taxol was detected by MTT method. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD-t test. Results: (1) The viability of cells in pH 7.4+ 6 h, pH 7.0+ 6 h, pH 6.5+ 6 h, pH 6.0+ 6 h, pH 6.5+ 1 h, and pH 6.5+ 3 h groups were 1.00±0.08, 0.90±0.08, 0.85±0.06, 0.83±0.04, 0.91±0.10, and 0.89±0.10, respectively. Compared with that in pH 7.4+ 6 h group, viability of cells in pH 7.0+ 6 h, pH 6.5+ 6 h, pH 6.0+ 6 h, pH 6.5+ 1 h, and pH 6.5+ 3 h groups were all decreased in different degrees (t=2.476, 4.002, 4.996, 2.168, 2.400, P<0.05). (2) Microtubules of cells in pH 7.4 group were radially distributed around the nucleus with clear tubular structure. Compared with that in pH 7.4 group, the skeleton of microtubules of cells in pH 6.5 group was obviously damaged, with broken structure of microtubule and reduced density. Compared with that in pH 6.5 group, the damage degree of microtubules of cells in pH 6.5+ taxol group was obviously alleviated, and the structure of microtubules basically returned to normal. (3) Compared with that in pH 7.4 group, the expression of free microtubulin of cells in pH 6.5 group was significantly increased (t=3.030, P<0.05), while the expression of polymerized microtubulin of cells was significantly decreased (t=8.604, P<0.05). Compared with that in pH 6.5 group, the expression of free microtubulin of cells in pH 6.5+ taxol group was significantly decreased (t=4.559, P<0.05), while the expression of polymerized microtubulin of cells was significantly increased (t=5.472, P<0.05). (4) Viability of cells in pH 7.4, pH 6.5, and pH 6.5+ taxol groups were 1.00±0.10, 0.83±0.04, and 0.93±0.10, respectively. Compared with that in pH 7.4 group, the viability of cells in pH 6.5 group was obviously declined (t=4.412, P<0.05). Compared with that in pH 6.5 group, the viability of cells in pH 6.5+ taxol group was obviously increased (t=2.461, P<0.05). Conclusions: The decline of pH value reduces the viability of cardiomyocytes of rats through destroying the skeleton of microtubule. Stabilizing microtubule skeleton can significantly reduce acidic treatment-induced damage and ameliorate cardiomyocyte viability.

[Effects of cardiac support on delayed resuscitation in extensively burned patients with shock]

Objective: To explore the effects of cardiac support on delayed resuscitation in extensively burned patients with shock. Methods: Clinical data of 62 extensively burned patients with shock on admission, admitted to the 159th Hospital of PLA (hereinafter referred to as our hospital) from January 2012 to January 2017, were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into cardiac support group (n=35) and control group (n=27) according to the use of deslanoside and ulinastatin. All patients were treated with routine fluid resuscitation based on the formula of the Third Military Medical University till post injury hour (PIH) 48. Patients in cardiac support group were given slow intravenous injection of deslanoside which was added in 20 mL 100 g/L glucose injection with first dose of 0.4 to 0.6 mg, 0.2 to 0.4 mg per 6 to 8 h, no more than 1.6 mg daily, and slow intravenous injection of 1×10(5)U ulinastatin which was added in 100 mL 50 g/L glucose injection, once per 12 h. Other treatments of patients in the two groups followed the same conventional procedures of our hospital. The following data of the two groups of patients were collected. (1) The data of urine volume per hour within PIH 48, heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), blood lactic acid, base excess, hematocrit, and albumin at PIH 48 were recorded. (2) The input volumes of electrolyte, colloid within the first and second 24 hours post burn and the total fluid input volumes within PIH 48 were recorded. (3) The data of creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, total bile acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, β(2)-microglobulin, urea nitrogen, and creatinine at PIH 48 were recorded. (4) The complications including cardiac failure, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, seroperitoneum, renal failure, sepsis, and death were also recorded. Data were processed with independent sample ttest, Fisher's exact test, Pearson chi-square test, or continuous correction chi-square test. Results: (1) There were no statistically significant differences in urine volume within PIH 48, heart rate, MAP, CVP, hematocrit, or albumin at PIH 48 between the patients of two groups (t=0.150, 0.488, 0.805, 0.562, 1.742, 0.696, P>0.05). While the levels of blood lactic acid and base excess were respectively (4.2±2.2) and (-4.3±2.0) mmol/L in patients of cardiac support group, which were significantly better than (5.9±1.7) and (-6.0±3.1) mmol/L in patients of control group (t=3.249, 2.480, P<0.05 or P<0.01). (2) There was no statistically significant difference in input volume of colloid within the first 24 hours post burn between the patients of two groups (t=0.642, P>0.05). The input volume of electrolyte within the first 24 hours post burn, the input volumes of electrolyte and colloid within the second 24 hours post burn, and the total fluid input volume within PIH 48 of patients in cardiac support group were significantly less than those in control group (t=2.703, 4.223, 3.437, 2.515, P<0.05 or P<0.01). (3) The levels of creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, total bile acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, β(2)-microglobulin, urea nitrogen, and creatinine of patients in cardiac support group at PIH 48 were significantly lower than those in control group (t=3.066, 3.963, 3.225, 2.943, 2.431, 3.084, 4.052, 2.915, 3.353, P<0.05 or P<0.01). (4) The occurrences of pleural effusion and seroperitoneum and mortality of patients in cardiac support group were significantly lower than those in control group (χ(2)=5.514, 6.984, 4.798, P<0.05 or P<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in cardiac failure, pulmonary edema, renal failure, and sepsis between the patients of two groups [χ(2)=1.314 (sepsis), P>0.05]. Conclusions: The cardiotonic and cardiac protection treatments in delayed resuscitation of extensively burned patients with shock contribute to improving the cellular anonic metabolism, reducing the volume of fluid resuscitation, and mitigating the ischemic and hypoxic damage to organs, so as to lay foundation for decreasing further complication incidences and mortality.

Vascular anatomy is a determining factor of successful submental flap raising: a retrospective study of 70 clinical cases

The vascular anatomy of submental flaps (SFs) represents a determining factor in successful SF raising. However, little attention has been focused on the venous return of SFs. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate SF venous return. This study enrolled patients who underwent SF reconstructive surgery in a tertiary referral center between November 2009 and October 2016. The drainage pathway of the SF venous return was routinely identified during the course of our operations to prevent damage during head and neck surgery. The venous return data of 70 patients were reviewed. The size of the flaps ranged from 15 to 84 cm², and total flap loss was not observed in the case series. All of the submental arteries originated from the facial artery; however, the submental veins of 70 patients returned to either the internal jugular vein (IJV, 72.9%) or the external jugular vein (EJV, 27.1%). Our data suggest that drainage of the submental vein into the EJV, which has been previously overlooked, should receive greater attention during SF surgeries. The results support mandatory preservation of the EJV and IJV and indicate that vascular anatomy is a determining factor for successful SF raising.

Probing of free and localized excitons and trions in atomically thin WSe2, WS2, MoSe2 and MoS2 in photoluminescence and reflectivity experiments

We report on detailed temperature dependent (T = 7-295 K) optical spectroscopy studies of WSe₂, WS₂, MoSe₂ and MoS₂ monolayers exfoliated onto the same SiO₂/Si substrate. In the high energy region of absorption type (reflectivity contrast-RC) and emission (photo-luminescence-PL) spectra of all the monolayers resonances related to the neutral and charged excitons (X and T) are detected in the entire measured temperature range. The optical amplitudes of excitons and trions strongly depend on the temperature and two dimensional carrier gas (2DCG) concentration. In the low energy PL spectra of WSe₂ and WS₂ we detect a group of lines (L) which dominates the spectra at low temperatures but rapidly quenches with the increase in the temperature. Interestingly, in the same energy range of the RC spectra recorded for WS₂, we observe an additional line (L ₀), which behaves in the same way as the L lines in the PL spectra. The optical amplitude of L ₀ and T resonances in the RC spectra strongly increases with the growth of the 2DCG concentration. On the base of these observations we identify the L ₀ resonance in the RC spectra as arising from the fine structure of the trion. We also propose that the line interpreted previously in PL spectra of WSe₂ and WS₂ as related to the biexciton emission is a superposition of the biexciton, trion and localized exciton emission. We find that with the temperature increase from 7-295 K the total PL intensity decreases moderately in WSe₂ and WS₂, strongly in MoS₂ and dramatically in MoSe₂.

[Effects of change in the activity of vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase of myocardial lysosome on myocardial damage in rats after severe burn and its mechanism]

Objective: To explore the effects of change of activity of vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) of myocardial lysosome on myocardial damage in rats after severe burn and its mechanism. Methods: The myocardial lysosomes were extracted from the hearts of 12 SD rats with ultra-high speed gradient density centrifugation, then Western blotting and transmission electron microscope observation were conducted for identification. One hundred and twenty rats were divided into pure burn group, ATP group, normal control group, and bafilomycin group according to the random number table, with 30 rats in each group. Rats in pure burn group and ATP group were inflicted with 40% TBSA full-thickness scald on the back. Immediately after injury, rats in pure burn group were intraperitoneally injected with lactated Ringer's solution in 4 mL·%TBSA(-1)·kg(-1,) and rats in ATP group were intraperitoneally injected with ATP in 0.4 mg/kg at 12 h before burn, immediately after burn, and 12 h after burn. Rats in normal control group did not receive any treatment, and rats in bafilomycin group were intraperitoneally injected with bafilomycin A1 in 0.3 mg/kg at the same time points as those of ATP group. At 24 h after burn, 30 rats from each group were collected for determining activity of V-ATPase of myocardial lysosome with coupled-enzyme assay and the expression of myocardium autophagy-related proteins microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and P62 by Western blotting. Left ventricular arterial blood was collected to detect the content of 5 items of myocardial enzyme spectrum and cardiac troponin T (cTnT). Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and t test. Results: (1) After identification, both the expression level of lysosome-related membrane protein 1 and purity of lysosome in the sample were high, and the structure of lysosome was intact. (2) At 24 h after burn, the activity values of V-ATPase of myocardial lysosome in rats of pure burn group, ATP group, normal control group, and bafilomycin group were (2.03±0.67), (3.01±0.58), (4.29±0.26), and (1.83±0.52) μmol·mg(-1)·h(-1,) respectively. The activity value of V-ATPase of myocardial lysosome in rats of pure burn group was significantly lower than the values in ATP group and normal control group (with t values respectively 3.14 and 8.87, P values below 0.01). The activity values of V-ATPase of rats in normal control group were significantly higher than those in bafilomycin group (t=11.87, P<0.01). At 24 h after burn, the expressions of myocardial LC3 and P62 in pure burn group were significantly higher than those in ATP group and normal control group (with t values from 3.73 to 5.88, P values below 0.01). The expressions of myocardial LC3 and P62 in normal control group were significantly lower than those in bafilomycin group (with t values respectively 2.64 and 3.07, P<0.05 or P<0.01). At 24 h after burn, the content of 5 items of myocardial enzyme spectrum and cTnT in pure burn group was significantly higher than that in ATP group and normal control group (with t values from 3.24 to 16.72, P values below 0.01). The content of 5 items of myocardial enzyme spectrum and cTnT in normal control group was significantly lower than that in bafilomycin group (with t values from 2.39 to 10. 70, P values below 0.01). Conclusions: The activity of V-ATPase of myocardial lysosome decreased in rats after severe burn, which can result in myocardial damage by inhibiting myocardial autophagy flux.

[Mechanism of protective effects of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated protein 1 on hypoxic cardiomyocytes of rats]

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of protective effects of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated protein 1 (TRAP1) on hypoxic cardiomyocytes of rats. Methods: Primary cultured cardiomyocytes were obtained from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 1 to 3 days) and then used in the following experiments. (1) Cells were divided into group TRAP1 and control group according to the random number table (the same grouping method below), and then the total protein of cells was extracted. Total protein of cells in group TRAP1 was added with mouse anti-rat TRAP1 monoclonal antibody, while that in control group was added with the same type of IgG from mouse. Co-immunoprecipitation and protein mass spectrography analysis were used to determine the possible proteins interacted with TRAP1. (2) Cells were divided into normoxia blank control group (NBC), normoxia+ TRAP1 interference control group (NTIC), normoxia+ TRAP1 interference group (NTI), normoxia+ TRAP1 over-expression control group (NTOC), and normoxia+ TRAP1 over-expression group (NTO), with 1 well in each group. Cells in group NBC were routinely cultured, while cells in the latter four groups were respectively added with TRAP1 RNA interference empty virus vector, TRAP1 RNA interference adenovirus vector, TRAP1 over-expression empty virus vector, and TRAP1 over-expression adenovirus vector. Another batch of cells were divided into group NBC, hypoxic blank control group (HBC), hypoxic+ TRAP1 interference control group (HTIC), hypoxic+ TRAP1 interference group (HTI), hypoxic+ TRAP1 over-expression control group (HTOC), and hypoxic+ TRAP1 over-expression group (HTO), with 1 well in each group. Cells in hypoxic groups were under hypoxic condition for 6 hours after being treated as those in the corresponding normoxia groups, respectively. The mRNA expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅱ (COXⅡ) of cells in each group was detected by real time fluorescent quantitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Experiments were repeated for three times. (3) Cells were divided into group NBC, group HBC, group HTOC, group HTO, hypoxic+ TRAP1 over-expression+ COXⅡinterference control group (HTOCIC), and hypoxic+ TRAP1 over-expression+ COXⅡinterference group (HTOCI), with 3 wells in each group. Cells in the previous 4 groups were treated as those in experiment (2). Cells in group HTOCIC and HTOCI were respectively transfected with COXⅡ RNA interference empty virus vector and COXⅡ RNA interference adenovirus vector, and then both added with TRAP1 over-expression adenovirus vector. The proliferation activity of cells was determined by cell counting kit 8 and microplate reader, and the ratio of death cells was measured by propidium lodide and Hoechst 33342 staining. Another batch of cells were divided into group NBC, group HBC, group HTIC, group HTI, hypoxic+ TRAP1 interference+ COXⅡover-expression control group (HTICOC), and hypoxic+ TRAP1 interference+ COXⅡ over-expression group (HTICO), with 3 wells in each group. Cells in the previous 4 groups were treated as those in experiment (2). Cells in group HTICOC and HTICO were both transfected with TRAP1 RNA interference adenovirus vector, and then respectively added with COXⅡ over-expression empty virus vector and COXⅡ over-expression adenovirus vector. The proliferation activity of cells and the ratio of death cells were detected as before. Experiments were repeated for three times. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD test. Results: (1) The expression of TRAP1 was found in cells of group TRAP1, while that was not found in cells of control group. The possible proteins interacted with TRAP1 were keratin, COXⅡ, and an unknown protein with predicted molecular weight 13×10³. (2) Compared with that in group NBC, the mRNA expression of COXⅡof cells had no significant change in group NTIC and group NTOC (with P values above 0.05), but significantly decreased in group NTI (P<0.01), and significantly increased in group NTO (P<0.01). Compared with that in group NBC, the mRNA expression of COXⅡof cells in group HBC was significantly decreased (P<0.01). Compared with that in group HBC, the mRNA expression of COXⅡof cells had no significant change in group HTIC and group HTOC (with P values above 0.05), but significantly decreased in group HTI (P<0.01), and significantly increased in group HTO (P<0.01). (3) The proliferation activity of cells in group NBC, group HBC, group HTOC, group HTO, group HTOCIC, and group HTOCI was respectively 0.498±0.022, 0.303±0.018, 0.313±0.032, 0.456±0.031, 0.448±0.034, and 0.335±0.026, and the ratios of death cells in above groups were respectively (4.7±1.5)%, (24.7±3.1)%, (26.0±2.7)%, (13.3±2.5)%, (12.7±2.1)%, and (21.0±1.7)%. Compared with those in group NBC, the proliferation activity of cells in HBC was decreased, while the ratio of death cells was increased (with P values below 0.01). Compared with those in group HBC, the proliferation activity of cells and the ratio of death cells in group HTOC had no significant change (with P values above 0.05), while the proliferation activity of cells was increased and the ratio of death cells was decreased in group HTO (with P values below 0.01). Compared with those in group HTO, the proliferation activity of cells and the ratio of death cells in group HTOCIC had no significant change (with P values above 0.05), while the proliferation activity of cells was decreased and the ratio of death cells was increased in group HTOCI (with P values below 0.01). (4) The proliferation activity of cells in group NBC, group HBC, group HTIC, group HTI, group HTICOC, and group HTICO was respectively 0.444±0.025, 0.275±0.016, 0.283±0.021, 0.150±0.009, 0.135±0.011, and 0.237±0.017, and the ratios of death cells in above groups were respectively (3.7±0.6)%, (21.0±2.7)%, (20.3±3.1)%, (31.7±2.5)%, (33.3±3.2)%, and (19.3±1.5)%. Compared with those in group HBC, the proliferation activity of cells and the ratio of death cells in group HTIC had no significant change (with P values above 0.05). Compared with those in group HBC and group HTIC, the proliferation activity of cells was decreased and the ratio of death cells was significantly increased in group HTI (with P values below 0.01). Compared with those in group HTI, the proliferation activity of cells and the ratio of death cells in group HTICOC had no significant change (with P values above 0.05), while the proliferation activity of cells was increased and the ratio of death cells was significantly decreased in group HTICO (with P values below 0.01). Conclusions: TRAP1 can up-regulate the expression of COXⅡ mRNA, and COXⅡ is one of the downstream effector molecules that TRAP1 mediates its protective effects on hypoxic cardiomyocytes.

Effects of dextromethorphan on MDMA-induced serotonergic aberration in the brains of non-human primates using [123I]-ADAM/SPECT

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a common recreational drug, is known to cause serotonergic neurotoxicity in the brain. Dextromethorphan (DM) is a widely used antitussive reported to exert anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. In this study, we examined the long-term effect of MDMA on the primate serotonergic system and the protective property of DM against MDMA-induced serotonergic abnormality using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Nine monkeys (Macaca cyclopis) were divided into three groups, namely control, MDMA and co-treatment (MDMA/DM). [¹²³I]-ADAM was used as the radioligand for serotonin transporters (SERT) in SPECT scans. SERT levels of the brain were evaluated and presented as the uptake ratios (URs) of [¹²³I]-ADAM in several regions of interest of the brain including midbrain, thalamus and striatum. We found that the URs of [¹²³I]-ADAM were significantly lower in the brains of MDMA than control group, indicating lower brain SERT levels in the MDMA-treated monkeys. This MDMA-induced decrease in brain SERT levels could persist for over four years. However, the loss of brain SERT levels was not observed in co-treatment group. These results suggest that DM may exert a protective effect against MDMA-induced serotonergic toxicity in the brains of the non-human primate.

[Multicenter epidemiological investigation of hospitalized children with severe burn]

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized children with severe burn from several regions in China during 3 years, so as to provide evidence for prevention of burns in children. Methods: Relying on the entry system of epidemiology data and biological sample of severe burn from multicenter in clinic, medical records of children with severe burn, aged 18 and under, hospitalized in 6 burn wards from February 2012 to February 2015 were collected. The children were divided into 5 age brackets: less than or equal to 1 year old, more than 1 year old and less than or equal to 3 years old, more than 3 years old and less than or equal to 6 years old, more than 6 years old and less than or equal to 12 years old, more than 12 years old and less than or equal to 18 years old. Meanwhile the children were divided into rural and urban children according to their residences. Data of gender and residence of children in the 5 age brackets, cause of injury, location of injury, total burn area, wound site, inhalation injury and combined injury, and source of hospitalization expenses of children in the 5 age brackets and two types of residence, and outcome and length of hospital stay of the children were analyzed. The cause of injury of children in different location of injury was analyzed. In addition, they were divided into 2 age brackets: less than or equal to 6 years old and more than 6 years old and less than or equal to 18 years old, and then incidences of hand and foot burn injury were compared. Data were processed with chi-square test, and the correlation between age and total burn area was processed with Spearman correlation analysis. Results: Four hundred and forty out of 1 106 inpatients with severe burn were children, accounting for 39.8% who were included in the system. (1) The majority of children were male (270, 61.4%). The number of children more than 1 year old and less than or equal to 3 years old ranked the first (222, 50.5%) in the 5 age brackets. The ratio of children from rural areas to that from urban areas was 2.9∶1.0. There were no statistically significant differences in both gender and residence of children among the 5 age brackets (with χ² values respectively 7.649 and 9.399, P values above 0.05). (2) Scald was the most common cause of burn. There was statistically significant difference in injury cause of children among the 5 age brackets (χ²=136.307, P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in injury cause of children among the two types of residence (χ²=5.164, P>0.05). (3) Private house was the most common location of injury. There was statistically significant difference in location of injury of children among the 5 age brackets (χ²=124.930, P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in location of injury of children among the two types of residence (χ²=3.364, P>0.05). There was statistically significant difference in injury cause of children in different location of injury (χ²=118.284, P<0.001). (4) Most of children were with total burn areas from 10% to 39% total body surface area. There was statistically significant difference in total burn area of children among the 5 age brackets (χ²=103.568, P<0.001). There was positive correlation between age and total burn area (r=0.177, P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in total burn area of children among the two types of residence (χ²=16.213, P>0.05). (5) Trunk, lower extremity, and upper extremity were the most common wound sites, respectively. There was statistically significant difference in wound site of children among the 5 age brackets (χ²=45.674, P=0.019). There was statistically significant difference in incidence of hand and foot burn between children less than or equal to 6 years old and children more than 6 years old and less than or equal to 18 years old (with χ² values respectively 29.188 and 14.612, P values below 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in wound site of children among the two types of residence (χ²=8.515, P>0.05). (6) Twenty-seven children suffered inhalation injury. The main age bracket was more than 12 years old and less than or equal to 18 years old (8 children). The main residence was rural area (18 children). The main cause of inhalation injury was flame burn (23 children). Nine children suffered combined injury, among which the children more than 12 years old and less than or equal to 18 years old accounted for the highest ratio (5 children), and the urban children accounted for higher ratio (5 children). (7) Among the 437 children, most of their hospitalization expenses were at their own expense. There was statistically significant difference in the source of hospitalization expenses of children among the 5 age brackets (χ²=17.917, P=0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the source of hospitalization expenses of children among the two types of residence (χ²=0.749, P>0.05). (8) Among the 437 children, 34 children abandoned treatment and were discharged from hospital, attributed to lack of funding. Seventy-eight children were discharged with a better health condition and 347 were cured. The condition of 6 children worsened and 6 children died. Mean length of hospital stay was 28.6 days for all the children, and 8.8 days for the deteriorated and dead children. Conclusions: Children were the major group of patients with severe burn in China. Male children less than or equal to 6 years old were common with scald as the major cause of injury, private house as the major location of injury, and trunk, lower and upper extremity as the most common wound sites, their own expenses as the major source of hospitalization expenses. There were statistically significant differences in cause of injury, location of injury, total burn area, wound site, and hospitalization expenses source of children among the 5 age brackets.

Screening and characterization of novel microsatellite loci in Lateolabrax japonicus

Lateolabrax japonicus, an economically important species, is widely consumed in the offshore coasts of China, Korea, and Japan. We identified 10 new L. japonicus microsatellite markers, using a modified protocol of fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats. Thirty L. japonicus individuals were collected from Xiamen, China, to evaluate the degree of polymorphism. The number of identified alleles ranged from three to five. The polymorphism information content varied from 0.267 to 0.711, whereas the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.249 to 0.706 and 0.294 to 0.751, respectively. One of the 10 loci (L10) deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These new microsatellite markers will provide a useful tool for the determination of population genetic structure and genetic diversity in L. japonicus.

Development of novel polymorphic microsatellite markers in Siganus fuscescens

Rabbitfish, Siganus fuscescens, is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific regions and eastern Mediterranean. Its dwelling place includes reef flats, coral reef regions, and seagrass meadows in tropical area and reef areas or shallow waters in locations at high latitudes. In the present study, 10 new polymorphic microsatellite markers were screened from 30 wild S. fuscescens individuals, using a method of fast isolation protocol and amplified fragment length polymorphism of sequences containing repeats. The number of polymorphic alleles per locus was 3 to 5 with a mean of 4.3, while the value of polymorphic information content ranged from 0.283 to 0.680. The values of the observed and expected heterozygosities were in the range 0.3333-0.8462 and 0.3011-0.7424, respectively. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was not observed in this study. These polymorphic loci are expected to be effective in evaluating the genetic diversity, population structure, and gene flow and in determining the paternity in S. fuscescens, as well as for conservation management.

Isolation and characterization of eight novel microsatellite markers in Acanthopagrus schlegelii

Acanthopagrus schlegelii is a warm temperate demersal fish, which inhabits the sediment substrate or rocky reefs in shallow seas. As this fish is a nutritionally endowed species with good palatability, it is a highly valuable commercial species for aquaculture and has a long historical standing in Western Pacific countries. Because the population of this fish is currently declining in China, studies and measures aimed at addressing this decline are needed. In this study, eight microsatellite markers were screened from 30 wild A. schlegelii fishes through the FIASCO method, whereby sequences containing repeats were obtained from amplified fragment length polymorphisms. The allelic number ranged from 3 to 5, with a mean number of 3.625. The average observed heterozygosity was 0.6290, ranging from 0.3214 to 0.8966, while the expected heterozygosity was 0.5435, ranging from 0.3452 to 0.6721. The value for polymorphism information content ranged from 0.313 to 0.666. These results show this population has moderate genetic variation and low genetic diversity. These novel polymorphic loci will be useful for future genetic studies of A. schlegelii.