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Onaolapo OJ, Onaolapo AY, Olowe OA, Udoh MO, Udoh DO, Nathaniel TI. Melatonin and Melatonergic Influence on Neuronal Transcription Factors: Implications for the Development of Novel Therapies for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:563-577. [PMID: 31885352 PMCID: PMC7457420 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666191230114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a multifunctional signalling molecule that is secreted by the mammalian pineal gland, and also found in a number of organisms including plants and bacteria. Research has continued to uncover an ever-increasing number of processes in which melatonin is known to play crucial roles in mammals. Amongst these functions is its contribution to cell multiplication, differentiation and survival in the brain. Experimental studies show that melatonin can achieve these functions by influencing transcription factors which control neuronal and glial gene expression. Since neuronal survival and differentiation are processes that are important determinants of the pathogenesis, course and outcome of neurodegenerative disorders; the known and potential influences of melatonin on neuronal and glial transcription factors are worthy of constant examination. In this review, relevant scientific literature on the role of melatonin in preventing or altering the course and outcome of neurodegenerative disorders, by focusing on melatonin's influence on transcription factors is examined. A number of transcription factors whose functions can be influenced by melatonin in neurodegenerative disease models have also been highlighted. Finally, the therapeutic implications of melatonin's influences have also been discussed and the potential limitations to its applications have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle J. Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke Y. Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olugbenga A. Olowe
- Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Mojisola O. Udoh
- Department of Pathology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - David O. Udoh
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Thomas I. Nathaniel
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, Greenville, South Carolina, 29605, United States
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Martin LJ, Wong M. Skeletal Muscle-Restricted Expression of Human SOD1 in Transgenic Mice Causes a Fatal ALS-Like Syndrome. Front Neurol 2020; 11:592851. [PMID: 33381076 PMCID: PMC7767933 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.592851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease that causes motor neuron (MN) loss and skeletal muscle paralysis. It is uncertain whether this degeneration of MNs is triggered intrinsically and is autonomous, or if the disease initiating mechanisms are extrinsic to MNs. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle is a primary site of pathogenesis in ALS that triggers MN degeneration. Some inherited forms of ALS are caused by mutations in the superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) gene, that encodes an antioxidant protein, so we created transgenic (tg) mice expressing wild-type-, G37R-, and G93A-human SOD1 gene variants only in skeletal muscle. Presence of human SOD1 (hSOD1) protein in skeletal muscle was verified by western blotting, enzyme activity gels, and immunofluorescence in myofibers and satellite cells. These tg mice developed limb weakness and paresis with motor deficits, limb and chest muscle wasting, diaphragm atrophy, and age-related fatal disease with a lifespan shortening of 10–16%. Brown and white adipose tissue also became wasted. Myofibers of tg mice developed crystalline-like inclusions, individualized sarcomere destruction, mitochondriopathy with vesiculation, DNA damage, and activated p53. Satellite cells became apoptotic. The diaphragm developed severe loss of neuromuscular junction presynaptic and postsynaptic integrity, including decreased innervation, loss of synaptophysin, nitration of synaptophysin, and loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and scaffold protein rapsyn. Co-immunoprecipitation identified hSOD1 interaction with rapsyn. Spinal cords of tg mice developed gross atrophy. Spinal MNs formed cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions, axonopathy, mitochondriopathy, accumulated DNA damage, activated p53 and cleaved caspase-3, and died. Tg mice had a 40–50% loss of MNs. This work shows that hSOD1 in skeletal muscle is a driver of pathogenesis in ALS, that involves myofiber and satellite cell toxicity, and apparent muscle-adipose tissue disease relationships. It also identifies a non-autonomous mechanism for MN degeneration explaining their selective vulnerability as likely a form of target-deprivation retrograde neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Martin
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pathobiology Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Margaret Wong
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Genetic Association between Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8100243. [PMID: 28953220 PMCID: PMC5664093 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. An ALS drug, Riluzole, has been shown to induce two different anticancer effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In light of this finding, we explore the relationship between ALS and cancer, especially for HCC, from the molecular biological viewpoint. We establish biomarkers that can discriminate between ALS patients and healthy controls. A principal component analysis (PCA) based unsupervised feature extraction (FE) is used to find gene biomarkers of ALS based on microarray gene expression data. Based on this method, 101 probes were selected as biomarkers for ALS with 95% high accuracy to discriminate between ALS patients and controls. Most of the genes corresponding to these probes are shown to be related to various cancers. These findings might provide a new insight for developing new therapeutic options or drugs for both ALS and cancer.
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Lunetta C, Lizio A, Sansone VA, Cellotto NM, Maestri E, Bettinelli M, Gatti V, Melazzini MG, Meola G, Corbo M. Strictly monitored exercise programs reduce motor deterioration in ALS: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. J Neurol 2015; 263:52-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Grubman A, White AR, Liddell JR. Mitochondrial metals as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2159-73. [PMID: 24206195 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals are critical for enzyme function and protein folding, but in excess can mediate neurotoxic oxidative processes. As mitochondria are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to radicals generated during ATP production, mitochondrial biometal homeostasis must therefore be tightly controlled to safely harness the redox potential of metal enzyme cofactors. Dysregulation of metal functions is evident in numerous neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Friedrich's ataxia. This review describes the mitochondrial metal defects in these disorders and highlights novel metal-based therapeutic approaches that target mitochondrial metal homeostasis in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grubman
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Dhar SK, Zhang J, Gal J, Xu Y, Miao L, Lynn BC, Zhu H, Kasarskis EJ, St Clair DK. FUsed in sarcoma is a novel regulator of manganese superoxide dismutase gene transcription. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1550-66. [PMID: 23834335 PMCID: PMC3942683 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS FUsed in sarcoma (FUS) is a multifunctional DNA/RNA-binding protein that possesses diverse roles, such as RNA splicing, RNA transport, DNA repair, translation, and transcription. The network of enzymes and processes regulated by FUS is far from being fully described. In this study, we have focused on the mechanisms of FUS-regulated manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene transcription. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that FUS is a component of the transcription complex that regulates the expression of MnSOD. Overexpression of FUS increased MnSOD expression in a dose-dependent manner and knockdown of FUS by siRNA led to the inhibition of MnSOD gene transcription. Reporter analyses, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, affinity chromatography, and surface plasmon resonance analyses revealed the far upstream region of MnSOD promoter as an important target of FUS-mediated MnSOD transcription and confirmed that FUS binds to the MnSOD promoter and interacts with specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Importantly, overexpression of familial amyotropic lateral sclerosis (fALS)-linked R521G mutant FUS resulted in a significantly reduced level of MnSOD expression and activity, which is consistent with the decline in MnSOD activity observed in fibroblasts from fALS patients with the R521G mutation. R521G-mutant FUS abrogates MnSOD promoter-binding activity and interaction with Sp1. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION This study identifies FUS as playing a critical role in MnSOD gene transcription and reveals a previously unrecognized relationship between MnSOD and mutant FUS in fALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit Kumar Dhar
- 1 Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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Boyer JG, Ferrier A, Kothary R. More than a bystander: the contributions of intrinsic skeletal muscle defects in motor neuron diseases. Front Physiol 2013; 4:356. [PMID: 24391590 PMCID: PMC3866803 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) are devastating diseases characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons. Although the molecular causes underlying these diseases differ, recent findings have highlighted the contribution of intrinsic skeletal muscle defects in motor neuron diseases. The use of cell culture and animal models has led to the important finding that muscle defects occur prior to and independently of motor neuron degeneration in motor neuron diseases. In SMA for instance, the muscle specific requirements of the SMA disease-causing gene have been demonstrated by a series of genetic rescue experiments in SMA models. Conditional ALS mouse models expressing a muscle specific mutant SOD1 gene develop atrophy and muscle degeneration in the absence of motor neuron pathology. Treating SBMA mice by over-expressing IGF-1 in a skeletal muscle-specific manner attenuates disease severity and improves motor neuron pathology. In the present review, we provide an in depth description of muscle intrinsic defects, and discuss how they impact muscle function in these diseases. Furthermore, we discuss muscle-specific therapeutic strategies used to treat animal models of SMA, ALS, and SBMA. The study of intrinsic skeletal muscle defects is crucial for the understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases and will open new therapeutic options for the treatment of motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Boyer
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program Ottawa ON, Canada ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Ferrier
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program Ottawa ON, Canada ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program Ottawa ON, Canada ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Manzano R, Toivonen JM, Calvo AC, Oliván S, Zaragoza P, Muñoz MJ, Montarras D, Osta R. Quantity and activation of myofiber-associated satellite cells in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:279-87. [PMID: 21537993 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Manzano
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
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Wong M, Martin LJ. Skeletal muscle-restricted expression of human SOD1 causes motor neuron degeneration in transgenic mice. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:2284-302. [PMID: 20223753 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons (MNs) that causes skeletal muscle paralysis. Familial forms of ALS are linked to mutations in the superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) gene. The mechanisms of human SOD1 (hSOD1) toxicity to MNs are unknown. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle is a primary site of pathogenesis in ALS that triggers MN degeneration. We created transgenic (tg) mice expressing wild-type-, G37R- and G93A-hSOD1 gene variants only in skeletal muscle. These tg mice developed age-related neurologic and pathologic phenotypes consistent with ALS. Affected mice showed limb weakness and paresis with motor deficits. Skeletal muscles developed severe pathology involving oxidative damage, protein nitration, myofiber cell death and marked neuromuscular junction (NMJ) abnormalities. Spinal MNs developed distal axonopathy and formed ubiquitinated inclusions and degenerated through an apoptotic-like pathway involving capsase-3. Mice expressing wild-type and mutant forms of hSOD1 developed MN pathology. These results demonstrate that human SOD1 in skeletal muscle has a causal role in ALS and identify a new non-autonomous mechanism for MN degeneration explaining their selective vulnerability. The discovery of instigating molecular toxicities or disease progression determinants within skeletal muscle could be very valuable for the development of new effective therapies for the treatment and cure of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Wong
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 558 Ross Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA
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Chu CT, Plowey ED, Wang Y, Patel V, Jordan-Sciutto KL. Location, location, location: altered transcription factor trafficking in neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66:873-83. [PMID: 17917581 PMCID: PMC2220049 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e318156a3d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons may be particularly sensitive to disruptions in transcription factor trafficking. Survival and injury signals must traverse dendrites or axons, in addition to soma, to affect nuclear transcriptional responses. Transcription factors exhibit continued nucleocytoplasmic shuttling; the predominant localization is regulated by binding to anchoring proteins that mask nuclear localization/export signals and/or target the factor for degradation. Two functional groups of karyopherins, importins and exportins, mediate RanGTPase-dependent transport through the nuclear pore. A growing number of recent studies, in Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Lewy body diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, implicate aberrant cytoplasmic localization of transcription factors and their regulatory kinases in degenerating neurons. Potential mechanisms include impaired nuclear import, enhanced export, suppression of degradation, and sequestration in protein aggregates or organelles and may reflect unmasking of alternative cytoplasmic functions, both physiologic and pathologic. Some "nuclear" factors also function in mitochondria, and importins are also involved in axonal protein trafficking. Detrimental consequences of a decreased nuclear to cytoplasmic balance include suppression of neuroprotective transcription mediated by cAMP- and electrophile/antioxidant-response elements and gain of toxic cytoplasmic effects. Studying the pathophysiologic mechanisms regulating transcription factor localization should facilitate strategies to bypass deficits and restore adaptive neuroprotective transcriptional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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11
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Bacman SR, Bradley WG, Moraes CT. Mitochondrial involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: trigger or target? Mol Neurobiol 2006; 33:113-31. [PMID: 16603792 DOI: 10.1385/mn:33:2:113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous reports demonstrating mitochondrial abnormalities associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the disease onset and progression remains unknown. The intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic program is activated in the central nervous system of mouse models of ALS harboring mutant superoxide dismutase 1 protein. This is associated with the release of cytochrome-c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space and mitochondrial swelling. However, it is unclear if the observed mitochondrial changes are caused by the decreasing cellular viability or if these changes precede and actually trigger apoptosis. This article discusses the current evidence for mitochondrial involvement in familial and sporadic ALS and concludes that mitochondria is likely to be both a trigger and a target in ALS and that their demise is a critical step in the motor neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Bacman
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL, USA
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12
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Endogenous free radicals and antioxidants in the brain. NEURODEGENER DIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511544873.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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13
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Xu F, Morin C, Mitchell G, Ackerley C, Robinson B. The role of the LRPPRC (leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat cassette) gene in cytochrome oxidase assembly: mutation causes lowered levels of COX (cytochrome c oxidase) I and COX III mRNA. Biochem J 2004; 382:331-6. [PMID: 15139850 PMCID: PMC1133946 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Revised: 04/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leigh syndrome French Canadian (LSFC) is a variant of cytochrome oxidase deficiency found in Québec and caused by mutations in the LRPPRC (leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat cassette) gene. Northern blots showed that the LRPPRC mRNA levels seen in skeletal muscle>heart>placenta>kidney>liver>lung=brain were proportionally almost opposite in strength to the severity of the enzymic cytochrome oxidase defect. The levels of COX (cytochrome c oxidase) I and COX III mRNA visible on Northern blots were reduced in LSFC patients due to the common (A354V, Ala354-->Val) founder mutation. The amount of LRPPRC protein found in both fibroblast and liver mitochondria from LSFC patients was consistently reduced to <30% of control levels. Import of [(35)S]methionine LRPPRC into rat liver mitochondria was slower for the mutant (A354V) protein. A titre of LRPPRC protein was also found in nuclear fractions that could not be easily accounted for by mitochondrial contamination. [35S]Methionine labelling of mitochondrial translation products showed that the translation of COX I, and perhaps COX III, was specifically reduced in the presence of the mutation. These results suggest that the gene product of LRPPRC, like PET 309p, has a role in the translation or stability of the mRNA for mitochondrially encoded COX subunits. A more diffuse distribution of LRPPRC in LSFC cells compared with controls was evident when viewed by immunofluorescence microscopy, with less LRPPRC present in peripheral mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghao Xu
- *Metabolism Research Programme, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Charles Morin
- †Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital de Chicoutimi, 305 St-Vallier, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada G7H 5H6
| | - Grant Mitchell
- ‡Service de Génétique Medicale, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Cameron Ackerley
- §Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Brian H. Robinson
- *Metabolism Research Programme, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
- ∥Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A9
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Chung YH, Joo KM, Lee YJ, Cha CI. Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of MnSOD in the central nervous system of the transgenic mice expressing a human Cu/Zn SOD mutation. Brain Res 2003; 990:215-20. [PMID: 14568347 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used the SOD1(G93A) mutant transgenic mice as an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and performed immunohistochemical studies to investigate the changes of MnSOD in the central nervous system of transgenic mice at the age of 8, 13, and 18 weeks. In the spinal cord of wild-type SOD1 (wtSOD1) and SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice, MnSOD-immunoreactive neurons were distributed mainly in the anterior horn, although they were also observed in the posterior horn. The staining intensity of MnSOD was significantly increased in the spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice at presymptomatic and symptomatic stage. In the brainstem of symptomatic SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice, significantly increased immunoreactivity for MnSOD was observed in abducens nucleus, facial nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, hypoglossal nucleus, medullary and pontine reticular formation, superior and inferior olivary nucleus, and cochlear nucleus. The present study provides the first evidence that MnSOD immunoreactivity was increased in the central nervous system of SOD(G93A) transgenic mice, suggesting that mitochondria may play an important role in the pathogenesis and progress of ALS. The mechanisms underlying the increased immunoreactivity for MnSOD, and the functional implications of these increases, require elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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15
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Orrell RW, Schapira AHV. Mitochondria and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2003; 53:411-26. [PMID: 12512348 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(02)53015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Orrell
- University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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16
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Casciati A, Ferri A, Cozzolino M, Celsi F, Nencini M, Rotilio G, Carrì MT. Oxidative modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB in human cells expressing mutant fALS-typical superoxide dismutases. J Neurochem 2002; 83:1019-29. [PMID: 12437573 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous evidence supports the notion of a redox regulation of protein phosphatase calcineurin that might be relevant for neurodegenerative processes where an imbalance between generation and removal of reactive oxygen species occurs. We have recently observed that calcineurin activity is depressed in human neuroblastoma cells expressing Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutant G93A and in brain areas from G93A transgenic mice, and that mutant G93A-SOD1 oxidatively inactivates calcineurin in vitro. We have studied the possibility that, by interfering directly with calcineurin activity, mutant SOD1 can modulate pathways of signal transduction mediated by redox-sensitive transcription factors. In this paper, we report a calcineurin-dependent activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) induced by the expression of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS)-SOD1s in human neuroblastoma cell lines. Alteration of the phosphorylation state of IkappaBalpha (the inhibitor of NF-kappaB translocation into the nucleus) and induction of cyclooxygenase 2 are consistent with the up-regulation of this transcription factor in this system. All of these modifications might be relevant to signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of fALS.
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Bergomi M, Vinceti M, Nacci G, Pietrini V, Brätter P, Alber D, Ferrari A, Vescovi L, Guidetti D, Sola P, Malagu S, Aramini C, Vivoli G. Environmental exposure to trace elements and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2002; 89:116-123. [PMID: 12123644 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2002.4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the association between the environmental exposure to trace elements and the risk of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in a population-based case-control study in the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. We evaluated exposure to selected trace elements by measuring toenail concentrations of the same by means of inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The final number enrolled in the study was 22 patients and 40 controls. Disease progression, assessed through a clinical score, was generally unassociated with toenail trace element levels, with the exception of an inverse relation with zinc and selenium content and a direct correlation with copper concentration. In logistic regression analysis, we found no evidence of an association between ALS risk and toenail content of cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, manganese, selenium, chromium, cobalt, iron, and aluminum. This investigation does not suggest a major role in sporadic ALS etiology of environmental exposure to these trace elements, though results for zinc, selenium, and copper should be evaluated with caution due to the potential limitations of toenails as biomarkers of chronic exposure in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bergomi
- Dipartmento di Scienze Igienistiche, Microbiologiche e Biostatistiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is essential for life as dramatically illustrated by the neonatal lethality of mice that are deficient in MnSOD. In addition, mice expressing only 50% of the normal compliment of MnSOD demonstrate increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and severe mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from elevation of reactive oxygen species. Thus, it is important to know the status of both MnSOD protein levels and activity in order to assess its role as an important regulator of cell biology. Numerous studies have shown that MnSOD can be induced to protect against pro-oxidant insults resulting from cytokine treatment, ultraviolet light, irradiation, certain tumors, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, overexpression of MnSOD has been shown to protect against pro-apoptotic stimuli as well as ischemic damage. Conversely, several studies have reported declines in MnSOD activity during diseases including cancer, aging, progeria, asthma, and transplant rejection. The precise biochemical/molecular mechanisms involved with this loss in activity are not well understood. Certainly, MnSOD gene expression or other defects could play a role in such inactivation. However, based on recent findings regarding the susceptibility of MnSOD to oxidative inactivation, it is equally likely that post-translational modification of MnSOD may account for the loss of activity. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that MnSOD is tyrosine nitrated and inactivated during human kidney allograft rejection and human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We have determined that peroxynitrite (ONOO- ) is the only known biological oxidant competent to inactivate enzymatic activity, to nitrate critical tyrosine residues, and to induce dityrosine formation in MnSOD. Tyrosine nitration and inactivation of MnSOD would lead to increased levels of superoxide and concomitant increases in ONOO- within the mitochondria which, could lead to tyrosine nitration/oxidation of key mitochondrial proteins and ultimately mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. This article assesses the important role of MnSOD activity in various pathological states in light of this potentially lethal positive feedback cycle involving oxidative inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Macmillan-Crow
- Pharmacology; University of Alabama at Birmingham 1900 8th Avenue, South Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Lee N, Daly MJ, Delmonte T, Lander ES, Xu F, Hudson TJ, Mitchell GA, Morin CC, Robinson BH, Rioux JD. A genomewide linkage-disequilibrium scan localizes the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean cytochrome oxidase deficiency to 2p16. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:397-409. [PMID: 11156535 PMCID: PMC1235273 DOI: 10.1086/318197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2000] [Accepted: 11/30/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Leigh syndrome (LS) affects 1/40,000 newborn infants in the worldwide population and is characterized by the presence of developmental delay and lactic acidosis and by a mean life expectancy variously estimated at 3-5 years. Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) cytochrome oxidase (COX) deficiency (LS French-Canadian type [LSFC] [MIM 220111]), an autosomal recessive form of congenital lactic acidosis, presents with developmental delay and hypotonia. It is an LS variant that is found in a geographically isolated region of Quebec and that occurs in 1/2,178 live births. Patients with LSFC show a phenotype similar to that of patients with LS, but the two groups differ in clinical presentation. We studied DNA samples from 14 patients with LSFC and from their parents, representing a total of 13 families. Because of founder effects in the SLSJ region, considerable linkage disequilibrium (LD) was expected to surround the LSFC mutation. We therefore performed a genomewide screen for LD, using 290 autosomal microsatellite markers. A single marker, D2S1356, located on 2p16, showed significant (P < 10(-5)) genomewide LD. Using high-resolution genetic mapping with additional markers and four additional families with LSFC, we were able to identify a common ancestral haplotype and to limit the critical region to approximately 2 cM between D2S119 and D2S2174. COX7AR, a gene encoding a COX7a-related protein, had previously been mapped to this region. We determined the genomic structure and resequenced this gene in patients with LSFC and in controls but found no functional mutations. Although the LSFC gene remains to be elucidated, the present study demonstrates the feasibility of using a genomewide LD strategy to localize the critical region for a rare genetic disease in a founder population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Lee
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Montréal Genome Centre, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, and Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal; and Department of Pediatrics and Research Clinic Unit, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Québec
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Montréal Genome Centre, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, and Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal; and Department of Pediatrics and Research Clinic Unit, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Québec
| | - Terrye Delmonte
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Montréal Genome Centre, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, and Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal; and Department of Pediatrics and Research Clinic Unit, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Québec
| | - Eric S. Lander
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Montréal Genome Centre, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, and Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal; and Department of Pediatrics and Research Clinic Unit, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Québec
| | - Fenghao Xu
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Montréal Genome Centre, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, and Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal; and Department of Pediatrics and Research Clinic Unit, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Québec
| | - Thomas J. Hudson
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Montréal Genome Centre, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, and Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal; and Department of Pediatrics and Research Clinic Unit, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Québec
| | - Grant A. Mitchell
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Montréal Genome Centre, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, and Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal; and Department of Pediatrics and Research Clinic Unit, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Québec
| | - Charles C. Morin
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Montréal Genome Centre, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, and Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal; and Department of Pediatrics and Research Clinic Unit, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Québec
| | - Brian H. Robinson
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Montréal Genome Centre, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, and Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal; and Department of Pediatrics and Research Clinic Unit, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Québec
| | - John D. Rioux
- Metabolism Research Programme, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, and Departments of Biochemistry and Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA; Montréal Genome Centre, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, and Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montréal; and Department of Pediatrics and Research Clinic Unit, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Québec
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