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Park JE, Jeon J, Park SJ, Won S, Ku Z, Wie JJ. On-Demand Dynamic Chirality Selection in Flower Corolla-like Micropillar Arrays. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18101-18109. [PMID: 36282603 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chiral morphology has been intensively studied in various fields including biology, organic chemistry, pharmaceuticals, and optics. On-demand and dynamic chiral inversion not only cannot be realized in most intrinsically chiral materials but also has mostly been limited to chemical or light-induced methods. Herein, we report reversible real-time magneto-mechanical chiral inversion of a three-dimensional (3D) micropillar array between achiral, clockwise, and counterclockwise chiral arrangements. Inspired by the flower corolla, achiral arrays of five and six radially arranged semicylindrical micropillars were employed as model systems to investigate the dynamic symmetry properties of arrays consisting of odd and even numbers of micropillars, respectively. Each micropillar underwent twisting actuation with a different twisting angle depending on the angle with the magnetic field direction and magnetic flux density, thereby collectively changing the chirality from the achiral to chiral state. Importantly, the morphological handedness of the micropillars was inverted within a few seconds by manipulating the direction of the magnetic field. A chiral morphology consisting of magnetically twisted micropillars was shape-fixed by the introduction of a polymeric binder. This binder could be simply washed off to return the shape-fixed twisted micropillars to their initial straight state. Magnetically programmable and reproducible 3D flower corolla-like micropillar arrays are expected to expand the potential of shape-reconfigurable devices that require real-time chiral manipulation in ambient environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Park
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Jeon
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei Jin Park
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 944550, United States
| | - Sukyoung Won
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Zahyun Ku
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Jeong Jae Wie
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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SULT1C3, an orphan sequence of the human genome, encodes an enzyme activating various promutagens. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1249-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mamidi RNVS, Mannens G, Annaert P, Hendrickx J, Goris I, Bockx M, Janssen CGM, Kao M, Kelley MF, Meuldermans W. Metabolism and Excretion of RWJ-333369 [1,2-Ethanediol, 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-, 2-carbamate, (S)-] in Mice, Rats, Rabbits, and Dogs. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:566-75. [PMID: 17220243 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.012336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo metabolism and excretion of RWJ-333369 [1,2-ethanediol, 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-, 2-carbamate, (S)-], a novel neuromodulator, were investigated in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs after oral administration of (14)C-RWJ-333369. Plasma, urine, and feces samples were collected, assayed for radioactivity, and profiled for metabolites. In almost all species, the administered radioactive dose was predominantly excreted in urine (>85%) with less than 10% in feces. Excretion of radioactivity was rapid and nearly complete at 96 h after dosing in all species. Unchanged drug excreted in urine was minimal (<2.3% of the administered dose) in all species. The primary metabolic pathways were O-glucuronidation (rabbit > mouse > dog > rat) of RWJ-333369 and hydrolysis of the carbamate ester followed by oxidation to 2-chloromandelic acid. The latter metabolite was subsequently metabolized in parallel to 2-chlorophenylglycine and 2-chlorobenzoic acid (combined hydrolytic and oxidative pathways: rat > dog > mouse > rabbit). Other metabolic pathways present in all species included chiral inversion in combination with O-glucuronidation and sulfate conjugation (directly and/or following hydroxylation of RWJ-333369). Species-specific pathways, including N-acetylation of 2-chlorophenylglycine (mice, rats, and dogs) and arene oxidation followed by glutathione conjugation of RWJ-333369 (mice and rats), were more predominant in rodents than in other species. Consistent with human metabolism, multiple metabolic pathways and renal excretion were mainly involved in the elimination of RWJ-333369 and its metabolites in animal species. Unchanged drug was the major plasma circulating drug-related substance in the preclinical species and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao N V S Mamidi
- Preclinical Drug Development, OMP-2211, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 1000 US 202 S, Raritan, NJ 08807, USA.
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Schneider H, Glatt H. Sulpho-conjugation of ethanol in humans in vivo and by individual sulphotransferase forms in vitro. Biochem J 2005; 383:543-9. [PMID: 15281911 PMCID: PMC1133748 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We studied whether ethanol is sulphonated in humans with the perspective of using the urinary excretion of ethyl sulphate after ethanol consumption as a biomarker for SULT (sulphotransferase) activity. We developed a sensitive and selective HPLC-MS/MS method for determining ethyl sulphate in urine. Ten volunteers received a low dose of ethanol (0.1 g/kg of body mass). In general, excretion of ethyl sulphate was maximal in the first or second hour after dosage. Within 8 h, 2.5-6.8 micromol of ethyl sulphate was excreted. A 5-fold increase in the dose of ethanol led to an increase in the amount of ethyl sulphate excreted within 8 h (28-95 micromol) and the presence of this metabolite in urine for at least 24 h. Since ethyl sulphate was still being excreted for a substantial period after the elimination of ethanol, it might be used as a medium-time biomarker for preceding ethanol consumption. We have expressed previously all human SULT forms identified in Salmonella typhimurium. Ethanol sulphonation was studied in cytosolic preparations of these strains. The highest activities were observed with SULT1A2, 1B1 and 1C2, followed by 1A3. Activities were markedly lower with SULT1E1, 1A1 and 2A1, and were negligible with SULT1C1, 2B1a, 2B1b and 4A1. If the expression levels in tissues are additionally taken into account, SULT1A3 might be the predominant form for the sulphonation of ethanol in vivo, although a robust estimate requires further studies. With this limitation, urinary ethyl sulphate excretion appears very promising as a biomarker for SULT activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Schneider
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Baltes E, Coupez R, Giezek H, Voss G, Meyerhoff C, Strolin Benedetti M. Absorption and disposition of levocetirizine, the eutomer of cetirizine, administered alone or as cetirizine to healthy volunteers. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2001; 15:269-77. [PMID: 11564134 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-8206.2001.00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of the present study was to compare the absorption and disposition of levocetirizine, the eutomer of cetirizine, when administered alone (10 mg) or in presence of the distomer. An additional objective was also to investigate the configurational stability of levocetirizine in vivo in humans. The study was performed in a randomized, two-way cross-over, single-dose design with a wash-out phase of 7 days between the two periods. A total of 12 healthy male and 12 healthy female volunteers were included in the study. Bioequivalence can be concluded from the analysis of the pharmacokinetic parameters of levocetirizine when administered alone or as the racemate cetirizine. No chiral inversion occurs in humans when levocetirizine is administered, i.e. there is no formation of the distomer. When comparing the pharmacokinetic characteristics of levocetirizine and the distomer, the apparent volume of distribution of the eutomer is significantly smaller than that of the distomer (0.41 and 0.60 L/kg, respectively). For an H1-antagonist a small distribution volume can be considered as a positive aspect, both in terms of efficacy and safety. Moreover the non-renal clearance of levocetirizine is also significantly lower than that of the distomer (9.70 and 28.70 mL/min, respectively), which constitutes an additional positive aspect particularly as far as metabolism-based drug interactions are concerned. The information collected in the present study on the pharmacokinetics of levocetirizine and the distomer provide additional reasons for eliminating the distomer and developing levocetirizine as an improvement on cetirizine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baltes
- UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
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Abstract
Conjugation of xenobiotics is often associated with detoxification. However, this traditional view is one-sided. In particular, numerous compounds are known that are metabolized to chemically reactive metabolites via sulfation (O-sulfonation). This can be rationalized by the fact that the sulfate group is electron-withdrawing and may be cleaved off heterolytically in appropriate molecules, thus leading to the formation of a strongly electrophilic cation. The heterologous expression of sulfotransferases in indicator cells of standard mutagenicity tests has substantially improved the accessibility of this activation pathway. The use of this technology is important, since many reactive sulfate conjugates only show strong toxicological effects if they are generated directly within the indicator cell, due to their insufficient penetration of cell membranes. Xenobiotic-metabolizing sulfotransferases are cytosolic enzymes, which form a superfamily (SULT). Eleven distinct human SULT forms are known, which strongly differ in their tissue distribution and their substrate specificity. Common functionally relevant genetic polymorphisms of the transcribed region are known for two of the forms, SULT1A1 and 1A2. Studies using recombinant test systems demonstrate that many promutagens are activated with high selectivity by an individual SULT form. Pronounced differences in promutagen activation were detected between the different human forms, including their allelic variants, and also between orthologous SULTs from different species. Therefore, SULTs may be involved in the individual genetic disposition, species differences, and organotropisms for toxicological effects of chemicals. Activation by SULTs differs from other activation pathway in its cyclic nature: reaction of a sulfuric acid ester with water usually regenerates the hydroxylated compound, which becomes available for a new cycle of activation. SULT-mediated reactivation may even occur if another initial reactive species, e.g. an epoxide, has reacted with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Glatt
- Department of Toxicology, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany.
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Glatt H, Engelke CE, Pabel U, Teubner W, Jones AL, Coughtrie MW, Andrae U, Falany CN, Meinl W. Sulfotransferases: genetics and role in toxicology. Toxicol Lett 2000; 112-113:341-8. [PMID: 10720750 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian xenobiotic-metabolizing sulfotransferases are cytosolic enzymes, which form a gene superfamily (SULT). Ten distinct human SULT forms are known. Two SULT forms represent splice variants, the other forms are encoded by separate genes. Common functional polymorphisms of the transcribed region are known for two of the forms. We have expressed 16 separate rat and human SULTs as well as some of their allelic variants, in Salmonella typhimurium TA1538 and/or V79 cells, which are target cells of commonly used mutagenicity assays. The expressed SULTs activated numerous compounds to mutagens in both assay systems. However, some promutagens were activated by only one or several of the human SULTs. Pronounced differences in promutagen activation were also detected between orthologous rat and human SULTs, and between allelic variants of human SULTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Glatt
- Department of Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany.
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