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UZUN E, BALABANLI DDB, CEVHER ŞC. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Supplementation Enhance Skin Antioxidant Capacity in Hyperglycemic Rats. GAZI UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.35378/gujs.1082697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental reasons for delayed wound healing in diabetic animals include inadequate production of growth factors or their increased devastation. Vascular Growth Factor (VEGF) has a biological role in the healing process of mucosal and skin wounds, especially in the process of new vessel formation. We planned to examine the oxidant-antioxidant events that occur during healing with topical VEGF application in diabetic rats. Experiments were performed 36 adults female Wistar albino rat diabetes induced by streptozotocin. The incisional wounds were made on the dorsal region in the rats. Rats were separated to 3 groups: the untreated (negative control) group (n=12), the chitosan group (n=12), the chitosan + VEGF group (n=12). The treatments were continued for 3 and 7 days, excluding the control and negative control groups. Then, the animals were sacrificed on the 3rd and 7th days of wound healing. Antioxidant and oxidant parameters in skin tissue were measured using biochemical methods. Topical VEGF application was decreased the NOx levels on the 3rd day compared to other groups. Moreover, it increased wound tissue GSH and AA levels, subsequently contributing to the enhance tissue antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, VEGF application increases the antioxidant capacity of the tissue and simultaneously reduces the oxidative stress and thus gives a positive acceleration to the wound healing process.
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Pompeu LD, Viana AR, Fernandes LDS, da Silva WL. Evaluation of cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species and nitrous oxide of nanochitosan from shrimp shell. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123730. [PMID: 36801308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to synthesize, characterize and evaluate the biological activity of nanochitosan (NQ) prepared from shrimp, showing an innovative character and correlating with sustainable development, in promoting an alternative to the solid waste (shrimp) shell and a biological application of the novel nanomaterial. The NQ synthesis was carried out by the alkaline deacetylation process of chitin obtained of the demineralization, deproteinization and deodorization steps from shrimp shells. NQ was characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), N2 porosimetry (BET/BJH methods), zeta potential (ZP) and zero charge point (pHZCP). To evaluate the safety profile was carried out the cytotoxicity, DCFHA and NO tests in 293T and HaCat cell lines. Regarding the cell viability, NQ did not show toxicity for the tested cell lines. In the evaluation of the ROS production and NO tests, there was no increase in the levels of free radicals and between the negative control, respectively. Therefore, NQ does not present cytotoxicity in the cell lines tested (10, 30, 100 and 300 μg mL-1), proposing new perspectives on the use of NQ as a potential nanomaterial for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenise Deon Pompeu
- Nanoscience Graduate Program, Franciscan University, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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3
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Chopada K, Basaiawmoit B, Sakure AA, Maurya R, Bishnoi M, Kondepudi KK, Solanki D, Singh BP, Padhi S, Rai AK, Liu Z, Mishra BK, Hati S. Purification and Characterization of Novel Antihypertensive and Antioxidative Peptides From Whey Protein Fermentate: In Vitro, In Silico, and Molecular Interactions Studies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2022:1-20. [PMID: 36416542 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2022.2110966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this research was to purify and characterize the novel angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory and antioxidant peptides from fermented whey protein concentrate produced by Lactobacillus paracasei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a co-fermentation system. METHOD Whey protein fermented with lactic acid bacteria and yeast culture was analyzed for antioxidative, ACE inhibition, as well as anti-inflammatory activity followed by SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, and 2-dimensional (2D) analysis. Anti-inflammatory activity of whey protein fermentate was also studied on the RAW 264.7 cell line. The bioactive peptides were separated from the whey protein fermentate using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and reverse-phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RPLC/MS), and thus identification and characterization of purified bioactive peptide was performed. RESULTS Whey protein fermentate samples' bioactivity was analyzed at specific time intervals at 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours at 37 °C for M11 and at 25 °C for WBS2A. The development settings (incubation time [12, 24, 36, and 48 hours) and inoculation rates [1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%]) were optimized for peptide synthesis via the o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) method (proteolytic activity). Maximum proteolytic activity was observed at 37 °C for M11 (6.50 mg/mL) and at 25 °C for WBS2A (8.59 mg/mL) for 48 hours of incubation. Protein profiling was carried out using SDS-PAGE and 2D gel electrophoresis, in which Sodium dodecyl-sulfate (SDS) exhibited protein bands in the 10- to 55-kDa range, while 2D showed protein bands varying from 10 to 70 kDa. Every spot from 2D was digested by trypsin and identified by RPLC/MS. Protein fractionations (3- and 10-kDa permeates) were carried out employing RP-HPLC. Whey protein fermentate has anti-inflammatory action in RAW 264.7 macrophages that have been exposed to lipopolysaccharide. A molecular docking system was also used to investigate the interactions of peptides (AFLDSRTR, ILGAFIQIITFR) with human myeloperoxidase enzyme. CONCLUSIONS The antihypertensive and antioxidative peptides discovered from whey protein fermentate may be helpful in the design of pharmacologically active healthy ingredients in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keval Chopada
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, SMC College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Bethsheba Basaiawmoit
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Production, North-Eastern Hill University, Tura, Meghalaya, India
| | - Amar A Sakure
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Ruchika Maurya
- Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Knowledge City, Punjab, India
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Knowledge City, Punjab, India
| | - Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi
- Healthy Gut Research Group, Food & Nutritional Biotechnology Division, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Knowledge City, Punjab, India
| | - Divyang Solanki
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - B P Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana, India
| | - Srichandan Padhi
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Amit Kumar Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Regional Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Zhenbin Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - B K Mishra
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Production, North-Eastern Hill University, Tura, Meghalaya, India
| | - Subrota Hati
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, SMC College of Dairy Science, Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Jesus S, Bernardi N, da Silva J, Colaço M, Panão Costa J, Fonte P, Borges O. Unravelling the Immunotoxicity of Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles-Effects of Polymer Molecular Weight, Hydrolysis, and Blends. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2819-2833. [PMID: 33050694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable polyester that has FDA and CE approval as a medical device. Nonetheless, the lack of toxicity exhibited by the polymer cannot be extrapolated to its nanomaterial conformation. Despite PCL-based NPs being widely studied in the biomedical field for their advantages as controlled drug delivery systems, little data describe PCL NPs' toxicity, particularly immunotoxicity. This work assessed different PCL-based delivery systems intended for protein delivery regarding their immunotoxicity and hemocompatibility. Two different molecular weight PCL polymers were used, as well as blends with chitosan and glucan. Results showed that the presence of NaOH during the production of PCL2 NPs and PCL2/glucan NPs induced PCL alkali hydrolysis, generating more reactive groups (carboxyl and hydroxyl) that contributed to an increased toxicity of the NPs (higher reduction in peripheral blood mononuclear cell viability and lower hemocompatibility). PCL2/glucan NPs showed an anti-inflammatory activity characterized by the inhibition of LPS stimulated nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α. In conclusion, generalizations among different PCL NP delivery systems must be avoided, and immunotoxicity assessments should be performed in the early stage of product development to increase the clinical success of the nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jesus
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Natalia Bernardi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jessica da Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Colaço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Panão Costa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fonte
- Center for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.,iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Olga Borges
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Zhang W, Qi X, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Xu L, Song X, Xiao C, Yuan X, Zhang J, Hou M. Study of injectable Blueberry anthocyanins-loaded hydrogel for promoting full-thickness wound healing. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119543. [PMID: 32561307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels with high anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties are highly desirable for clinical application. In the present study, injectable hydrogels were prepared based on carboxymethyl chitosan and oxidized hyaluronic acid. Blueberry anthocyanins (BA), which are known for their antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties, were successfully loaded into the hydrogels. The gelation kinetics and mechanical properties of the hydrogels were investigated. Oxidized hyaluronic acid with an oxidation degree of 38.1% conferred a suitable gelation time (~70 s) and mechanical properties (76.0 kPa compression stress at strain of 80%) of the hydrogel. The injectable BA-loaded hydrogel significantly accelerated the wound healing process in a full-thickness skin wound model in rats, promoted epithelial and tissue regeneration, exerted antiinflammatory effects, and promoted collagen deposition and angiogenesis. Besides, the hydrogel could upregulate the expression of VEGF and IL-10 proteins, downregulate the NF-κB level, and promote macrophage transformation from M1 phenotype to M2. The promotion of the BA-loaded hydrogel on wound healing were mainly realized by its biological effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and regulation of various wound healing related factors. The results suggested that BA and the hydrogels exert synergistic effects in promoting wound healing. Injectable BA-loaded hydrogels appear to be promising candidates for wound healing application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Qi
- The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Yunen Liu
- Emergency Medicine, Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Lei Xu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiang Song
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Chenjuan Xiao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaoxue Yuan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Mingxiao Hou
- Emergency Medicine, Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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Jesus S, Marques AP, Duarte A, Soares E, Costa JP, Colaço M, Schmutz M, Som C, Borchard G, Wick P, Borges O. Chitosan Nanoparticles: Shedding Light on Immunotoxicity and Hemocompatibility. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:100. [PMID: 32154232 PMCID: PMC7047933 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) assumed an important role in the area of drug delivery. Despite the number of studies including NPs are growing over the last years, their side effects on the immune system are often ignored or omitted. One of the most studied polymers in the nano based drug delivery system field is chitosan (Chit). In the scientific literature, although the physicochemical properties [molecular weight (MW) or deacetylation degree (DDA)] of the chitosan, endotoxin contamination and appropriate testing controls are rarely reported, they can strongly influence immunotoxicity results. The present work aimed to study the immunotoxicity of NPs produced with different DDA and MW Chit polymers and to benchmark it against the polymer itself. Chit NPs were prepared based on the ionic gelation of Chit with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). This method allowed the production of two different NPs: Chit 80% NPs (80% DDA) and Chit 93% NPs (93% DDA). In general, we found greater reduction in cell viability induced by Chit NPs than the respective Chit polymers when tested in vitro using human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) or RAW 264.7 cell line. In addition, Chit 80% NPs were more cytotoxic for PBMCs, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (above 156 μg/mL) in the RAW 264.7 cell line and interfered with the intrinsic pathway of coagulation (at 1 mg/mL) when compared to Chit 93% NPs. On the other hand, only Chit 93% NPs induced platelet aggregation (at 2 mg/mL). Although Chit NPs and Chit polymers did not stimulate the nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells, they induced a decrease in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production at all tested concentrations. None of Chit NPs and polymers caused hemolysis, nor induced PBMCs to secrete TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines. From the obtained results we concluded that the DDA of the Chit polymer and the size of Chit NPs influence the in vitro immunotoxicity results. As the NPs are more cytotoxic than the corresponding polymers, one should be careful in the extrapolation of trends from the polymer to the NPs, and in the comparisons among delivery systems prepared with different DDA chitosans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jesus
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Marques
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alana Duarte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Edna Soares
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Panão Costa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Colaço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mélanie Schmutz
- Laboratory for Technology and Society, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Som
- Laboratory for Technology and Society, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Olga Borges
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Du J, Duan S, Miao J, Zhai M, Cao Y. Purification and characterization of chitinase from Paenibacillus sp. . Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:30-40. [PMID: 31957084 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The chitinase-producing bacteria Paenibacillus sp. was isolated from soil samples. The chitinase was purified successively by ammonia sulfate fractional precipitation followed by chromatography on DEAE 52-cellulose column and then on Sephadex G-75 column. The chitinase has a molecular weight of ca. 30 kDa as measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis. Its optimum pH is 4.5, and its optimum temperature is 50 °C with colloidal chitin as a substrate. The enzyme is stable below 45 °C and in pH ranges between 4.5 and 5.5. It is activated by glucosamine, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and metal ions including Ca2+ , Fe2+ , Fe3+ , and Ni2+ . It is inhibited by SDS, H2 O2 , ascorbic acid, Cu2+ , Mg2+ , Ba2+ , Sn2+ , Cr3+ , and K+ . With colloidal chitin as substrate, the Km and the Vmax of the chitinase are 4.28 mg/mL and 14.29 μg/(Min·mL), respectively, whereas the end products of the enzymatic hydrolysis are 14.33% monomer and 85.67% dimer of N-acetylglucosamine. The viscosity of carboxymethyl chitin decreased rapidly at the initial stages when subjected to chitinase hydrolysis, which indicates that the chitinase acts in an endosplitting pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghe Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Ke Long Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jingmen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyin Miao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Anticancer Activity of Chitosan, Chitosan Derivatives, and Their Mechanism of Action. Int J Biomater 2018; 2018:2952085. [PMID: 30693034 PMCID: PMC6332982 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2952085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tailoring of chitosan through the involvement of its amino, acetamido, and hydroxy groups can give derivatives of enhanced solubility and remarkable anticancer activity. The general mechanism of such activity is associated with the disturbances in normal functioning of cell cycle, interference to the central dogma of biological system from DNA to RNA to protein or enzymatic synthesis, and the disruption of hormonal path to biosynthesis to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Both chitosan and its various derivatives have been reported to selectively permeate through the cancer cell membranes and show anticancer activity through the cellular enzymatic, antiangiogenic, immunoenhancing, antioxidant defense mechanism, and apoptotic pathways. They get sequestered from noncancer cells and provide their enhanced bioavailability in cancer cells in a sustained release manner. This review presents the putative mechanisms of anticancer activity of chitosan and mechanistic approaches of structure activity relation upon the modification of chitosan through functionalization, complex formation, and graft copolymerization to give different derivatives.
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Gökşen S, Balabanlı B, Coşkun-Cevher Ş. Application of platelet derived growth factor-BB and diabetic wound healing: the relationship with oxidative events. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:498-505. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1327715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Gökşen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Barbaros Balabanlı
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şule Coşkun-Cevher
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Gao W, Li J. Targeted siRNA delivery reduces nitric oxide mediated cell death after spinal cord injury. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:38. [PMID: 28482882 PMCID: PMC5422875 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) includes the primary insult as well as a sequela of biochemical and cellular cascades that amplifies the initial injury. This degenerative process, known as secondary injury, is often mediated by both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species released from damaged cells. Previous data suggests that dysregulated production of nitric oxide via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is detrimental to spinal cord recovery. M1 macrophages have been implicated to overexpress iNOS post-SCI. In this work, we propose to inhibit iNOS expression through small interfering RNA (siRNA) complexed chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) that primarily target M1 macrophages. METHODS siRNA conjugated chitosan complexes were fabricated with and without an antibody (Ab) targeting moiety and screened for efficiency to reduce iNOS expression in vitro. Best formulations were subsequently applied in vivo following acute SCI in a rodent model. iNOS expression as well as Bax and Bcl-2 biomarkers were used to assess cell apoptosis within the lesion at 24 h post-injury. RESULTS Ab-siRNA conjugated chitosan NPs significantly reduced iNOS expression in vitro in M1 polarized macrophages. Results show high transfection efficiency with low cytotoxicity. Subsequent application of NPs in vivo after SCI demonstrated both a reduction in iNOS expression and cellular apoptosis. CONCLUSION Proof of concept indicates that siRNA conjugated chitosan NPs can downregulate iNOS production and inhibit apoptosis following SCI. Our proposed gene silencing method putatively targets M1 macrophages as a means to attenuate secondary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Paralysis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 408 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Paralysis Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 408 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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11
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Shan L, Tao EX, Meng QH, Hou WX, Liu K, Shang HC, Tang JB, Zhang WF. Formulation, optimization, and pharmacodynamic evaluation of chitosan/phospholipid/β-cyclodextrin microspheres. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:417-29. [PMID: 26869763 PMCID: PMC4734723 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s97982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic neurotransmission loss is the main cause of cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Phospholipids (PLs) play an essential role in memory and learning abilities. Moreover, PLs act as a source of choline in acetylcholine synthesis. This study aimed to prepare and optimize the formulation of chitosan/phospholipid/β-cyclodextrin (CTS/PL/β-CD) microspheres that can improve cognitive impairment. The CTS/PL/β-CD microspheres were prepared by spray drying, and optimized with an orthogonal design. These microspheres were also characterized in terms of morphology, structure, thermostability, drug loading, and encapsulation efficiency. The spatial learning and memory of rats were evaluated using the Morris water maze test, and the neuroprotective effects of the CTS/PL/β-CD micro-spheres were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Scanning electron microscopic images showed that the CTS/PL/β-CD microspheres were spherical with slightly wrinkled surfaces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry proved that PLs formed hydrogen bonds with the amide group of CTS and the hydroxyl group of β-CD. The learning and memory abilities of rats in the treated group significantly improved compared with those in the model group. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that treatment with the CTS/PL/β-CD microspheres attenuated the expression of protein kinase C-δ and inhibited the activation of microglias. These results suggest that the optimized microspheres have the potential to be used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People's Republic of China
| | - En-Xue Tao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hui Meng
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xia Hou
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Cai Shang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Bao Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Fen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activities of Taiwanese Purple-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) Extracts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:768093. [PMID: 26509161 PMCID: PMC4609785 DOI: 10.1155/2015/768093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purple-fleshed sweet potato (PFSP) (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) has been known to possess high amount of anthocyanins which contribute to its antioxidant activity. However, a few reports are available concerning its anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. In this study, PFSP “Tainung 73,” which is locally grown in Taiwan, was steamed and extracted using acidified ethanol pH 3.5 under 80°C. Two kinds of crude anthocyanins extracts were obtained, namely, SP (Steamed, Peeled) and SNP (Steamed, No Peeled). Then, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of these extracts were investigated. Cell viability assay (MTT) showed that SP and SNP extracts were not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells. They even exhibited anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines, such as NF-κβ, TNF-α, and IL-6, in LPS-induced macrophage cells. Anticancer activities of these extracts were displayed through their ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines, such as MCF-7 (breast cancer), SNU-1 (gastric cancer), and WiDr (colon adenocarcinoma), in concentration- and time-dependent manner. Further studies also revealed that SP extracts could induce apoptosis in MCF-7 and SNU-1 cancer cells through extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. In the future, PSFP extracts may have potential to be applied in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
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Uslu B, Biltekin B, Denir S, Özbaş-Turan S, Arbak S, Akbuğa J, Bilir A. Differences between Solution and Membrane Forms of Chitosan on the In Vitro Activity of Fibroblasts. Balkan Med J 2015; 32:69-78. [PMID: 25759775 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2015.15102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosan, a linear polysaccharide, has been recently used in biomedical applications. In vitro studies have demonstrated its effect on cellular growth and its stimulatory action on cellular layer formation. AIMS The present study aims to compare the proliferative effects of chitosan in two forms, membranous and solution forms, on Swiss 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. STUDY DESIGN In vitro study. METHODS Three experimental groups were formed: cells were cultured in a normal medium without chitosan (Control Group); cells were cultured either in a medium containing 2.0% chitosan in membranous form (Membrane Group) or chitosan solution at a concentration of 2.0% (Solution Group). Two different methods were used in the experiments: cells cultured on the medium containing chitosan in solution or membranous forms (method 1); and chitosan solution or membranous forms were added into the medium containing previously cultured cells (method 2). RESULTS Scanning electron microscopic investigations of the experimental groups revealed cells with well-defined cellular projections, intact cellular membranes and tight intercellular junctions. They were especially prominent in the membrane group of method 1 and in the membrane and solution groups of method 2. Mouse monoclonal anti-collagen 1 primary antibody was used to indicate collagen synthesis. Prominent collagen synthesis was detected in the membrane groups on the 10(th) day of culture for both methods. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and MTT assays were performed in order to assess cellular proliferation and viability, respectively. BrdU labelling tests indicated a higher proliferation index in the membrane group of method 1 on the 5(th) and 10(th) days. For the second method, the membranous form on the 10(th) day and solution form on the 5(th) day were the most effective groups in terms of cellular proliferation. MTT results reflected a high cellular viability in method 1 on the 5(th) day of treatment with the membranous form, whereas cellular viability was highest in the solution form of method 2 on the 5(th) day. CONCLUSION The membranous form of chitosan induced a significant proliferative effect and increased the ratio of cell-to-cell junctions of Swiss 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Conveniently, the solution form also resulted in enhanced cell proliferation and viability compared to the control group. As the solution form is easy to prepare and apply to cells compared to the membrane form, the application of Chitosan directly to media appears to be a convenient alternative for tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Uslu
- Department of In Vitro Fertilization, Zeynep Kamil Gynecologic and Pediatric Teaching & Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey ; Department of OB/GYN, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Burcu Biltekin
- Department of Histology&Embryology, İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Seçnur Denir
- Department of Histology&Embryology, İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Suna Özbaş-Turan
- Department of Biotechnology, Marmara University Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Arbak
- Department of Histology&Embryology, Acıbadem University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Jülide Akbuğa
- Department of Biotechnology, Marmara University Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Bilir
- Department of Histology&Embryology, İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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Li X, Ma XY, Feng YF, Ma ZS, Wang J, Ma TC, Qi W, Lei W, Wang L. Osseointegration of chitosan coated porous titanium alloy implant by reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway under diabetic conditions. Biomaterials 2015; 36:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Arginine-based polyester amide/polysaccharide hydrogels and their biological response. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2482-94. [PMID: 24530559 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An advanced family of biodegradable cationic hybrid hydrogels was designed and fabricated from two precursors via a UV photocrosslinking in an aqueous medium: unsaturated arginine (Arg)-based functional poly(ester amide) (Arg-UPEA) and glycidyl methacrylate chitosan (GMA-chitosan). These Arg-UPEA/GMA-chitosan hybrid hydrogels were characterized in terms of their chemical structure, equilibrium swelling ratio (Qeq), compressive modulus, interior morphology and biodegradation properties. Lysozyme effectively accelerated the biodegradation of the hybrid hydrogels. The mixture of both precursors in an aqueous solution showed near non-cytotoxicity toward porcine aortic valve smooth muscle cells at total concentrations up to 6mgml(-1). The live/dead assay data showed that 3T3 fibroblasts were able to attach and grow on the hybrid hydrogel and pure GMA-chitosan hydrogel well. Arg-UPEA/GMA-chitosan hybrid hydrogels activated both TNF-α and NO production by RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the arginase activity was also elevated. The integration of the biodegradable Arg-UPEA into the GMA-chitosan can provide advantages in terms of elevated and balanced NO production and arginase activity that free Arg supplement could not achieve. The hybrid hydrogels may have potential application as a wound healing accelerator.
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de Girolamo L, Stanco D, Galliera E, Viganò M, Lovati AB, Marazzi MG, Romeo P, Sansone V. Soft-focused extracorporeal shock waves increase the expression of tendon-specific markers and the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines in an adherent culture model of primary human tendon cells. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2014; 40:1204-1215. [PMID: 24631378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Focused extracorporeal shock waves have been found to upregulate the expression of collagen and to initiate cell proliferation in healthy tenocytes and to positively affect the metabolism of tendons, promoting the healing process. Recently, soft-focused extracorporeal shock waves have also been found to have a significant effect on tissue regeneration. However, very few in vitro reports have dealt with the application of this type of shock wave to cells, and in particular, no previous studies have investigated the response of tendon cells to this impulse. We devised an original model to investigate the in vitro effects of soft-focused shock waves on a heterogeneous population of human resident tendon cells in adherent monolayer culture. Our results indicate that soft-focused extracorporeal shock wave treatment (0.17 mJ/mm(2)) is able to induce positive modulation of cell viability, proliferation and tendon-specific marker expression, as well as release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This could prefigure a new rationale for routine employment of soft-focused shock waves to treat the failed healing status that distinguishes tendinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Girolamo
- Orthopaedic Biotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.
| | - Deborah Stanco
- Orthopaedic Biotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Galliera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Viganò
- Orthopaedic Biotechnology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Barbara Lovati
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Gruppo Ospedaliero San Donato Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Gioia Marazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Romeo
- Orthopaedic Department, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Sansone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Orthopaedic Department, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Moura LI, Dias AM, Leal EC, Carvalho L, de Sousa HC, Carvalho E. Chitosan-based dressings loaded with neurotensin--an efficient strategy to improve early diabetic wound healing. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:843-57. [PMID: 24121197 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
One important complication of diabetes mellitus is chronic, non-healing diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). This study aims to develop and use dressings based on chitosan derivatives for the sustained delivery of neurotensin (NT), a neuropeptide that acts as an inflammatory modulator in wound healing. Three different derivatives, namely N-carboxymethyl chitosan, 5-methyl pyrrolidinone chitosan (MPC) and N-succinyl chitosan, are presented as potential biomaterials for wound healing applications. Our results show that MPC has the best fluid handling capacity and delivery profile, also being non-toxic to Raw 264.7 and HaCaT cells. NT-loaded and non-loaded MPC dressings were applied to control/diabetic wounds to evaluate their in vitro/in vivo performance. The results show that the former induced more rapid healing (50% wound area reduction) in the early phases of wound healing in diabetic mice. A NT-loaded MPC foam also reduced expression of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (P<0.001) and decreased the amount of inflammatory infiltrate on day 3. On day 10 MMP-9 was reduced in diabetic skin (P<0.001), significantly increasing fibroblast migration and collagen (COL1A1, COL1A2 and COL3A1) expression and deposition. These results suggest that MPC-based dressings may work as an effective support for sustained NT release to reduce DFUs.
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Kılıç Ç, Güleç Peker EG, Acartürk F, Kılıçaslan SMS, Çoşkun Cevher Ş. Investigation of the effects of local glutathione and chitosan administration on incisional oral mucosal wound healing in rabbits. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:499-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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The anti-arthritic and immune-modulatory effects of NHAG: a novel glucosamine analogue in adjuvant-induced arthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:487610. [PMID: 23971039 PMCID: PMC3732632 DOI: 10.1155/2013/487610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is potentially devastating condition which lacks good treatment options. Pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and oxidative stress markers such as nitric oxide (NO) and peroxide (PO) are mediators of RA pathogenesis. In the present study N-[2,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]acrylamide (NHAG), analogue of glucosamine, was evaluated in adjuvant-induced arthritic model of rats. The disease progression was monitored by analysing arthritis scoring, loss of body weight, paw oedema, and histological changes in joints. RA associated hyperalgesia was evaluated by gait analysis. The serum or plasma levels of NO, PO, glutathione (GSH) superoxide dismutase (SOD) IL-1β and TNF-α were analyzed to monitor the state of disease severity. The arthritic control animals exhibited significant increase in arthritic score (P < 0.003) and paw oedema (P < 0.001) with parallel loss in body weight (P < 0.04). The NHAG-treated arthritic animals exhibited refinement in the gait changes associated with arthritis. NHAG also significantly decreased the NO (P < 0.02) and PO (P < 0.03) with concurrent increased in GSH (P < 0.04) and SOD (P < 0.007). Both IL-1β (P < 0.001) and TNF-α (P < 0.001), were significantly decreased in NHAG-treated group. Thus NHAG might have a therapeutic potential for arthritis by exerting antioxidative and immunomodulatory effects.
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Kaltalioglu K, Coskun-Cevher S, Tugcu-Demiroz F, Celebi N. PDGF supplementation alters oxidative events in wound healing process: a time course study. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:415-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Norowski PA, Mishra S, Adatrow PC, Haggard WO, Bumgardner JD. Suture pullout strength andin vitrofibroblast and RAW 264.7 monocyte biocompatibility of genipin crosslinked nanofibrous chitosan mats for guided tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2890-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pan H, Jiang H, Kantharia S, Chen W. A fibroblast/macrophage co-culture model to evaluate the biocompatibility of an electrospun Dextran/PLGA scaffold and its potential to induce inflammatory responses. Biomed Mater 2011; 6:065002. [PMID: 21979372 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/6/6/065002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts and macrophages are the two major types of cells responding to implanted biomaterials. They play crucial roles in inflammatory responses, host-material interactions and tissue remodeling. However, the synergistic interactions of these two cell types with biomaterials are not fully understood. In this investigation, an in vitro fibroblast/macrophage co-culture system was utilized to examine the biocompatibility and the potential to induce inflammatory responses of an electrospun Dextran/PLGA scaffold. The scaffold did not affect the morphologies, attachments, proliferations and viabilities of both the fibroblasts and macrophages, cultured separately or together. Moreover, it only activated a small subset of the macrophages implicating a low potential to induce either severe acute or chronic inflammatory response. Additionally, fibroblasts played a role in prolonging macrophage activation in the presence of the scaffolds. Using antibody arrays, IL-10, SDF-1, MIP-1 gamma and RANTES were found to be up-regulated when the cells were incubated with the scaffolds. The results of subdermal implantation of the Dextran/PLGA scaffolds confirmed its biocompatibility and low inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York-Stony Brook, USA
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Yoon HJ, Kim YH, Park SW, Lee HB, Park HS. Chitosan increases the release of renal dipeptidase from porcine renal proximal tubule cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/12265071.2003.9647721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joong Yoon
- a College of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Drug Development , Chonnam National University , Gwangju , 500–759 , Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- b Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences , Chosun University , Gwangju , 501–757 , Korea
| | - Sung Wook Park
- a College of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Drug Development , Chonnam National University , Gwangju , 500–759 , Korea
| | - Hwanghee Blaise Lee
- c Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences , Chonnam National University , Gwangju , 500–759 , Korea
| | - Haeng Soon Park
- d College of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Drug Development , Chonnam National University , Gwangju , 500–759 , Korea Phone: Fax: E-mail:
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Fernandes JC, Spindola H, de Sousa V, Santos-Silva A, Pintado ME, Malcata FX, Carvalho JE. Anti-inflammatory activity of chitooligosaccharides in vivo. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1763-8. [PMID: 20631868 PMCID: PMC2901823 DOI: 10.3390/md8061763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
All the reports to date on the anti-inflammatory activity of chitooligosaccharides (COS) are mostly based on in vitro methods. In this work, the anti-inflammatory activity of two COS mixtures is characterized in vivo (using balb/c mice), following the carrageenan-induced paw edema method. This is a widely accepted animal model of acute inflammation to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of drugs. Our data suggest that COS possess anti-inflammatory activity, which is dependent on dose and, at higher doses, also on the molecular weight. A single dose of 500 mg/kg b.w. weight may be suitable to treat acute inflammation cases; however, further studies are needed to ascertain the effect upon longer inflammation periods as well as studies upon the bioavailability of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C. Fernandes
- CBQF/Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (M.E.P.); (F.X.M.)
- *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +351-96-7892999; Fax: +351-22-5090351
| | - Humberto Spindola
- CPQBA/Divisão de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; E-Mails: (H.S.); (V.d.S.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Vanessa de Sousa
- CPQBA/Divisão de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; E-Mails: (H.S.); (V.d.S.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Alice Santos-Silva
- Serviço de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, P-4050-047 Porto, Portugal; E-Mail: (A.S.-S.)
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC) da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela E. Pintado
- CBQF/Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (M.E.P.); (F.X.M.)
| | - Francisco Xavier Malcata
- CBQF/Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal; E-Mails: (M.E.P.); (F.X.M.)
| | - João E. Carvalho
- CPQBA/Divisão de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; E-Mails: (H.S.); (V.d.S.); (J.E.C.)
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Park K, Lee JH, Cho HC, Cho SY, Cho JW. Down-regulation of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β by glucosamine in HaCaT cells, but not in the presence of TNF-α. Oncol Lett 2010; 1:289-292. [PMID: 22966296 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that glucosamine exerts an inhibitory effect on inflammatory cytokine expression in cells. Glucosamine has been recommended as a promising anti-inflammatory modulator, which has been applied in clinical trials for attenuation of the inflammatory process. However, it is unknown whether glucosamine reduces the expression of TNF-α-induced inflammatory cytokines in HaCaT cells. The anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in HaCaT cells have been extensively investigated in several studies. Thus, in this study we investigated the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β in glucosamine-treated HaCaT cells, and the effects of glucosamine were compared to those of curcumin-treated HaCaT cells. Our data showed that the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β was decreased by glucosamine treatment in the HaCaT cells. In contrast, the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β was not attenuated by glucosamine treatment in the TNF-α-treated HaCaT cells. Notably, curcumin induced an increased expression of IL-8 and IL-1β in the HaCaT cells, but not that of IL-6 and TNF-α. On the other hand, curcumin attenuated the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in the TNF-α-treated HaCaT cells. Our data indicated that glucosamine induced the down-regulation of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β expression in the HaCaT cells. However, the stimulation of TNF-α abolished the inhibitory effects of glucosamine on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the HaCaT cells. Thus, even though glucosamine induces the down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines in HaCaT cells, the anti-inflammatory role of glucosamine in TNF-α-mediated inflammatory skin diseases should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine Eulji University, Seoul
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Liu CL, Shen CR, Hsu FF, Chen JK, Wu PT, Guo SH, Lee WC, Yu FW, Mackey ZB, Turk J, Gross ML. Isolation and identification of two novel SDS-resistant secreted chitinases from Aeromonas schubertii. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:124-31. [PMID: 19197977 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two SDS-resistant endochitinases, designated as ASCHI53 and ASCHI61, were isolated from Aeromonas schubertii in a soil sample from southern Taiwan. MALDI-TOF mass measurement indicates the molecular weights of 53,527 for ASCHI53 and 61,202 for ASCHI61. N-terminal and internal amino acid sequences were obtained, and BLAST analysis of the sequences and MS/MS peptide sequencing showed that they were novel proteins. Degradation of chitin by these two endochitinases gave rise to hexameric chitin oligosaccharide, a compound known to have several potent biomedical functions. ASCHI53 and ASCHI61 retained, respectively, 65% and 75%, of their chitinase activity in the presence of 5% SDS and 100% of their activity in the presence of 10% beta-mercaptoethanol. These results demonstrate that they are SDS-resistant endochitinases and probably have a rigid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Lin Liu
- Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, and Dept. of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, MingChi University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Chao YH, Tsuang YH, Sun JS, Chen LT, Chiang YF, Wang CC, Chen MH. Effects of shock waves on tenocyte proliferation and extracellular matrix metabolism. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2008; 34:841-852. [PMID: 18222032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 10/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The shock wave is an effective noninvasive modality for resolving various tendon pathologies. However, scientific rationale and mechanism of shock wave therapy remains limited. This study aims to investigate the effects of shock waves and their biochemical mechanisms on tenocyte proliferation and collagen synthesis. Tenocytes harvested from Achilles tendons of Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Cell viability was assayed by trypan blue exclusion methods. The colorimetric assay was determined to evaluate the mitochondria activity of the tenocytes after shock wave exposure. Synthesis of collagen, nitric oxide (NO) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) were determined and their gene expression was also studied. The results showed that there was a dose-dependent impairment of cell viability observed in 0.36 mJ/mm2 and 0.68 mJ/mm2 stimulation. In the proliferation assay, low energy level with low impulses (0.36 mJ/mm2 with 50 and 100 impulses) showed positive stimulatory effects, whereas the high energy level with high impulses (0.68 mJ/mm2 with 250 and 500 impulses) had significant inhibitory effects. At 0.36 mJ/mm2, 100 impulse shock waves treatment, up-regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (at 6 and 24 h) and collagen type I, collagen type III and TGF-beta1 gene expression (at 24 h) were observed; these were followed by the increases in NO production (at 24 h), TGF-beta1 release (at 48 and 96 h) and collagen synthesis (at the 7th day). This study revealed that shock waves can stimulate tenocyte proliferation and collagen synthesis. The associated tenocyte proliferation is mediated by early up-regulation of PCNA and TGF-beta1 gene expression, endogenous NO release and synthesis and TGF-beta1 protein and then collagen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Chao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang Y, Chen XG, Lv YH, Zhou HY, Zhang J. Effects of molecular structural parameters of carboxymethyl chitosan on the growth of fibroblastsin vitro. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ma L, Yu W, Ma X. Preparation and characterization of novel sodium alginate/chitosan two ply composite membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Exogenous nitric oxide stimulated collagen type I expression and TGF-beta1 production in keloid fibroblasts by a cGMP-dependent manner. Nitric Oxide 2006; 16:258-65. [PMID: 17052928 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Keloids arise from the aberrant wound healing process and nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the inflammation stage of wound healing. In order to better define the potential effect of NO/cGMP signal pathway in the keloid pathogenesis, the enhancing effect of exogenous NO (released from NO donor) on collagen expression in the keloid fibroblast (KF) as well as on the induction of collagen type I protein and TGF-beta1 expression in the KF were studied in this investigation. The DETA NONOate, an NO donor, was added to the KF, as the exogenous NO, to release NO in the culture medium. The expression of collagens was then determined by assaying the total soluble collagens and collagen type I in the KF. The cellular concentration of cGMP was measured by EIA in the KF. Exogenous NO was found to enhance the expression of collagens and elevate the cellular levels of cGMP. Moreover, to evaluate the effect of the elevated cellular cGMP levels on the expression of collagen and TGF-beta1, both cGMP and TGF-beta1 were measured by ELISA. The inhibitors for phosphodiesterase (PDE), such as IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine), Vinpocetine, EHNA, Milrinone and Zapriast, which have been reported to reduce the ability of PDE and subsequently produce an increase of cellular cGMP, induce the production of autocrine TGF-beta1 as well as the synthesis of collagen in the KF. In this investigation, the inhibition of the PDE enzyme activity was observed to enhance the effect on the collagen synthesis, and was induced by exogenous NO. Taken together, these results have suggested that the NO/cGMP pathway could positively influence the progression of keloid formation, via the TGF-beta1 expression in the KF.
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Wu GJ, Tsai GJ. Chitooligosaccharides in combination with interferon-gamma increase nitric oxide production via nuclear factor-kappaB activation in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 45:250-8. [PMID: 17107743 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A low-molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) with a molecular mass of 20 kDa and a chitooligosaccharide mixture (oligomixture) which is composed of sugars with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 1-6 were isolated from the chitosan hydrolysate. The effects of the chitosan hydrolysate, LMWC and oligomixture on the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 macrophages were evaluated, and their effects on NF-kappaB activation and the gene expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were further investigated. None of the tested 3 samples of hydrolysate, LMWC and oligomixture alone affected the NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, treatment of macrophages with a combination of hydrolysate/oligomixture and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) significantly induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner, whereas a combination of LMWC and IFN-gamma inhibited NO production. These effects on NO synthesis were evidenced via regulating the iNOS gene expression. Both hydrolysate and oligomixture promoted the migration of NF-kappaB into the nucleus and enhanced its DNA binding activity. MG132, a specific inhibitor of NF-kappaB, eliminated the NO synthesis in IFN-gamma plus hydrolysate/oligomixture-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. The treatment of RAW264.7 macrophages with anti-CD14, anti-TLR4, and anti-CR3 antibodies significantly blocked NO production induced by IFN-gamma plus hydrolysate/oligomixture. These results demonstrated that the oligomixture, which is the main functional component in the chitosan hydrolysate, in combination with IFN-gamma, synergistically induced NF-kappaB activation and NO production through binding with the receptors of CD14, TLR4 and CR3 in RAW264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan James Wu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan
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Chen Q, Liu SQ, Du YM, Peng H, Sun LP. Carboxymethyl-chitosan protects rabbit chondrocytes from interleukin-1beta-induced apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 541:1-8. [PMID: 16740257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis is important in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Chitosan is a non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible glycosaminoglycan. In this study, the effects of carboxymethyl-chitosan (CM-chitosan), a soluble derivative of chitosan, on chondrocyte apoptosis were investigated. Primary rabbit chondrocytes were cultured and induced to apoptosis by 10 ng/ml interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). After treatment with various concentrations of CM-chitosan (50, 100, 200 microg/ml), the apoptotic rate, mitochondrial function, nitric oxide production, and the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and reactive oxygen species in IL-1beta-induced chondrocytes were examined. The results showed that CM-chitosan could inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it could partly restore the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP, decrease nitric oxide production by down-regulation of iNOS mRNA expression, and scavenge reactive oxygen species in chondrocytes induced by IL-1beta. The results suggested that the inhibitory effects of CM-chitosan on IL-1beta-induced chondrocyte apoptosis were possibly due to the protection of mitochondrial function, the decline in the levels of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, People's Republic of China
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Babensee JE, Paranjpe A. Differential levels of dendritic cell maturation on different biomaterials used in combination products. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 74:503-10. [PMID: 16158496 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immature dendritic cells (iDCs) were derived from human peripheral blood monocytes, and treated with films of biomaterials commonly used in combination products (e.g., tissue engineered constructs or vaccines) to assess the resultant dendritic cell (DC) maturation compared to positive control of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment for DC maturation or negative control of untreated iDCs. The following biomaterials were tested: alginate, agarose, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, 75:25 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). The effect of DC culture on these films was undertaken to identify biomaterials which support DC maturation and those biomaterials that did not. Dendritic cells treated with chitosan or PLGA (agarose to a lesser extent) films increased expression levels of CD86, CD40, and HLA-DQ, compared to control iDCs, similar to LPS-matured DCs, whereas DCs treated with alginate or hyaluronic acid films decreased their expression levels of these same molecules. In summary, a differential effect of the biomaterial on which iDCs were cultured was observed as far as the extent of induced DC maturation. The effect of biomaterials on DC maturation, and the associated adjuvant effect, is a novel biocompatibility selection and design criteria for biomaterials to be used in combination products in which immune consequences are potential complications or outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Babensee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
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Hongbin W, Jingyuan D, Linyun C, Yuming D. Carboxymethylated chitin reduces MMP-1 expression in rabbit ACLT osteoarthritic cartilage. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63:369-72. [PMID: 15020329 PMCID: PMC1754947 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2002.001461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the in vivo effects of carboxymethylated chitin (CMC), intra-articularly administered, on cartilage degradation and the level and distribution of cartilage matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). METHODS Osteoarthritis (OA) was induced in 20 rabbits by unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). The experimental group, comprising 10 rabbits randomly selected, was given an intra-articular injection of 0.3 ml of 2% CMC solution at 1, 3, and 5 weeks after ACLT. A further 10 rabbits that received an intra-articular injection of 0.3 ml normal saline at the same time served as controls. All knees were harvested at 6 weeks after surgery. Cartilage degradation of femoral condyles was evaluated at two levels: macroscopic and light microscopic. Tissue level and distribution of MMP-1 was documented by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Cartilage degradation in the control group was significantly more severe than that in the experimental group both on the macroscopic grading scale and on Mankin's grading scale. In RT-PCR the amount of MMP-1 was significantly reduced by the treatment of CMC. Immunohistochemical study showed that in the experimental group MMP-1 was predominantly expressed in the superficial and upper intermediate layers of cartilage, and the amount of MMP-1 in the experimental group was also lower than that in control group. CONCLUSION CMC significantly reduces the severity of cartilage degradation and reduces the expression of MMP-1 in cartilage, both at the mRNA and the protein level, and thus may be a potential drug for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hongbin
- Orthopaedic Department of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China.
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Chou TC, Fu E, Shen EC. Chitosan inhibits prostaglandin E2 formation and cyclooxygenase-2 induction in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 308:403-7. [PMID: 12901883 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan, a deacetylated chitin, has been reported to accelerate the wound healing and exert anti-inflammatory effect but the possible mechanisms involved are still unclear. Enhanced production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines has been shown to contribute to immunosuppression and cytotoxicity during wound healing. In this study, we examined the effect of chitosan on cyclooxygenase pathway and cytokines production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our results first demonstrated that chitosans (MW=50,000, 150,000 or 300,000) significantly inhibit the overproduction of PGE2 as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression and activity accompanied by attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines production such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta formation but increase of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, formation in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results suggest that the beneficial effect of chitosan on wound healing may be associated, at least partly, with the inhibition of PGE2 production by suppressing COX-2 induction and activity as well as attenuation of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines ratio in activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tz-Chong Chou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan, ROC.
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Porporatto C, Bianco ID, Riera CM, Correa SG. Chitosan induces different L-arginine metabolic pathways in resting and inflammatory macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 304:266-72. [PMID: 12711309 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a linear polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and deacetylated glucosamine widely used as a wound-healing accelerator in clinical and veterinary medicine. Chitosan enhances the functions of inflammatory cells such as macrophages (Mphi), inducing the production of cytokines as well as the expression of activation markers, Fc receptors and mannose receptor. In this work we studied the effects of chitosan on the arginine metabolic pathways of both resident and inflammatory (proteose-peptone elicited) rat Mphi. Our results show that low molecular weight (LMW) chitosan activated moderately both the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase pathways in resident Mphi. In inflammatory Mphi treated with chitosan instead, the arginase activity was strongly enhanced. Supernatants of chitosan-stimulated Mphi enhanced the proliferation of the rat cell line C6. These findings suggest that the healing activity of chitosan could rely on the enhanced arginase activity observed in a wound-associated inflammatory milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Porporatto
- Inmunologi;a, Departamento de Bioqui;mica Cli;nica, Facultad de Ciencias Qui;micas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
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