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Mahmutović L, Sezer A, Bilajac E, Hromić-Jahjefendić A, Uversky VN, Glamočlija U. Polyphenol stability and bioavailability in cell culture medium: Challenges, limitations and future directions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135232. [PMID: 39218177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Polyphenols are abundant natural plant micronutrients that commonly contribute to human health due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-carcinogenic, anti-aging, anti-allergic, and other biological activities. Their therapeutic benefits mainly depend on the structure, stability, chemical interactions, and absorption, which ultimately affect the bioavailability of these compounds. The bioactivity of polyphenols is evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies, sometimes yielding inconsistent results due to numerous differences between used models. Among the main differences is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured cell models, potentially leading to misinterpretation of the effects of polyphenolic compounds. Little attention is paid to the polyphenol stability in cell culture medium and the potential generation of artifacts due to their chemical instability. Stability tests of polyphenols are strongly advised to be performed in parallel with cell culture, to help avoid misleading conclusions. This review highlights the existing challenges with cell-based research, focusing on polyphenols' stability in the cell culture media. We also emphasize that new methods analyzing the molecular interactions of compounds with cell culture media supplements are essential to provide a comprehensive understanding of the polyphenols in in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejla Mahmutović
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnička cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Abas Sezer
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnička cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Esma Bilajac
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnička cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Altijana Hromić-Jahjefendić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnička cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Una Glamočlija
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Sarajevo - Faculty of Pharmacy, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Zrinskog Frankopana 34, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Scientific Research Unit, Bosnalijek JSC, Jukićeva 53, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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2
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Farhan M. Revisiting the antioxidant-prooxidant conundrum in cancer research. Med Oncol 2024; 41:179. [PMID: 38896384 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, 31982, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year, King Faisal University, 31982, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Wnuk E, Zwolak I, Kochanowicz E. The physiological levels of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) enhance the Cd-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in CHO-K1 cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13625. [PMID: 38871787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, the increasing pollution of the environment by heavy metals is observed, caused both by natural factors and those related to human activity. They pose a significant threat to human health and life. It is therefore important to find an effective way of protecting organisms from their adverse effects. One potential product showing a protective effect is green tea. It has been shown that EGCG, which is found in large amounts in green tea, has strong antioxidant properties and can therefore protect cells from the adverse effects of heavy metals. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of EGCG on cells exposed to Cd. In the study, CHO-K1 cells (Chinese hamster ovary cell line) were treated for 24 h with Cd (5 and 10 µM) and EGCG (0.5 and 1 µM) together or separately. Cell viability, ATP content, total ROS activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis potential were determined. The results showed that, in tested concentrations, EGCG enhanced the negative effect of Cd. Further analyses are needed to determine the exact mechanism of action of EGCG due to the small number of publications on the subject and the differences in the results obtained in the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wnuk
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów Ave. 1J, 20-708, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Iwona Zwolak
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów Ave. 1J, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Kochanowicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów Ave. 1I, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
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Qin L, Yang L, Shiraiwa M, Faiola F, Zhong H, Sonne C, Yang Y, Liu S, Liu G, Zheng M, Jiang G. Unexpected hydroxyl radical production in brewed tea under sunlight. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae015. [PMID: 38274119 PMCID: PMC10810332 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Tea is one of the world's most popular and widely consumed beverages. It is a common pastime to enjoy a cup of tea in the sunshine. However, little attention has been given to understanding the possible photochemical reactions occurring beneath the calm surface of brewed tea. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is widely used in food and beverages, is the most significant active ingredient found in tea. In this study, we investigated the presence of free radicals in both an aqueous EGCG solution and brewed tea under simulated sunlight conditions. To our surprise, we unexpectedly observed the production of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in brewed tea. It was found that sunlight irradiation played a critical role in the formation of •OH, independent of the presence of metal ions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the •OH generated from the EGCG aqueous solution induced cell cytotoxicity and DNA damage in vitro. Considering the crucial role of •OH in various fields, including human health and the environment, it is important to further explore the practical implications of •OH production in brewed tea under sunlight. In summary, our study unveils the unexpected formation of •OH in brewed tea and emphasizes the significance of sunlight-induced reactions. The observed cytotoxic and DNA-damaging effects of •OH emphasize the importance of understanding the potential health consequences associated with tea consumption. Further research in this area will contribute to a better understanding of the broader implications of •OH production in brewed tea under sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department for Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Yujue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Mu K, Kitts DD. Intestinal polyphenol antioxidant activity involves redox signaling mechanisms facilitated by aquaporin activity. Redox Biol 2023; 68:102948. [PMID: 37922763 PMCID: PMC10643476 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascertaining whether dietary polyphenols evoke an antioxidant or prooxidant activity, which translates to a functional role required to maintain intestinal cell homeostasis continues to be an active and controversial area of research for food chemists and biochemists alike. We have proposed that the paradoxical function of polyphenols to autoxidize to generate H2O2 is a required first step in the capacity of some plant phenolics to function as intracellular antioxidants. This is based on the fact that cell redox homeostasis is achieved by a balance between H2O2 formation and subsequent outcomes of antioxidant systems function. Maintaining optimal extracellular and intracellular H2O2 concentrations is required for cell survival, since low levels are important to upregulate endogenous antioxidant capacity; whereas, concentrations that go beyond homeostatic control typically result in an inflammatory response, growth arrest, or eventual cell death. Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of water channel membrane proteins that facilitate cellular transportation of water and other small molecule-derived solutes, such as H2O2, in all organisms. In the intestine, AQPs act as gatekeepers to regulate intracellular uptake of H2O2, generated from extracellular polyphenol autoxidation, thus enabling an intracellular cell signaling responses to mitigate onset of oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation. In this review, we highlight the potential role of AQPs to control important underlying mechanisms that define downstream regulation of intestinal redox homeostasis, specifically. It has been established that polyphenols that undergo oxidation to the quinone form, resulting in subsequent adduction to a thiol group on Keap1-Nrf2 complex, trigger Nrf2 activation and a cascade of indirect intracellular antioxidant effects. Here, we propose a similar mechanism that involves H2O2 generated from specific dietary polyphenols with a predisposition to undergo autoxidation. The ultimate bioactivity is regulated and expressed by AQP membrane function and thus, by extension, represents expression of an intracellular antioxidant chemoprotection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Mu
- Food Science, Food Nutrition and Health Program. Faculty of Land and Food System, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David D Kitts
- Food Science, Food Nutrition and Health Program. Faculty of Land and Food System, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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6
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Gerdemann A, Broenhorst M, Behrens M, Humpf HU, Esselen M. Polyphenols Cause Structure Dependent Effects on the Metabolic Profile of Human Hepatocarcinogenic Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300052. [PMID: 37672806 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Although many beneficial health effects are attributed to polyphenols their influence on the human metabolome has not been elucidated yet. The ubiquitous occurrence of polyphenols in the human diet demands comprehensive knowledge about physiological and toxicological effects of these compounds on human cells. METHODS AND RESULTS The human hepatocarcinogenic cell line HepG2 is used to elucidate the effects of 13 polyphenols and three respective phenolic degradation products on the human metabolome using HPLC-MS/MS. To investigate structure-activity-relationships, structurally related examples of polyphenols from different compound classes are selected. The analysis of catechins points toward a relation between the degree of hydroxylation and the extent of metabolic effects particularly on the urea cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). A correlation between the modulation of the PPP and the stability of the compounds is demonstrated, which may be caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The incubation of flavones and alkenylbenzenes demonstrates reduced activity of methoxylated compounds and no impact of the B-ring position. CONCLUSION In general, polyphenols induce a multitude of metabolic effects, for example, on energy metabolism, PPP, and urea cycle. These metabolic alterations may be related to the widely reported bioactivity of these compounds such as the anticarcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gerdemann
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melissa Broenhorst
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Behrens
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Esselen
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
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7
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Sakihama Y, Kato T, Sawatdee S, Yakushi Y, Asano J, Hayashi H, Goto Y, Hashimoto M, Hashidoko Y. Isolation of High-Purity Betanin from Red Beet and Elucidation of Its Antioxidant Activity against Peroxynitrite: An in vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15411. [PMID: 37895092 PMCID: PMC10607038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are damaging for many biomolecules. Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is the most toxic molecular species among RNS. Betalains are known to possess ONOO- scavenging ability. Betanin, a betalain isolated from red beet, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities; however, detailed studies of this isolated pigment have not been conducted, owing to its instability under physiological conditions. This study aimed to isolate highly purified betanin from red beetroots using an improved purification method involving deproteinization and citric acid co-precipitation and evaluated its antioxidant activities. The purified betanin thus obtained had a significantly lower isobetanin content than the commercially available betanin dyes. The antioxidant activity of purified betanin examined in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, the direct ONOO- reaction, ONOO--dependent DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation reactions revealed that betanin possessed higher antioxidant capacity than general antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and quercetin. Furthermore, betanin showed indirect and direct cytoprotective effects against H2O2 and ONOO- cytotoxicity, respectively, in cultured mouse fibroblasts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the cytoprotective effects of betanin against ONOO- toxicity. The highly purified betanin obtained in this study will aid in further exploring its physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Sakihama
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 0608589, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 0608589, Japan
| | - Sopanat Sawatdee
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Yo Yakushi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 0608589, Japan
| | - Junichi Asano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 0608589, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Hayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 0608589, Japan
| | - Yuya Goto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 0608589, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 0608589, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hashidoko
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 0608589, Japan
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Gopalakrishna R, Oh A, Hou L, Lee E, Aguilar J, Li A, Mack WJ. Flavonoid quercetin and its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates bind to 67-kDa laminin receptor and prevent neuronal cell death induced by serum starvation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 671:116-123. [PMID: 37300941 PMCID: PMC10527810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin, a dietary flavonoid, has been shown to protect against various neurodegenerative diseases with mechanisms largely unknown. After oral administration, quercetin is rapidly conjugated, and the aglycone is not detectable in the plasma and brain. However, its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are present only at low nanomolar concentrations in the brain. Since quercetin and its conjugates have limited antioxidant capability at low nanomolar concentrations, it is crucial to determine whether they induce neuroprotection by binding to high-affinity receptors. Previously we found that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol from green tea, induces neuroprotection by binding to the 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR). Therefore, in this study, we determined whether quercetin and its conjugates bind 67LR to induce neuroprotection and compared their ability with EGCG. Based on the quenching of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of peptide G (residues 161-180 in 67LR), we found quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, and quercetin-3-O-sulfate bind to this peptide with a high affinity comparable to EGCG. Molecular docking using the crystal structure of 37-kDa laminin receptor precursor supported the high-affinity binding of all these ligands to the site corresponding to peptide G. A pretreatment with quercetin (1-1000 nM) did not effectively protect Neuroscreen-1 cells from death induced by serum starvation. Contrarily, a pretreatment with low concentrations (1-10 nM) of quercetin conjugates better protected these cells than quercetin and EGCG. The 67LR-blocking antibody substantially prevented neuroprotection by all these agents, suggesting the role of 67LR in this process. Collectively, these studies reveal that quercetin induces neuroprotection primarily through its conjugates via high affinity binding to 67LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayudu Gopalakrishna
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Andrew Oh
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Lucas Hou
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Emily Lee
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jennifer Aguilar
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Andrew Li
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - William J Mack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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Sahoo P, Jana P, Kundu S, Mishra S, Chattopadhyay K, Mukherjee A, Ghosh CK. Quercetin@Gd 3+ doped Prussian blue nanocubes induce the pyroptotic death of MDA-MB-231 cells: combinational targeted multimodal therapy, dual modal MRI, intuitive modelling of r1- r2 relaxivities. J Mater Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37366114 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00316g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin (Qu), a potential bioflavonoid has gained considerable interest as a promising chemotherapeutic drug which can inhibit the proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells due to its regulation of the expression of tumor-suppressor gene metastasis and antioxidant property. Notably, Qu exhibits a very negligible cytotoxic effect on normal cells, even with high-dose treatment, while it is shows high affinity to TNBC. However, the efficiency of Qu is limited clinically due to its poor bioavailability, caused by its low aqueous solubility (2.15 μg mL-1 at 25 °C), rapid gastrointestinal digestion and chemical instability in alkaline and neutral media. Herein, polydopamine (PDA)-coated, NH2-PEG-NH2 and hyaluronic acid (HA)-functionalized Gd3+-doped Prussian blue nanocubes (GPBNC) are reported as a multifunctional platform for the codelivery of Qu as a chemotherapeutic agent and GPBNC as a photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal (PTT) agent with improved therapeutic efficiency to overcome theses barriers. PDA, NH2-PEG-NH2 and HA stabilize GPBNC@Qu and facilitate bioavailability and active-targeting, while absorption of near infrared (NIR) (808 nm; 1 W cm-2) induces PDT and PTT activities and dual T1-T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high relaxometric parameters (r1 10.06 mM-1 s-1 and r2 24.96 mM-1 s-1 at a magnetic field of 3 T). The designed platform shows a pH-responsive Qu release profile and NIR-induced therapeutic efficiency of ∼79% in 20 minutes of irradiation, wherein N-terminal gardermin D (N-GSDMD) and a P2X7-receptor-mediated pyroptosis pathway induces cell death, corroborating the up-regulation of NLRP3, caspase-1, caspase-5, N-GSDMD, IL-1β, cleaved Pannexin-1 and P2X7 proteins. More interestingly, the increasing relaxivity values of Prussian blue nanocubes with Gd3+ doping have been explained on the basis of Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan theory, considering inner- and outer-sphere relaxivity, wherein crystal defects, coordinated water molecules, tumbling rate, metal to water proton distance, correlation time, magnetisation value etc. play a significant role. In summary, our study suggests that GPBNC could be a beneficial nanocarrier for theranostic purposes against TNBC, while our conceptual study clearly demonstrates the role of various factors in increasing relaxometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchanan Sahoo
- School of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Biological Science Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Pulak Jana
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
| | - Sudip Kundu
- School of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Snehasis Mishra
- School of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Structural Biology & Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Mukherjee
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Biological Science Division, Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Chandan Kumar Ghosh
- School of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
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10
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Mu K, Yao Y, Wang D, Kitts DD. Prooxidant capacity of phenolic acids defines antioxidant potential. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130371. [PMID: 37121280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids derived from vegetables, fruits and beverages are considered abundant sources of natural antioxidants consumed in the human diet. In addition to having well-known antioxidant activity, phenolic acids also exhibit pro-oxidant activity under selected conditions. We hypothesized that the availability of extracellular H2O2 derived from phenolic acid autoxidation will diffuse across cell membranes to participate as a messenger molecule to activate intracellular redox signaling in response to oxidative stress. We report on the relative activity of structurally different phenolic acids to generate specific changes in the extracellular - intracellular H2O2 flux that induces intracellular redox signaling corresponding to a function to reduce intracellular oxidative stress. HyPer-3 methodology was used to measure increases in intracellular H2O2 in differentiated Caco-2 intestinal cells in response to phenolic acid autoxidation and changes in extracellular H2O2 production. The potential for different phenolic acids to autoxidize and generate H2O2 was dependent on the structure and concentration of phenolic acid. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) cell signaling was enhanced (p < 0.05) by phenolic acid induced H2O2 production, and mitigated when present along with catalase (p < 0.05), or, alternatively by blocking AQP3 function (p < 0.05) using DFP00173 as the AQP3 inhibitor. The relative capacity of phenolic acids to generate H2O2 on autoxidation was structure specific and corresponded to the level of Nrf2 cell signaling in differentiated Caco-2 epithelial cells. The Nrf2-Keap1 response paralleled the extent of reduced oxidative stress observed in differentiated Caco-2 cells determined by DCFH-DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Mu
- Food Science, Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Danni Wang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - David D Kitts
- Food Science, Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Stillage Waste from Strawberry Spirit Production as a Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020421. [PMID: 36829982 PMCID: PMC9951990 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of fruit distillates generates solid residues which are potentially rich in bioactive compounds worthy of valorization and exploitation. We report herein the in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of an extract obtained from the waste of fermented strawberry distillate production. The main low molecular weight phenolic components of the extract were identified as ellagic acid and p-coumaric acid using spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis. The extract exhibited high antioxidant properties, particularly in the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and a high total phenolic content (TPC). It was also able to induce an antiproliferative effect on different human cancer cell lines. A strong decrease in viability in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells through a rapid and massive apoptosis were observed. Moreover, at an early time (<30 min), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inactivation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway were detected. Notably, the antiproliferative activity of the sample was comparable to that observed with an analogous extract prepared from unfermented, fresh strawberries. These results bring new opportunities for the valorization of fruit distillery by-products as low-cost resources for the design of bioactive formulations of comparable value to that from fresh food.
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12
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Santos AL, Sinha S. Ageing, Metabolic Dysfunction, and the Therapeutic Role of Antioxidants. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:341-435. [PMID: 37120475 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The gradual ageing of the world population has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes. The adipose tissue dysfunction associated with ageing and obesity shares many common physiological features, including increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity may help elucidate the processes that contribute to the metabolic disturbances that occur with ageing. This, in turn, may help identify therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and age-related metabolic disorders. Because oxidative stress plays a critical role in these pathological processes, antioxidant dietary interventions could be of therapeutic value for the prevention and/or treatment of age-related diseases and obesity and their complications. In this chapter, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which obesity predisposes individuals to accelerated ageing. Additionally, we critically review the potential of antioxidant dietary interventions to counteract obesity and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Santos
- IdISBA - Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain.
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13
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Spagnuolo C, Moccia S, Tedesco I, Crescente G, Volpe MG, Russo M, Russo GL. Phenolic Extract from Extra Virgin Olive Oil Induces Different Anti-Proliferative Pathways in Human Bladder Cancer Cell Lines. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010182. [PMID: 36615840 PMCID: PMC9823665 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular consumption of olive oil is associated with protection against chronic-degenerative diseases, such as cancer. Epidemiological evidence indicates an inverse association between olive oil intake and bladder cancer risk. Bladder cancer is among the most common forms of cancer; in particular, the transitional cell carcinoma histotype shows aggressive behavior. We investigated the anti-proliferative effects of a phenolic extract prepared from an extra virgin olive oil (EVOOE) on two human bladder cancer cell lines, namely RT112 and J82, representing the progression from low-grade to high-grade tumors, respectively. In RT112, the EVOOE reduced cell viability (IC50 = 240 μg/mL at 24 h), triggering a non-protective form of autophagy, evidenced by the autophagosome formation and the increase in LC-3 lipidation. In J82, EVOOE induced a strong decrease in cell viability after 24 h of treatment (IC50 = 65.8 μg/mL) through rapid and massive apoptosis, assessed by Annexin V positivity and caspase-3 and -9 activation. Moreover, in both bladder cancer cell lines, EVOOE reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species, but this antioxidant effect was not correlated with its anti-proliferative outcomes. Data obtained suggest that the mixture of phenolic compounds in extra virgin olive oil activates different anti-proliferative pathways.
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14
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Mu K, Kitts DD. Application of a HyPer-3 sensor to monitor intracellular H 2O 2 generation induced by phenolic acids in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Anal Biochem 2022; 659:114934. [PMID: 36206845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are an important point of contact between dietary food components consumed and subsequent whole-body utilization for body maintenance and growth. Selective bioactive phenolic acids, widely present in fruits, vegetables and beverages can generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and contribute to the cellular redox balance, hence influencing well-known cellular antioxidant and pro-oxidant mechanisms. Our findings have showed that increasing extracellular H2O2 resulted in associated changes in intracellular H2O2 levels in Caco-2 cells (p < 0.05) which was facilitated by activity of a family of water channel membrane proteins, termed aquaporins (AQPs). To demonstrate this, a HyPer-3 genetically encoded fluorescent H2O2 sensitive indicator was used to enable fluorescent real-time imaging of intracellular H2O2 levels as a measure of changes occurring in extracellular H2O2 in differentiated Caco-2 cells exposed to different phenolic acids. The use of confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively, captured visualization and quantification of H2O2 uptake in differentiated Caco-2 cells. DFP00173, an aquaporin 3 (AQP3) inhibitor was effective at inhibiting the intracellular uptake of H2O2 and was sensitive to varied levels of H2O2 generated when different phenolic acids were added to the culture media. In summary, HyPer-3 was shown to be an effective technique to demonstrate relative capabilities of structurally different dietary phenolic acids that have potential to alter intestinal redox balance by changing intracellular H2O2, and either antioxidant or pro-oxidant activity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Mu
- Food Science, Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - David D Kitts
- Food Science, Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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15
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Cellular Uptake of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Comparison to Its Major Oxidation Products and Their Antioxidant Capacity In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091746. [PMID: 36139820 PMCID: PMC9495782 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of reactive oxygen species and reduction of oxidative stress have been identified as key parameters in the prevention of cellular aging. In previous in vitro studies, the tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was found to have both pro- and antioxidant properties, disregarding the low stability under cell culture conditions. Besides hydrogen peroxide, theasinensin dimers amongst other oxidation products are formed. Exact quantities, cellular uptake and antioxidant capacities of these dimeric oxidation products remain unknown. Via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), formation kinetics and cellular uptake of EGCG and its major oxidation products are quantified. The antioxidant capacity is determined on a cellular level using a modified dichlorofluorescein (DCF) approach. As a first result, oxidation product quantities of up to 21 µM each are measured after incubation of 50 µM EGCG. While EGCG is taken up equimolarly, its major oxidation products are accumulated in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells at millimolar concentrations, especially theasinensin A (TSA). Lastly, the oxidation products show higher antioxidant properties than the monomer EGCG. In correlation with cellular uptake, TSA displays the highest capacity of all tested analytes. The findings reveal the strong influence of EGCG oxidation products on its bioactivity in vitro.
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16
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Sahadevan R, Singh S, Binoy A, Sadhukhan S. Chemico-biological aspects of (-)-epigallocatechin- 3-gallate (EGCG) to improve its stability, bioavailability and membrane permeability: Current status and future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10382-10411. [PMID: 35491671 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2068500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been a bedrock for drug discovery for decades. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is one of the widely studied natural polyphenolic compounds derived from green tea. It is the key component believed to be responsible for the medicinal value of green tea. Significant studies implemented in in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo models have suggested its anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuroprotective activities etc. Despite having such a wide array of therapeutic potential and promising results in preclinical studies, its applicability to humans has encountered with rather limited success largely due to the poor bioavailability, poor membrane permeability, rapid metabolic clearance and lack of stability of EGCG. Therefore, novel techniques are warranted to address those limitations so that EGCG or its modified analogs can be used in the clinical setup. This review comprehensively covers different strategies such as structural modifications, nano-carriers as efficient drug delivery systems, synergistic studies with other bioactivities to improve the chemico-biological aspects (e.g., stability, bioavailability, permeability, etc.) of EGCG for its enhanced pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties, eventually enhancing its therapeutic potentials. We think this review article will serve as a strong platform with comprehensive literature on the development of novel techniques to improve the bioavailability of EGCG so that it can be translated to the clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Sahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Satyam Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anupama Binoy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
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17
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Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide Produced by Catechins on the Aroma of Tea Beverages. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091273. [PMID: 35563996 PMCID: PMC9102859 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide has a significant effect on the flavor of tea beverages. In this study, the yield of hydrogen peroxide in (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) solution was first investigated and found to be significantly enhanced under specific conditions, and the above phenomenon was amplified by the addition of linalool. Then, an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution was added to a linalool solution and it was found that the concentration of linalool was significantly reduced in the above-reconstituted system. These findings were verified by extending the study system to the whole green tea infusions. The results suggested that the production of hydrogen peroxide in tea beverages may be dominated by catechins, with multiple factors acting synergistically, thereby leading to aroma deterioration and affecting the quality of tea beverages. The above results provided a feasible explanation for the deterioration of flavor quality of green tea beverages with shelf life.
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18
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Müller L, Keuter L, Bücksteeg D, Uebel T, Wilken M, Schürmann L, Behrens M, Humpf HU, Esselen M. Metabolic conjugation reduces in vitro toxicity of the flavonoid nevadensin. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113006. [PMID: 35436549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the association between metabolic capacity and toxicity of the natural occurring flavonoid nevadensin in vitro. Human colon (HT29), liver (HepG2) and bone marrow (KG1) carcinoma cells were used and strong cell line dependent differences in toxic effect strength were found. HepG2 and KG1 cells were more sensitive against nevadensin treatment in comparison to HT29 cells. High resolution mass spectrometry experiments showed that nevadensin is rapidly glucuronidated in HT29 cells, whereas KG1 cells do not metabolize nevadensin, thus glucuronidation was supposed to be a crucial metabolic pathway in vitro. To proof this suggestion, nevadensin glucuronides were isolated from pig liver microsomes und structurally elucidated via NMR spectroscopy. In HepG2 cells a cellular enrichment of nevadensin itself as well as nevadensin-7-O-glucuronide was determined by tandem mass spectrometry. A proteomic screening of uridine 5'-diphospho (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) in HT29 and HepG2 cells provided first hints that the isoforms UGT1A6 and UGT1A1 are responsible for nevadensin glucuronidation. Additionally, nevadensin was found to be a potent SULT inhibitor in HepG2 cells. In sum, the present study clearly illustrates the importance of obtaining detailed information about metabolic competence of cell lines which should be considered in the evaluation of toxic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Müller
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lucas Keuter
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - David Bücksteeg
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Uebel
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Wilken
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lina Schürmann
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Behrens
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Esselen
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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19
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Shi YG, Zhu CM, Li DH, Shi ZY, Gu Q, Chen YW, Wang JQ, Ettelaie R, Chen JS. New Horizons in Microbiological Food Safety: Ultraefficient Photodynamic Inactivation Based on a Gallic Acid Derivative and UV-A Light and Its Application with Electrospun Cyclodextrin Nanofibers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14961-14974. [PMID: 34843236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An excellent bactericidal effect of octyl gallate (OG)-mediated photodynamic inactivation (PDI) against foodborne pathogens (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) was evaluated in relation to the mode of action. UV-A irradiation (wavelength, 365 nm; irradiance, 8.254 ± 0.18 mW/cm2) of the bacterial suspension containing 0.15 mM OG could lead to a >5-log reduction of viable cell counts within 30 min for E. coli and only 5 min for S. aureus. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was considered the main reason for the bactericidal effect of OG + UV-A light treatment because toxic ROS induced by OG-mediated PDI could attack the cellular wall, proteins, and DNA of microbes. Moreover, the bactericidal effect, as well as the yields of ROS, depended on OG concentrations, irradiation time, and laser output power. Furthermore, we prepared an edible photodynamic antimicrobial membrane comprising electrospun cyclodextrin nanofibers (NFs) by embedding OG. The resultant OG/HPβCD NFs (273.6 μg/mL) under UV-A irradiation for 30 min (14.58 J/cm) could cause a great reduction (>5-log) of viable bacterial counts of E. coli. The in situ photodynamic antibacterial activity of OG/HPβCD NF-based packaging was evaluated during the Chinese giant salamander storage. Overall, this research highlights the dual functionalities (antibacterial and photodynamic properties) of OG as both an antibacterial agent and photosensitizer and the effectiveness of electrospun NFs containing OG as an active antibacterial packaging material for food preservation upon UV light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Gang Shi
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
- Institute of Food Microbiology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
| | - Chen-Min Zhu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
- Institute of Food Microbiology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
| | - Dong-Hui Li
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
- Institute of Food Microbiology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
| | - Ze-Yu Shi
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Qing Gu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
- Institute of Food Microbiology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
| | - Yue-Wen Chen
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
- Institute of Food Microbiology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
| | - Jie-Qian Wang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
- Institute of Food Microbiology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
| | - Rammile Ettelaie
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Jian-She Chen
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310035, China
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20
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Tuli HS, Mistry H, Kaur G, Aggarwal D, Garg VK, Mittal S, Yerer MB, Sak K, Khan MA. Gallic acid: a dietary polyphenol that exhibits anti-neoplastic activities by modulating multiple oncogenic targets. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:499-514. [PMID: 34802408 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666211119085834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals are being used for thousands of years to prevent dreadful malignancy. Side effects of existing allopathic treatment have also initiated intense research in the field of bioactive phytochemicals. Gallic acid, a natural polyphenolic compound, exists freely as well as in polymeric forms. The anti-cancer properties of gallic acid are indomitable by a variety of cellular pathways such as induction of programmed cell death, cell cycle apprehension, reticence of vasculature and tumor migration, and inflammation. Furthermore, gallic acid is found to show synergism with other existing chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, the antineoplastic role of gallic acid suggests its promising therapeutic candidature in the near future. The present review describes all these aspects of gallic acid at a single platform. In addition nanotechnology-mediated approaches are also discussed to enhance bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana. India
| | - Hiral Mistry
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra. India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra. India
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana. India
| | - Vivek Kumar Garg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali - 140413, Punjab. India
| | - Sonam Mittal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. India
| | - Mükerrem Betül Yerer
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology, Erciyes University Drug Application and Research Center, 05056784551. Turkey
| | | | - Md Asaduzzaman Khan
- The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000. China
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21
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Topoisomerase poisoning by the flavonoid nevadensin triggers DNA damage and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma HT29 cells. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3787-3802. [PMID: 34635930 PMCID: PMC8536574 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nevadensin, an abundant polyphenol of basil, is reported to reduce alkenylbenzene DNA adduct formation. Furthermore, it has a wide spectrum of further pharmacological properties. The presented study focuses the impact of nevadensin on topoisomerases (TOPO) in vitro. Considering the DNA-intercalating properties of flavonoids, first, minor groove binding properties (IC50 = 31.63 µM), as well as DNA intercalation (IC50 = 296.91 µM) of nevadensin, was found. To determine potential in vitro effects on TOPO I and TOPO IIα, the relaxation and decatenation assay was performed in a concentration range of 1–500 µM nevadensin. A partial inhibition was detected for TOPO I at concentrations ≥ 100 µM, whereas TOPO IIα activity is only inhibited at concentrations ≥ 250 µM. To clarify the mode of action, the isolating in vivo complex of enzyme assay was carried out using human colon carcinoma HT29 cells. After 1 h of incubation, the amount of TOPO I linked to DNA was significantly increased by nevadensin (500 µM), why nevadensin was characterized as TOPO I poison. However, no effects on TOPO IIα were detected in the cellular test system. As a subsequent cellular response to TOPO I poisoning, a highly significant increase of DNA damage after 2 h and a decrease of cell viability after 48 h at the same concentration range were found. Furthermore, after 24 h of incubation a G2/M arrest was observed at concentrations ≥ 100 µM by flow cytometry. The analysis of cell death revealed that nevadensin induces the intrinsic apoptotic pathway via activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. The results suggest that cell cycle disruption and apoptotic events play key roles in the cellular response to TOPO I poisoning caused by nevadensin in HT29 cells.
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22
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Müller L, Weever F, Hübner F, Humpf HU, Esselen M. Characterization of Oligomeric Proanthocyanidin-Enriched Fractions from Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott via High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Investigations on Their Inhibitory Potential on Human Topoisomerases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11053-11064. [PMID: 34495660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aronia melanocarpa (MICHX.) ELLIOTT, which belongs to the Rosaceae family, has increasingly come into focus of research due to the high content of polyphenols. In addition to antioxidative properties, further health-promoting effects of these polyphenols are still of interest. Especially, the proanthocyanidins offer thereby huge opportunities due to their high structural heterogeneity. Therefore, the present study focuses on the topoisomerase inhibiting effects of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (PACs), which are potentially depended on their degree of polymerization. The investigated PACs isolated from Aronia berries were characterized by chromatographic techniques and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Four PAC enriched fractions were obtained from Aronia pomace containing 47 PACs with a degree of polymerization from three to six. Due to the low yield of hexamers, the potential inhibiting effects against human topoisomerase were investigated for the trimer to pentamer fractions. The relaxation and decatenation assays were performed to examine the inhibiting effect on topoisomerases under cell-free conditions. Moreover, rapid isolation of topoisomerase cleavage complexes in human colon carcinoma HT29 cells was performed to evaluate the effect on topoisomerases in a cell-based system. The fractions demonstrated inhibitory potential on topoisomerases I and II. In sum, an increasing effect strength depending on the degree of polymerization was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Müller
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Fabian Weever
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Florian Hübner
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Melanie Esselen
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, Münster 48149, Germany
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23
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Alfke J, Kampermann U, Kalinina S, Esselen M. Isolation and structural elucidation of dimeric epigallocatechin-3-gallate autoxidation products and their antioxidant capacity. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDietary polyphenols like epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)—which represents the most abundant flavan-3-ol in green tea—are subject of several studies regarding their bioactivity and health-related properties. On many occasions, cell culture or in vitro experiments form the basis of published data. Although the stability of these compounds is observed to be low, many reported effects are directly related to the parent compounds whereas the impact of EGCG degradation and autoxidation products is not yet understood and merely studied. EGCG autoxidation products like its dimers theasinensin A and D, “P2” and oolongtheanin are yet to be characterized in the same extent as their parental polyphenol. However, to investigate the bioactivity of autoxidation products—which would minimize the discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo data—isolation and structure elucidation techniques are urgently needed. In this study, a new protocol to acquire the dimers theasinensin A and D as well as oolongtheanin is depicted, including a variety of spectroscopic and quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometric (qTOF-HRMS) data to characterize and assign these isolates. Through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, polarimetry, and especially circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy after enzymatic hydrolysis the complementary atropisomeric stereochemistry of the isolated theasinensins is illuminated and elucidated. Lastly, a direct comparison between the isolated EGCG autoxidation products and the monomer itself is carried out regarding their antioxidant properties featuring Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values. These findings help to characterize these products regarding their cellular effects and—which is of special interest in the flavonoid group—their redox properties.
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24
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Joyner PM. Protein Adducts and Protein Oxidation as Molecular Mechanisms of Flavonoid Bioactivity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165102. [PMID: 34443698 PMCID: PMC8401221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There are tens of thousands of scientific papers about flavonoids and their impacts on human health. However, despite the vast amount of energy that has been put toward studying these compounds, a unified molecular mechanism that explains their bioactivity remains elusive. One contributing factor to the absence of a general mechanistic explanation of their bioactivity is the complexity of flavonoid chemistry in aqueous solutions at neutral pH. Flavonoids have acidic protons, are redox active, and frequently auto-oxidize to produce an array of degradation products including electrophilic quinones. Flavonoids are also known to interact with specificity and high affinity with a variety of proteins, and there is evidence that some of these interactions may be covalent. This review summarizes the mechanisms of flavonoid oxidation in aqueous solutions at neutral pH and proposes the formation of protein-flavonoid adducts or flavonoid-induced protein oxidation as putative mechanisms of flavonoid bioactivity in cells. Nucleophilic residues in proteins may be able to form covalent bonds with flavonoid quinones; alternatively, specific amino acid residues such as cysteine, methionine, or tyrosine in proteins could be oxidized by flavonoids. In either case, these protein-flavonoid interactions would likely occur at specific binding sites and the formation of these types of products could effectively explain how flavonoids modify proteins in cells to induce downstream biochemical and cellular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Matthew Joyner
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
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25
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Thá EL, Matos M, Avelino F, Lomonaco D, Rodrigues-Souza I, Gagosian VSC, Cestari MM, Magalhães WLE, Leme DM. Safety aspects of kraft lignin fractions: Discussions on the in chemico antioxidant activity and the induction of oxidative stress on a cell-based in vitro model. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:977-986. [PMID: 33887289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer present in plant cell walls and a by-product of the cellulose pulping industry. Lignin has functional properties, such as antioxidant activity, that make it a potential natural active ingredient for health-care products. However, not all safety aspects of lignin fractions have been adequately investigated. Herein, we evaluated the antioxidant and genotoxic potential of two hardwood kraft lignins (F3 and F5). The chemical characterization of F3 and F5 demonstrated their thermal stability and the presence of different phenolic units, while the DPPH assay confirmed the antioxidant activity of these lignin fractions. Despite being antioxidants in the DPPH assay, F3 and F5 were capable of generating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequently causing oxidative DNA damage (Comet assay) in HepG2 cells. The biological relevance of the DPPH assay might be uncertain in some cases; therefore, we suggest combining in chemico tests with biological system-based tests to determine efficacy and safety levels of lignins and define appropriate applications of lignins for consumer products. Moreover, kraft lignins obtained by acid precipitation may pose risks to human health; however, as genotoxicity is not the sole endpoint of toxicity required in hazard assessments, additional toxicological evaluations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanoela Lundgren Thá
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mailson Matos
- Graduate Program in Engineering and Materials Science (PIPE), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Francisco Avelino
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará (IFCE), Iguatu, CE, Brazil
| | - Diego Lomonaco
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry - Federal University of Ceará (UFCE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Isisdoris Rodrigues-Souza
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Margarete Cestari
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Washington Luiz Esteves Magalhães
- Graduate Program in Engineering and Materials Science (PIPE), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Embrapa Florestas, Colombo, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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26
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Ofoedu CE, You L, Osuji CM, Iwouno JO, Kabuo NO, Ojukwu M, Agunwah IM, Chacha JS, Muobike OP, Agunbiade AO, Sardo G, Bono G, Okpala COR, Korzeniowska M. Hydrogen Peroxide Effects on Natural-Sourced Polysacchrides: Free Radical Formation/Production, Degradation Process, and Reaction Mechanism-A Critical Synopsis. Foods 2021; 10:699. [PMID: 33806060 PMCID: PMC8064442 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reactive oxygen species (ROS) entities exist, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is very key among them as it is well known to possess a stable but poor reactivity capable of generating free radicals. Considered among reactive atoms, molecules, and compounds with electron-rich sites, free radicals emerging from metabolic reactions during cellular respirations can induce oxidative stress and cause cellular structure damage, resulting in diverse life-threatening diseases when produced in excess. Therefore, an antioxidant is needed to curb the overproduction of free radicals especially in biological systems (in vivo and in vitro). Despite the inherent properties limiting its bioactivities, polysaccharides from natural sources increasingly gain research attention given their position as a functional ingredient. Improving the functionality and bioactivity of polysaccharides have been established through degradation of their molecular integrity. In this critical synopsis; we articulate the effects of H2O2 on the degradation of polysaccharides from natural sources. Specifically, the synopsis focused on free radical formation/production, polysaccharide degradation processes with H2O2, the effects of polysaccharide degradation on the structural characteristics; physicochemical properties; and bioactivities; in addition to the antioxidant capability. The degradation mechanisms involving polysaccharide's antioxidative property; with some examples and their respective sources are briefly summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigozie E. Ofoedu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.Y.); (J.S.C.); (A.O.A.)
| | - Lijun You
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.Y.); (J.S.C.); (A.O.A.)
| | - Chijioke M. Osuji
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
| | - Jude O. Iwouno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
| | - Ngozi O. Kabuo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
| | - Moses Ojukwu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ijeoma M. Agunwah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
| | - James S. Chacha
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.Y.); (J.S.C.); (A.O.A.)
- Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, 3006 Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Onyinye P. Muobike
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 460114 Imo, Nigeria; (C.M.O.); (J.O.I.); (N.O.K.); (M.O.); (I.M.A.); (O.P.M.)
| | - Adedoyin O. Agunbiade
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (L.Y.); (J.S.C.); (A.O.A.)
- Department of Food Technology, University of Ibadan, 200284 Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Giacomo Sardo
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies—IRBIM, National Research Council (CNR), Via Vaccara, 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Gioacchino Bono
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies—IRBIM, National Research Council (CNR), Via Vaccara, 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Antioxidant and Chemopreventive Effect of Aliophen ® Formulation Based on Malts and Hops. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010029. [PMID: 33396660 PMCID: PMC7823394 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies evidenced the health effects of moderate consumption of beer, mainly due to the presence of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, vitamins, or fibers. To exploit the potential beneficial effect on health and in disease prevention of these compounds, a new beverage based on barley malts and hops named Aliophen® has been designed, through a patented production process, with a high total polyphenolic amount compared to alcohol-free beer and similar to the one present in light and dark beers. In the present study, the antioxidant activity of Aliophen® against low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and its ability to protect erythrocytes from hemolysis have been characterized. Moreover, the chemopreventive effect of Aliophen® against colon cancer has been assessed, employing a mouse model of chemically induced carcinogenesis using azoxymethane (AOM). Data obtained showed that Aliophen at a low dose (3 mg/kg) inhibited the formation of preneoplastic lesions, polyps, and tumors. At higher doses (300 mg/kg) the protective effect was measured in the first phase of the onset of cancer. The antioxidant properties of Aliophen® were also observed in AOM-treated mice where it increased the serum antioxidant capacity. Based on the data presented, Aliophen® can exert promising health effects, including an anticancer capacity presumably associated with its antioxidant properties.
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Bopitiya D, Christensen D, Martin M, Zhang J, Bennett LE. Production of hydrogen peroxide in formulated beverages is associated with the presence of ascorbic acid combined with selected redox-active functional ingredients. Food Chem 2020; 338:127947. [PMID: 32947120 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that mediates essential signaling in vivo but may cause irreversible tissue damage under dysregulated or acute exposure conditions. Beverages containing redox-active compounds might produce H2O2 during shelf storage and potentially be consumed. Concentrations of H2O2 in selected 'functional' (including energy, E, n = 28), 'non-functional' flavored, (S, n = 6) and mineral water (W, n = 6) drinks were measured under ambient (i.e., produced in situ) and 'potentiated' conditions (i.e., H2O2 production enhanced by addition of a reducing agent, to simulate availability of reducible substrates in vivo). Under air-saturated conditions, mean H2O2 contents were: 15.60 ± 15.84; 1.39 ± 2.06 and 0.30 ± 0.21 µM in E, S and W drinks, respectively. Under air-saturated, potentiated conditions, mean rates of H2O2 production were 21.7 ± 33.3, 0.98 ± 2.84, and -0.38 ± 1.18 µM/h for E, S and W drinks, respectively. Using multivariate statistics, the ingredient significantly associated with H2O2 production in combination with other ingredients was found to be ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilini Bopitiya
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dale Christensen
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Miguela Martin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Louise E Bennett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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29
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Lorenz M, Lehmann S, Djordjevic I, Düsterhöft T, Zimmermann BF, Stangl K, Stangl V. Vasodilation of Tea Polyphenols Ex Vivo Is Mediated by Hydrogen Peroxide Under Rapid Compound Decay. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050390. [PMID: 32392754 PMCID: PMC7278881 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement of endothelial function represents a major health effect of tea in humans. Ex vivo, tea and tea polyphenols stimulate nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation in isolated blood vessels. However, it was reported that polyphenols can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. We therefore aimed to elucidate the role of ROS production in tea polyphenol-induced vasodilation in explanted aortic rings. Vasorelaxation of rat aortic rings was assessed in an organ chamber model with low concentrations of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3), and with green and black tea, with or without pretreatment with catalase or superoxide dismutase (SOD). The stability of EGCG and TF3 was measured by HPLC, and the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were determined. EGCG and green tea-induced vasorelaxation was completely prevented by catalase and slightly increased by SOD. TF3 and black tea yielded similar results. Both EGCG and TF3 were rapidly degraded. This was associated with increasing H2O2 levels over time. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations produced in a time range compatible with tea polyphenol decay induced NO-dependent vasodilation in aortic rings. In conclusion, tea polyphenol-induced vasodilation in vitro is mediated by low levels of H2O2 generated during compound decay. The results could explain the apparent lack of vasodilatory effects of isolated tea polyphenols in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lorenz
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (T.D.); (K.S.); (V.S.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-513-186
| | - Stephanie Lehmann
- Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Institut für Veterinär-Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ilija Djordjevic
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Herzchirurgie, Herzchirurgische Intensivmedizin und Thoraxchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Köln, 50937 Köln, Germany;
| | - Thomas Düsterhöft
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (T.D.); (K.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Benno F. Zimmermann
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Karl Stangl
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (T.D.); (K.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Verena Stangl
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (T.D.); (K.S.); (V.S.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Naparlo K, Bartosz G, Stefaniuk I, Cieniek B, Soszynski M, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Interaction of Catechins with Human Erythrocytes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061456. [PMID: 32213847 PMCID: PMC7145294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the interaction of chosen catechins ((+)-catechin, (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)) with human erythrocytes and their protective effects against oxidative damage of erythrocytes. Uptake of the catechins by erythrocytes was studied by fluorimetry, their interaction with erythrocyte membrane was probed by changes in erythrocyte osmotic fragility and in membrane fluidity evaluated with spin labels, while protection against oxidative damage was assessed by protection against hemolysis induced by permanganate and protection of erythrocyte membranes against lipid peroxidation and protein thiol group oxidation. Catechin uptake was similar for all the compounds studied. Accumulation of catechins in the erythrocyte membrane was demonstrated by the catechin-induced increase in osmotic resistance and rigidification of the erythrocyte membrane detected by spin labels 5-doxyl stearic acid and 16-doxyl stearic acid. (−)-Epigallocatechin and EGCG inhibited erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (mixed-type inhibition). Catechins protected erythrocytes against permanganate-induced hemolysis, oxidation of erythrocyte protein thiol groups, as well as membrane lipid peroxidation. These results contribute to the knowledge of the beneficial effects of catechins present in plant-derived food and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Naparlo
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Ireneusz Stefaniuk
- Teaching and Research Center of Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (I.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Bogumil Cieniek
- Teaching and Research Center of Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; (I.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Miroslaw Soszynski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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31
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Selby-Pham SNB, Siow LF, Bennett LE. Characterising absorption and health-related properties of phytochemicals extracted from Malaysian palm fruit biomass after oil extraction. Food Funct 2020; 11:907-920. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01149h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
After oil extraction, palm fruit biomass contains abundant water-soluble phytochemicals (PCs) with proven bioactivity in regulating oxidative stress and inflammation (OSI).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee Fong Siow
- School of Science
- Monash University
- 47500 Bandar Sunway
- Malaysia
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32
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Molecular Mechanisms That Define Redox Balance Function in Pathogen-Host Interactions-Is There a Role for Dietary Bioactive Polyphenols? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246222. [PMID: 31835548 PMCID: PMC6940965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure a functional immune system, the mammalian host must detect and respond to the presence of pathogenic bacteria during infection. This is accomplished in part by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that target invading bacteria; a process that is facilitated by NADPH oxidase upregulation. Thus, bacterial pathogens must overcome the oxidative burst produced by the host innate immune cells in order to survive and proliferate. In this way, pathogenic bacteria develop virulence, which is related to the affinity to secrete effector proteins against host ROS in order to facilitate microbial survival in the host cell. These effectors scavenge the host generated ROS directly, or alternatively, manipulate host cell signaling mechanisms designed to benefit pathogen survival. The redox-balance of the host is important for the regulation of cell signaling activities that include mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p21-activated kinase (PAK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways. An understanding of the function of pathogenic effectors to divert host cell signaling is important to ascertain the mechanisms underlying pathogen virulence and the eventual host–pathogen relationship. Herein, we examine the effectors produced by the microbial secretion system, placing emphasis on how they target molecular signaling mechanisms involved in a host immune response. Moreover, we discuss the potential impact of bioactive polyphenols in modulating these molecular interactions that will ultimately influence pathogen virulence.
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33
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Targeting Glycolysis with Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Enhances the Efficacy of Chemotherapeutics in Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Xenografts. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101496. [PMID: 31590367 PMCID: PMC6826788 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a complex disease, in need of new therapeutic approaches. In this study, we explored the effect and mechanism of action of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol in green tea, alone and in combination with current chemotherapeutics on pancreatic cancer cell growth, focusing on glycolysis metabolism. Moreover, we investigated whether EGCG's effect is dependent on its ability to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS). EGCG reduced pancreatic cancer cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner and the growth inhibition effect was further enhanced under glucose deprivation conditions. Mechanistically, EGCG induced ROS levels concentration-dependently. EGCG affected glycolysis by suppressing the extracellular acidification rate through the reduction of the activity and levels of the glycolytic enzymes phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Cotreatment with catalase abrogated EGCG's effect on phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Furthermore, EGCG sensitized gemcitabine to inhibit pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. EGCG and gemcitabine, given alone, reduced pancreatic tumor xenograft growth by 40% and 52%, respectively, whereas the EGCG/gemcitabine combination reduced tumor growth by 67%. EGCG enhanced gemcitabine's effect on apoptosis, cell proliferation, cell cycle and further suppressed phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase levels. In conclusion, EGCG is a strong combination partner of gemcitabine reducing pancreatic cancer cell growth by suppressing glycolysis.
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34
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Wei R, Penso NEC, Hackman RM, Wang Y, Mackenzie GG. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Suppresses Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth, Invasion, and Migration partly through the Inhibition of Akt Pathway and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Enhanced Efficacy when Combined with Gemcitabine. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1856. [PMID: 31405071 PMCID: PMC6722696 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pancreatic cancers are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage when they have already metastasized. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenolic constituent of green tea, has been shown to reduce pancreatic cancer growth, but its effect on metastasis remains elusive. This study evaluated the capacity of EGCG to inhibit pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion and the underlying mechanisms. EGCG reduced pancreatic cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. EGCG prevented "Cadherin switch" and decreased the expression level of TCF8/ZEB1, β-Catenin, and Vimentin. Mechanistically, EGCG inhibited the Akt pathway in a time-dependent manner, by suppressing IGFR phosphorylation and inducing Akt degradation. Co-treatment with catalase or N-Acetyl-L-cysteine did not abrogate EGCG's effect on the Akt pathway or cell growth. Moreover, EGCG synergized with gemcitabine to suppress pancreatic cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion, through modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and inhibiting Akt pathway. In summary, EGCG may prove beneficial to improve gemcitabine sensitivity in inhibiting pancreatic cancer cell migration and invasion, to some extent through the inhibition of Akt pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Tea Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Robert M Hackman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Tea Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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35
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Pires F, Geraldo VPN, Rodrigues B, Granada-Flor AD, de Almeida RFM, Oliveira ON, Victor BL, Machuqueiro M, Raposo M. Evaluation of EGCG Loading Capacity in DMPC Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6771-6781. [PMID: 31006246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Catechins are molecules with potential use in different pathologies such as diabetes and cancer, but their pharmaceutical applications are often hindered by their instability in the bloodstream. This issue can be circumvented using liposomes as their nanocarriers for in vivo delivery. In this work, we studied the molecular details of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) interacting with 1,2-dimyristoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) monolayer/bilayer systems to understand the catechin loading ability and liposome stability, using experimental and computational techniques. The molecular dynamics simulations show the EGCG molecules deep inside the lipid bilayer, positioned below the lipid ester groups, generating a concentration-dependent lipid condensation. This effect was also inferred from the surface pressure isotherms of DMPC monolayers. In the polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectra assays, the predominant effect at higher concentrations of EGCG (e.g., 20 mol %) was an increase in lipid tail disorder. The steady-state fluorescence data confirmed this disordered state, indicating that the catechin-induced liposome aggregation outweighs the condensation effects. Therefore, by adding more than 10 mol % EGCG to the liposomes, a destabilization of the vesicles occurs with the ensuing release of entrapped catechins. The loading capacity for DMPC seems to be limited by its disordered lipid arrangements, typical of a fluid phase. To further increase the clinical usefulness of liposomes, lipid bilayers with more stable and organized assemblies should be employed to avoid aggregation at large concentrations of catechin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Pires
- Departamento de Física, CEFITEC, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
| | - Vananélia P N Geraldo
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , 13560-970 Sao Carlos , Brazil
| | - Bárbara Rodrigues
- Departamento de Física, CEFITEC, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
| | - António de Granada-Flor
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica , Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Rodrigo F M de Almeida
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica , Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos , Universidade de São Paulo , 13560-970 Sao Carlos , Brazil
| | - Bruno L Victor
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica , Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Miguel Machuqueiro
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica , Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Maria Raposo
- Departamento de Física, CEFITEC, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Caparica , Portugal
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Dietary antioxidants as a source of hydrogen peroxide. Food Chem 2018; 278:692-699. [PMID: 30583431 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies of 54 antioxidants revealed that 27 of them, mainly polyphenols, generated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) when added to Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), other media used for culture of mammalian and yeast cells and phosphate-buffered saline. The most active antioxidants were: propyl gallate (PG), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and quercetin (Q). Chelex treatment and iron chelators decreased H2O2 generation suggesting that transition metal ions catalyze antioxidant autoxidation and H2O2 production. Green tea also generated H2O2; tea prepared on tap water generated significantly more H2O2 than tea prepared on deionized water. Ascorbic acid decreased H2O2 production although it generated H2O2 itself, in the absence of other additives. Lemon added to the tea significantly reduced generation of H2O2. Hydrogen peroxide generated in the medium contributed to the cytotoxicity of PG, EGCG and Q to human prostate carcinoma DU-145 cells, since catalase increased the survival of the cells subjected to these compounds in vitro.
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Key Words
- (+)-Catechin, CID: 9064
- (−)-Epicatechin gallate, CID: 107905
- (−)-Epicatechin, CID: 72276
- (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate, CID: 65064
- (−)-Epigallocatechin, CID: 72277
- 2,6-di-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol, CID: 66609
- Aminoguanidine hydrochloride, CID: 2734687
- Antioxidant
- Apigenin, CID: 5280443
- Ascorbic acid
- Autoxidation
- Betanin, CID: 54600918
- Buthylhydroxyanizole, CID: 24667
- Caffeic acid, CID: 689043
- Chlorogenic acid, CID: 1794427
- Citric acid, CID: 311
- Curcumin, CID: 969516
- Daidzein, CID: 5281708
- Ethoxyquin, CID: 3293
- Gallic acid, CID: 370
- Genistein, CID: 5280961
- Gentisic acid, CID: 3469
- Glycitein, CID: 5317750
- Hesperetin, CID: 72281
- Hesperidin, CID: 10621
- Hydrocinnamic acid (3-Phenylpropionic acid), CID: 107
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Mangiferin, CID: 5281647
- Melatonin, CID: 896
- Metformin hydrochloride, CID: 14219
- Morin, CID: 5281670
- N-Acetylcysteine, CID: 12035
- Naringenin, CID: 932
- Naringin, CID: 442428
- Oxaloacetic acid, CID: 970
- Polyphenols
- Propyl gallate, CID: 4947
- Pyrogallol, CID: 1057
- Pyruvic acid, CID: 1060
- Quercetin, CID: 5280343
- Rutin, CID: 5280805
- Sinapic acid, CID: 637775
- Sodium ascorbate, CID: 23667548
- Sodium succinate, CID: 9020
- Tea
- Trolox, CID: 40634
- Vanillic acid, CID: 8468
- d-Isoascorbic acid, CID: 54675810
- d-pantothenic acid hemicalcium, CID: 11306073
- l-Ascorbic acid, CID: 54670067
- l-Glutathione, CID: 124886
- l-cysteine, CID: 5862
- l-methionine, CID: 6137
- p-Coumaric acid, CID: 637542
- tert-Buthylhydroquinone, CID: 16043
- trans-Ferulic acid, CID: 445858
- trans-Resveratrol, CID: 445154
- β-Carotene, CID: 5280489
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Halliwell B. Artefacts with ascorbate and other redox-active compounds in cell culture: epigenetic modifications, and cell killing due to hydrogen peroxide generation in cell culture media. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:907-909. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1512749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
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Knickle A, Fernando W, Greenshields AL, Rupasinghe HPV, Hoskin DW. Myricetin-induced apoptosis of triple-negative breast cancer cells is mediated by the iron-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species from hydrogen peroxide. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:154-167. [PMID: 29742465 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Myricetin is a dietary phytochemical with anticancer activity; however, the effect of myricetin on breast cancer cells remains unclear. Here, we show that myricetin inhibited the growth of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells but was less inhibitory for normal cells. The effect of myricetin was comparable to epigallocatechin gallate and doxorubicin, and greater than resveratrol and cisplatin. Myricetin-treated TNBC cells showed evidence of early and late apoptosis/necrosis, which was associated with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, mitochondrial membrane destabilization and cytochrome c release, and double-strand DNA breaks. The antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine protected myricetin-treated TNBC cells from cytotoxicity due to DNA damage. Myricetin also induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in cell-free culture medium, as well as in the presence of TNBC cells and normal cells. In addition, deferiprone-mediated inhibition of intracellular ROS generation via the iron-dependent Fenton reaction and inhibition of extracellular ROS accumulation with superoxide dismutase plus catalase prevented myricetin-induced cytotoxicity in TNBC cell cultures. We conclude that the cytotoxic effect of myricetin on TNBC cells was due to oxidative stress initiated by extracellular H2O2 formed by autoxidation of myricetin, leading to intracellular ROS production via the Fenton reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Knickle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Wasundara Fernando
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anna L Greenshields
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David W Hoskin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Bedrood Z, Rameshrad M, Hosseinzadeh H. Toxicological effects of Camellia sinensis (green tea): A review. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1163-1180. [PMID: 29575316 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many scientific articles proved that green tea (GT), Camellia sinensis, has a great potential to manage central nervous system, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases and treat cancer and inflammatory disorders. However, it is important to consider that "natural" is not always "safe." Some relevant articles reported side effects of GT, detrimental effects on health. The aim of this study is to provide a classified report about the toxicity of GT and its main constituents in acute, subacute, subchronic, and chronic states. Furthermore, it discusses on the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and developmental toxicity of GT and its main constituents. The most important side effects have been reported hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal disorders specially while consumed on an empty stomach. GT and its main components are not major teratogen, mutagen, or carcinogen substances. However, there is limited data in using them during pregnancy, and they should be used with caution in pregnancy, breast-feeding, and susceptible people. Because GT and its main components have a wide variety of drug interactions, consideration should be taken in coadministration of them with narrow therapeutic indexed drugs. Furthermore, they evoke selective cytotoxicity on cancerous cells that could engage them as an adjuvant substance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Bedrood
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Rameshrad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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40
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Copetti C, Franco FW, Machado EDR, Soquetta MB, Quatrin A, Ramos VDM, Moreira JCF, Emanuelli T, Sautter CK, Penna NG. Acute Consumption of Bordo Grape Juice and Wine Improves Serum Antioxidant Status in Healthy Individuals and Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Human Neuron-Like Cells. J Nutr Metab 2018; 2018:4384012. [PMID: 29686894 PMCID: PMC5852837 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4384012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies investigated the biological effects of American grape cultivars. We investigated the metabolic response after acute consumption of grape juice or wine from Bordo grapes (Vitis labrusca) in a placebo-controlled crossover study with fifteen healthy volunteers. Blood samples were collected 1 hour after the intake of 100 mL of water, juice, or wine to measure TBARS, ABTS, FRAP, glucose, and uric acid levels. To evaluate differences in cellular response, intracellular reactive species production (DCFH-DA) and metabolic mitochondrial viability (MTT) were assessed after exposure of human neuron-like cells (SH-SY5Y) to juice or wine. Glycemia was reduced after juice or wine consumption, whereas blood levels of uric acid were reduced after juice consumption but increased after wine consumption. Juice and wine consumption reduced plasma lipid peroxidation and increased plasma antioxidant capacity (ABTS and FRAP assays). Furthermore, juice inhibited H2O2-induced intracellular production of reactive species (RS) and increased the viability of SH-SY5Y cells. In contrast, wine (dealcoholized) exhibited a per se effect by inducing the production of RS and reducing cell viability. These results indicate a positive impact of acute consumption of Bordo juice and wine on human oxidative status, whereas only juice had protective effects against oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Copetti
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Wouters Franco
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda da Rosa Machado
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcela Bromberger Soquetta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Quatrin
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Miranda Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Oxidative Stress Research (CEEO), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street–Annex, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Oxidative Stress Research (CEEO), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2600 Ramiro Barcelos Street–Annex, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Kaehler Sautter
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Neidi Garcia Penna
- Department of Food Technology and Science, Center of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Masilamani T, Subramaniam T, Nordin N, Rosli R. Neuroprotective effects of Peltophorum pterocarpum leaf extract against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-017-0054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Moshawih S, Cheema MS, Ibraheem ZO, Tailan ND, Hakim MN. Cosmos caudatus extract/fractions reduce smooth muscle cells migration and invasion in vitro : A potential benefit of suppressing atherosclerosis. Porto Biomed J 2017; 2:293-300. [PMID: 32258785 PMCID: PMC6806747 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Cosmos caudatus Ethanolic extract fractionation by n-butanol produced a phenolics-saponin rich fraction.Cosmos caudatus butanol fraction was the most potent in all antioxidant and MTT assays.High concentrations of all fractions increased cells migration and invasion in vitro.Butanol fraction intermediate concentration maximally inhibited VSMC migration and invasion.Mild concentrations of crude and butanol fractions showed the best invasion inhibition index. BACKGROUND Cosmos caudatus Kunth is a medicinal herb used traditionally in Latin America and South East Asia to retard aging, rigidify bones and for several cardiovascular uses. OBJECTIVE Is to assess C. caudatus extract/fractions' antioxidant and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) migration and invasion inhibition capacity in vitro. METHODS Cosmos caudatus shoots were extracted by cold maceration in 50% ethanol to produce crude (CEE), and then the extract was fractionated to butanol (Bu.F), and aqueous fractions (Aq.f). Phenolics and saponins were quantified in extract and fractions by colorimetric methods and their antioxidant capacity was assayed in four different tests. Cytotoxic effect and safety level concentrations were determined for the fractions by using MTT assay. Migration and invasion inhibitory potential were measured in vitro at three different concentrations equivalent to (IC10, IC25, and IC50). Finally, invasion inhibitory index was calculated to obtain the best fraction(s) that show(s) the highest ratio of cell invasion inhibition to the total cell migration inhibition. RESULTS Butanol fraction yield was the lowest; nevertheless, its phytochemical contents, antioxidant activities as well as its potency were the highest. Unlike other fractions, Bu.F was strongly correlated with all antioxidant assays experimented. In addition, it has the highest inhibitory effect at IC25 against VSMCs migration and invasion that accounts for 53.93% and 59.94% respectively. Unexpectedly, Bu.F and CEE at IC10 displayed the highest invasion inhibitory index (approx. 68%). CONCLUSION Butanol fraction of C. caudatus offers a potentiality for the discovery of new leads for preventing atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Moshawih
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Manraj S Cheema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zaid O Ibraheem
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nirmala Devi Tailan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Nazrul Hakim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Selby-Pham SNB, Cottrell JJ, Dunshea FR, Ng K, Bennett LE, Howell KS. Dietary Phytochemicals Promote Health by Enhancing Antioxidant Defence in a Pig Model. Nutrients 2017; 9:E758. [PMID: 28708113 PMCID: PMC5537872 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical-rich diets are protective against chronic diseases and mediate their protective effect by regulation of oxidative stress (OS). However, it is proposed that under some circumstances, phytochemicals can promote production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro, which might drive OS-mediated signalling. Here, we investigated the effects of administering single doses of extracts of red cabbage and grape skin to pigs. Blood samples taken at baseline and 30 min intervals for 4 hours following intake were analyzed by measures of antioxidant status in plasma, including Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. In addition, dose-dependent production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by the same extracts was measured in untreated commercial pig plasma in vitro. Plasma from treated pigs showed extract dose-dependent increases in non-enzymatic (plasma TEAC) and enzymatic (GPx) antioxidant capacities. Similarly, extract dose-dependent increases in H₂O₂ were observed in commercial pig plasma in vitro. The antioxidant responses to extracts by treated pigs were highly correlated with their respective yields of H₂O₂ production in vitro. These results support that dietary phytochemicals regulate OS via direct and indirect antioxidant mechanisms. The latter may be attributed to the ability to produce H₂O₂ and to thereby stimulate cellular antioxidant defence systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N B Selby-Pham
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Jeremy J Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Ken Ng
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Louise E Bennett
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Kate S Howell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Curcumin Protects Skin against UVB-Induced Cytotoxicity via the Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway: The Use of a Microemulsion Delivery System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5205471. [PMID: 28757910 PMCID: PMC5516744 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5205471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin was found to be beneficial in treating several skin pathologies and diseases, providing antioxidant protection due to its reducing properties and its electrophilic properties (the ability to activate the Nrf2 pathway and induce phase II cytoprotective enzymes). Nevertheless, clinical applications of curcumin are being hampered by its insufficient solubility, chemical instability, and poor absorption, leading to low efficacy in preventing skin pathologies. These limitations can be overcome by using a nanotechnology-based delivery system. Here, we elucidated the possibility of using curcumin encapsulated in a microemulsion preserving its unique chemical structure. We also examined whether curcumin microemulsion would reduce UVB-induced toxicity in skin. A significant curcumin concentration was found in the human skin dermis following topical application of a curcumin microemulsion. Moreover, curcumin microemulsion enhanced the reduction of UV-induced cytotoxicity in epidermal cells, paving the way for other incorporated electrophiles in encapsulated form protecting skin against stress-related diseases.
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Mechanisms of chromosomal aberrations induced by sesamin metabolites in Chinese hamster lung cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 822:19-26. [PMID: 28844238 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sesamin is a major lignan in sesame seeds and oil. We previously demonstrated that sesamin induces chromosomal aberrations (CA) in Chinese hamster lung (CHL/IU) cells in the presence of a metabolic activation system (S9 mix), although no genotoxicity was detected in vivo. To clarify the mechanism of CA induction by sesamin, we identified its principal active metabolite. A mono-catechol derivative, [2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-6-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabi-cyclo[3.3.0]octane (SC-1)], was previously identified in culture medium when sesamin was incubated with S9 mix. In the present study, we show that SC-1 induces CA in CHL/IU cells but not in human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells. SC-1 was unstable in culture medium. Addition of glutathione (GSH) to the incubation mixture decreased the rate of decomposition and also suppressed induction of CA in CHL/IU cells. These results indicate that SC-1 itself may not contribute to the induction of CA. Two GSH adducts of SC-1 were identified when SC-1 was incubated with GSH, suggesting that SC-1 was converted to the semiquinone/quinone form and then conjugated with GSH in the culture medium. Sodium sulfite (a quinone-responsive compound) also suppressed CA induction by SC-1. These findings strongly suggest that SC-1 is oxidized to semiquinone/quinone derivatives extracellularly in culture medium, that these derivatives are responsible for the induction of CA in CHL/IU cells, and therefore that the positive results obtained with sesamin in in vitro CA tests using CHL/IU cells may not be relevant to the assessment of in vivo activity.
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Zhang T, Mu Y, Yang M, Al Maruf A, Li P, Li C, Dai S, Lu J, Dong Q. (+)-Catechin prevents methylglyoxal-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in EA.hy926 cells. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:121-127. [PMID: 28005432 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2016.1263868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether (+)-catechin, a strong antioxidant, can prevent methylglyoxal (MGO)-induced cytotoxicity and its mechanism. METHODS Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial morphology were measured in EA.hy926 cells. RESULT MGO (4 mM)-induced cytotoxicity was markedly inhibited by (+)-catechin (0.1-4 mM) in 24 h. 1 mM MGO-induced apoptotic cell death (44.7%) was significantly inhibited by 4 mM (+)-catechin (to 24.4%), 1 mM aminoguanidine (AG) (to 28.8%) or 4 mM N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (to 24.3%). (+)-Catechin (4 mM) or AG (4 mM) can inhibit the decrease of MMP induced by MGO (2-8 mM) in 3 h. (+)-Catechin (4 mM) or AG (4 mM) can inhibit MGO (4 mM)-induced mitochondrial swelling in 3 h. However, MGO (4 mM)-induced ROS and H2O2 generation was not prevented by (+)-catechin (4 mM). CONCLUSIONS (+)-Catechin prevents MGO-induced cytotoxicity in EA.Hy926 cells through inhibiting apoptosis and mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Yingying Mu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Mingqi Yang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | | | - Panpan Li
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Chao Li
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Shaohua Dai
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Jiangyi Lu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
| | - Qiang Dong
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi , China and
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Naponelli V, Ramazzina I, Lenzi C, Bettuzzi S, Rizzi F. Green Tea Catechins for Prostate Cancer Prevention: Present Achievements and Future Challenges. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6020026. [PMID: 28379200 PMCID: PMC5488006 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea catechins (GTCs) are a family of chemically related compounds usually classified as antioxidant molecules. Epidemiological evidences, supported by interventional studies, highlighted a more than promising role for GTCs in human prostate cancer (PCa) chemoprevention. In the last decades, many efforts have been made to gain new insights into the mechanism of action of GTCs. Now it is clear that GTCs' anticancer action can no longer be simplistically limited to their direct antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties. Recent contributions to the advancement of knowledge in this field have shown that GTCs specifically interact with cellular targets, including cell surface receptors, lipid rafts, and endoplasmic reticulum, modulate gene expression through direct effect on transcription factors or indirect epigenetic mechanisms, and interfere with intracellular proteostasis at various levels. Many of the effects observed in vitro are dose and cell context dependent and take place at concentrations that cannot be achieved in vivo. Poor intestinal absorption together with an extensive systemic and enteric metabolism influence GTCs' bioavailability through still poorly understood mechanisms. Recent efforts to develop delivery systems that increase GTCs' overall bioavailability, by means of biopolymeric nanoparticles, represent the main way to translate preclinical results in a real clinical scenario for PCa chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Naponelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, Parma 43124, Italy.
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, Rome 00136, Italy.
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Ileana Ramazzina
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, Parma 43124, Italy.
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, Rome 00136, Italy.
| | - Chiara Lenzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Saverio Bettuzzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, Parma 43124, Italy.
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, Rome 00136, Italy.
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy.
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/a, Parma 43124, Italy.
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, Rome 00136, Italy.
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Health-beneficial nutraceuticals—myth or reality? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:951-961. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Farhan M, Oves M, Chibber S, Hadi SM, Ahmad A. Mobilization of Nuclear Copper by Green Tea Polyphenol Epicatechin-3-Gallate and Subsequent Prooxidant Breakage of Cellular DNA: Implications for Cancer Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010034. [PMID: 28035959 PMCID: PMC5297669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological as well as experimental evidence exists in support of chemopreventive and anticancer properties of green tea and its constituents. The gallocatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate is a major polyphenol present in green tea, shown responsible for these effects. Plant-derived polyphenolic compounds are established natural antioxidants which are capable of catalyzing oxidative DNA degradation of cellular DNA, alone as well as in the presence of transition metal ions, such as copper. Here we present evidence to support that, similar to various other polyphenoic compounds, epicatechin-3-gallate also causes oxidative degradation of cellular DNA. Single cell alkaline gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) was used to assess DNA breakage in lymphocytes that were exposed to various concentrations of epicatechin-3-gallate. Inhibition of DNA breakage in the presence of scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) suggested involvement of ROS generation. Addition of neocuproine (a cell membrane permeable Cu(I) chelator) inhibited DNA degradation, dose-dependently, in intact lymphocytes. In contrast, bathocuproine, which does not permeate cell membrane, was observed to be ineffective. We further show that epicatechin-3-gallate degrades DNA in cell nuclei, which can also be inhibited by neocuproine, suggesting mobilization of nuclear copper in this reaction as well. Our results are indicative of ROS generation, possibly through mobilization of endogenous copper ions, and support our long-standing hypothesis of a prooxidant activity of plant-derived polyphenols as a mechanism for their documented anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh 202001, India.
| | - Mohammad Oves
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sandesh Chibber
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh 202001, India.
| | - Sheikh Mumtaz Hadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh 202001, India.
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604-1405, USA.
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Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rat Liver Mitochondria and Hepatocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7573131. [PMID: 28074116 PMCID: PMC5198192 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7573131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a green tea antioxidant with adverse effects on rat liver mitochondria and hepatocytes at high doses. Here, we assessed whether low doses of EGCG would protect these systems from damage induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). Rat liver mitochondria or permeabilized rat hepatocytes were pretreated with EGCG and then exposed to tBHP. Oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and mitochondrial retention capacity for calcium were measured. First, 50 μM EGCG or 0.25 mM tBHP alone increased State 4 Complex I-driven respiration, thus demonstrating uncoupling effects; tBHP also inhibited State 3 ADP-stimulated respiration. Then, the coexposure to 0.25 mM tBHP and 50 μM EGCG induced a trend of further decline in the respiratory control ratio beyond that observed upon tBHP exposure alone. EGCG had no effect on MMP and no effect, in concentrations up to 50 μM, on mitochondrial calcium retention capacity. tBHP led to a decline in both MMP and mitochondrial retention capacity for calcium; these effects were not changed by pretreatment with EGCG. In addition, EGCG dose-dependently enhanced hydrogen peroxide formation in a cell- and mitochondria-free medium. Conclusion. Moderate nontoxic doses of EGCG were not able to protect rat liver mitochondria and hepatocytes from tBHP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
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