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Cardoso HJ, Carvalho TMA, Fonseca LRS, Figueira MI, Vaz CV, Socorro S. Revisiting prostate cancer metabolism: From metabolites to disease and therapy. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1499-1538. [PMID: 33274768 DOI: 10.1002/med.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, still presents important unmet clinical needs concerning treatment. In the last years, the metabolic reprogramming and the specificities of tumor cells emerged as an exciting field for cancer therapy. The unique features of PCa cells metabolism, and the activation of specific metabolic pathways, propelled the use of metabolic inhibitors for treatment. The present work revises the knowledge of PCa metabolism and the metabolic alterations that underlie the development and progression of the disease. A focus is given to the role of bioenergetic sources, namely, glucose, lipids, and glutamine sustaining PCa cell survival and growth. Moreover, it is described as the action of oncogenes/tumor suppressors and sex steroid hormones in the metabolic reprogramming of PCa. Finally, the status of PCa treatment based on the inhibition of metabolic pathways is presented. Globally, this review updates the landscape of PCa metabolism, highlighting the critical metabolic alterations that could have a clinical and therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M A Carvalho
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lara R S Fonseca
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marília I Figueira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cátia V Vaz
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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2
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Tarvainen I, Zimmermann T, Heinonen P, Jäntti MH, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Talman V, Franzyk H, Tuominen RK, Christensen SB. Missing Selectivity of Targeted 4β-Phorbol Prodrugs Expected to be Potential Chemotherapeutics. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:671-677. [PMID: 32435369 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting cytotoxic 4β-phorbol esters toward cancer tissue was attempted by conjugating a 4β-pborbol derivative with substrates for the proteases prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expressed in cancer tissue. The hydrophilic peptide moiety was hypothesized to prevent penetration of the prodrugs into cells and prevent interaction with PKC. Cleavage of the peptide in cancer tumors was envisioned to release lipophilic cytotoxins, which subsequently penetrate into cancer cells. The 4β-phorbol esters were prepared from 4β-phorbol isolated from Croton tiglium seeds, while the peptides were prepared by solid-phase synthesis. Cellular assays revealed activation of PKC by the prodrugs and efficient killing of both peptidase positive as well as peptidase negative cells. Consequently no selectivity for enzyme expressing cells was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilari Tarvainen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomáš Zimmermann
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pia Heinonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Helena Jäntti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Talman
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raimo K. Tuominen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Søren Brøgger Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Balaban S, Nassar ZD, Zhang AY, Hosseini-Beheshti E, Centenera MM, Schreuder M, Lin HM, Aishah A, Varney B, Liu-Fu F, Lee LS, Nagarajan SR, Shearer RF, Hardie RA, Raftopulos NL, Kakani MS, Saunders DN, Holst J, Horvath LG, Butler LM, Hoy AJ. Extracellular Fatty Acids Are the Major Contributor to Lipid Synthesis in Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:949-962. [PMID: 30647103 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer cells exhibit altered cellular metabolism but, notably, not the hallmarks of Warburg metabolism. Prostate cancer cells exhibit increased de novo synthesis of fatty acids (FA); however, little is known about how extracellular FAs, such as those in the circulation, may support prostate cancer progression. Here, we show that increasing FA availability increased intracellular triacylglycerol content in cultured patient-derived tumor explants, LNCaP and C4-2B spheroids, a range of prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, C4-2B, 22Rv1, PC-3), and prostate epithelial cells (PNT1). Extracellular FAs are the major source (∼83%) of carbons to the total lipid pool in all cell lines, compared with glucose (∼13%) and glutamine (∼4%), and FA oxidation rates are greater in prostate cancer cells compared with PNT1 cells, which preferentially partitioned extracellular FAs into triacylglycerols. Because of the higher rates of FA oxidation in C4-2B cells, cells remained viable when challenged by the addition of palmitate to culture media and inhibition of mitochondrial FA oxidation sensitized C4-2B cells to palmitate-induced apoptosis. Whereas in PC-3 cells, palmitate induced apoptosis, which was prevented by pretreatment of PC-3 cells with FAs, and this protective effect required DGAT-1-mediated triacylglycerol synthesis. These outcomes highlight for the first-time heterogeneity of lipid metabolism in prostate cancer cells and the potential influence that obesity-associated dyslipidemia or host circulating has on prostate cancer progression. IMPLICATIONS: Extracellular-derived FAs are primary building blocks for complex lipids and heterogeneity in FA metabolism exists in prostate cancer that can influence tumor cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seher Balaban
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zeyad D Nassar
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alison Y Zhang
- Cancer Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elham Hosseini-Beheshti
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret M Centenera
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Schreuder
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hui-Ming Lin
- Cancer Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Atqiya Aishah
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bianca Varney
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank Liu-Fu
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa S Lee
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shilpa R Nagarajan
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert F Shearer
- Cancer Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rae-Anne Hardie
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nikki L Raftopulos
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Meghna S Kakani
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darren N Saunders
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- Cancer Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew J Hoy
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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4
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Figiel S, Pinault M, Domingo I, Guimaraes C, Guibon R, Besson P, Tavernier E, Blanchet P, Multigner L, Bruyère F, Haillot O, Mathieu R, Vincendeau S, Rioux-Leclercq N, Lebdai S, Azzouzi AR, Perrouin-Verbe MA, Fournier G, Doucet L, Rigaud J, Renaudin K, Mahéo K, Fromont G. Fatty acid profile in peri-prostatic adipose tissue and prostate cancer aggressiveness in African-Caribbean and Caucasian patients. Eur J Cancer 2018; 91:107-115. [PMID: 29413967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and nutritional factors have been linked to the risk of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). The fatty acid (FA) composition of peri-prostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), which reflects the past FA intake, is potentially involved in PCa progression. We analysed the FA composition of PPAT, in correlation with the ethno-geographical origin of the patients and markers of tumour aggressiveness. METHODS From a cohort of 1000 men treated for PCa by radical prostatectomy, FA composition of PPAT was analysed in 156 patients (106 Caucasians and 50 African-Caribbeans), 78 with an indolent tumour (ISUP group 1 + pT2 + PSA <10 ng/mL) and 78 with an aggressive tumour (ISUP group 4-5 + pT3). The effect of FA extracted from PPAT on in-vitro migration of PCa cells DU145 was studied in 72 patients, 36 Caucasians, and 36 African-Caribbeans. RESULTS FA composition differed according to the ethno-geographical origin. Linoleic acid, an essential n-6 FA, was 2-fold higher in African-Caribbeans compared with Caucasian patients, regardless of disease aggressiveness. In African-Caribbeans, the FA profile associated with PCa aggressiveness was characterised by low level of linoleic acid along with high levels of saturates. In Caucasians, a weak and negative association was observed between eicosapentaenoic acid level (an n-3 FA) and disease aggressiveness. In-vitro migration of PCa cells using PPAT from African-Caribbean patients was associated with lower content of linoleic acid. CONCLUSION These results highlight an important ethno-geographical variation of PPAT, in both their FA content and association with tumour aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Figiel
- Inserm UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Michelle Pinault
- Inserm UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Isabelle Domingo
- Inserm UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Cyrille Guimaraes
- Inserm UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Roseline Guibon
- Inserm UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; CHRU Bretonneau, Department of Pathology, Tours, France; CHRU Bretonneau, Department of Urology, Tours, France
| | - Pierre Besson
- Inserm UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Elsa Tavernier
- CHRU Tours, Clinical Investigation Center - INSERM 1415, Tours, France
| | - Pascal Blanchet
- CHU Pointe à Pitre, Department of Urology, Guadeloupe, France; Inserm UMR1085 - IRSET, Rennes, France
| | | | - Franck Bruyère
- CHRU Bretonneau, Department of Pathology, Tours, France; CHRU Bretonneau, Department of Urology, Tours, France
| | - Olivier Haillot
- CHRU Bretonneau, Department of Pathology, Tours, France; CHRU Bretonneau, Department of Urology, Tours, France
| | - Romain Mathieu
- CHU Rennes, Department of Pathology, Rennes, France; CHU Rennes, Department of Urology, Rennes, France
| | - Sebastien Vincendeau
- CHU Rennes, Department of Pathology, Rennes, France; CHU Rennes, Department of Urology, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Rioux-Leclercq
- CHU Rennes, Department of Pathology, Rennes, France; CHU Rennes, Department of Urology, Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Georges Fournier
- CHU Brest, Department of Pathology, Brest, France; CHU Brest, Department of Urology, Brest, France
| | - Laurent Doucet
- CHU Brest, Department of Pathology, Brest, France; CHU Brest, Department of Urology, Brest, France
| | - Jerome Rigaud
- CHU Nantes, Department of Pathology, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Department of Urology, Nantes, France
| | - Karine Renaudin
- CHU Nantes, Department of Pathology, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Department of Urology, Nantes, France
| | - Karine Mahéo
- Inserm UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Gaëlle Fromont
- Inserm UMR1069 "Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer" Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; CHRU Bretonneau, Department of Pathology, Tours, France; CHRU Bretonneau, Department of Urology, Tours, France.
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5
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Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase the efficacy of docetaxel in mammary cancer cells by downregulating Akt and PKCε/δ-induced ERK pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:380-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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Baracos VE, Mazurak VC, Ma DWL. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids throughout the cancer trajectory: influence on disease incidence, progression, response to therapy and cancer-associated cachexia. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 17:177-92. [PMID: 19079925 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that diets rich in n-3 PUFA may be associated with reduced cancer risk. These observations have formed the rationale for exploring the mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA may be chemoprotective and have resulted in significant advances in our mechanistic understanding of n-3 PUFA action on tumour growth. Various interrelated and integrated mechanisms may be at work by which n-3 PUFA influence cancer at all stages of initiation, promotion, progression, and neoplastic transformation. More recently, experimental studies have reported enhanced tumour cell death with chemotherapy when fish oil is provided while toxic side effects to the host are reduced. Furthermore, cancer-associated wasting has been shown to be attenuated by fish oil supplementation. Clinical evidence suggests that the n-3 PUFA status of newly diagnosed cancer patients and individuals undergoing chemotherapy is low. Therefore, both the disease itself and therapeutic treatments may be contributing factors in the decline of n-3 PUFA status. Dietary supplementation to maintain and replenish n-3 PUFA status at key points in the cancer disease trajectory may provide additional health benefits and an enhanced quality of life. The present review will focus on and critically examine current research efforts related to the putative anti-cancer effects of n-3 PUFA and their suggested ability to palliate cancer-associated and treatment-associated symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie E Baracos
- Department of Oncology, Division of Palliative Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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7
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Dyck MC, Ma DWL, Meckling KA. The anticancer effects of Vitamin D and omega-3 PUFAs in combination via cod-liver oil: One plus one may equal more than two. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:326-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Zhao Y, Altman BJ, Coloff JL, Herman CE, Jacobs SR, Wieman HL, Wofford JA, Dimascio LN, Ilkayeva O, Kelekar A, Reya T, Rathmell JC. Glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha and 3beta mediate a glucose-sensitive antiapoptotic signaling pathway to stabilize Mcl-1. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:4328-39. [PMID: 17371841 PMCID: PMC1900055 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00153-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose uptake and utilization are growth factor-stimulated processes that are frequently upregulated in cancer cells and that correlate with enhanced cell survival. The mechanism of metabolic protection from apoptosis, however, has been unclear. Here we identify a novel signaling pathway initiated by glucose catabolism that inhibited apoptotic death of growth factor-deprived cells. We show that increased glucose metabolism protected cells against the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Bim and attenuated degradation of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Mcl-1. Maintenance of Mcl-1 was critical for this protection, as glucose metabolism failed to protect Mcl-1-deficient cells from apoptosis. Increased glucose metabolism stabilized Mcl-1 in both cell lines and primary lymphocytes via inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3alpha and 3beta (GSK-3alpha/beta), which otherwise promoted Mcl-1 degradation. While a number of kinases can phosphorylate and inhibit GSK-3alpha/beta, we provide evidence that protein kinase C may be stimulated by glucose-induced alterations in diacylglycerol levels or distribution to phosphorylate GSK-3alpha/beta, maintain Mcl-1 levels, and inhibit cell death. These data provide a novel nutrient-sensitive mechanism linking glucose metabolism and Bcl-2 family proteins via GSK-3 that may promote survival of cells with high rates of glucose utilization, such as growth factor-stimulated or cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, DUMC Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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9
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Song HJ, Sneddon AA, Heys SD, Wahle KWJ. Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of NF-kappaB activation in human prostate cancer cells by the cis-9, trans-11 but not the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid. Prostate 2006; 66:839-46. [PMID: 16491481 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) have anti-tumorigenic properties in animal models and anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro. Previous studies have shown that the NF-kappaB pathway is involved regulating anti-apoptotic gene expression. The present study investigated the effects of CLAs (cis-9, trans-11, and trans-10, cis-12 isomers and a 50:50 mixture) on apoptosis and NF-kappaB activation in LNCaP cells. METHODS Apoptosis was assessed by annexin V staining using flow cytometry. TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activity was determined by gel shift and reporter gene assays in addition to monitoring IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. RESULTS Only the CLA cis-9, trans-11 isomer significantly increased TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis (by 59%), which correlated with a reduction in NF-kappaB transcriptional activity (by 35%, P < 0.05), NF-kappaB binding activity (by 15%, P < 0.05), and phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha (by 36%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results may offer a mechanistic explanation for the reported inhibition of prostate tumor growth by CLAs in animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Song
- The Robert Gordon University, School of Life Sciences, St. Andrews Street, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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10
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Song HJ, Sneddon AA, Barker PA, Bestwick C, Choe SN, McClinton S, Grant I, Rotondo D, Heys SD, Wahle KWJ. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Inhibits Proliferation and Modulates Protein Kinase C Isoforms in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2004; 49:100-8. [PMID: 15456642 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc4901_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. The disease etiology is poorly understood, but diet and lifestyle are contributory factors. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), naturally occurring fatty acids in ruminant food products, have antitumor properties in animal models of cancer and antiproliferative effects on cancer cells in vitro. The cellular mechanisms by which CLAs elicit these effects are unclear, particularly for prostate cancer cells. We have previously identified protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, alpha, delta, iota, mu, and zeta in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of CLAs (individual cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isoforms and a 50:50 mixture) on PKC isoform abundance in LNCaP cells. Confluent cells were treated with 6, 25, and 50 microM CLA for 0.5, 6, and 24 h. Cytosol and membrane protein fractions were assayed for PKC isoforms (mainly alpha and delta but also iota, mu, and zeta) by Western blot analysis using specific antibodies. CLAs clearly modulated the abundance of these PKC isoforms, both positively and negatively, depending on the isoform, concentration of CLAs, and period of treatment. Increased PKC-delta and decreased PKC-iota membrane abundance was consistent with CLAs eliciting increased apoptosis and, in part, with their antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Song
- The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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11
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Kennett SB, Roberts JD, Olden K. Requirement of protein kinase C micro activation and calpain-mediated proteolysis for arachidonic acid-stimulated adhesion of MDA-MB-435 human mammary carcinoma cells to collagen type IV. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:3300-7. [PMID: 14607845 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305734200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) stimulation of adhesion of human metastatic breast carcinoma cells to collagen type IV depends on the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway(s) and is associated with the translocation of PKC mu from the cytoplasm to the membrane. In the present study, we have further explored the role of PKC mu in AA-stimulated adhesion. PKC mu activation site serines 738/742 and autophosphorylation site serine 910 are rapidly phosphorylated, and in vitro PKC mu kinase activity is enhanced in response to AA treatment. Inhibition of PKC mu activation blocks AA-stimulated adhesion. A phosphorylated, truncated species of PKC mu was detected in AA-treated cells. This 77-kDa protein contains the kinase domain but lacks a significant portion of the regulatory domains. Inhibition of calpain protease activity blocks generation of the truncated protein, promotes accumulation of the activated, full-length protein in the membrane, and blocks the AA-mediated increase in adhesion. p38 MAPK activity is also required for AA-stimulated adhesion. Activation of PKC mu and p38 are independent events. However, inhibition of p38 activity reduces calpain-mediated proteolysis of PKC mu and in vivo calpain activity, suggesting a role for p38 in regulation of calpain activity and a point for cross-talk between the PKC and MAPK pathways. These results support the hypothesis that AA stimulates activation of PKC mu, which is cleaved by calpain at the cell membrane. The resulting truncated kinase, as well as the full-length kinase, may be required for increased cell adhesion to collagen type IV. Additionally, these studies present the first evidence for calpain cleavage of a non-structural protein leading to the promotion of tumor cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Kennett
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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12
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Verlengia R, Gorjão R, Kanunfre CC, Bordin S, de Lima TM, Newsholme P, Curi R. Genes regulated by arachidonic and oleic acids in Raji cells. Lipids 2003; 38:1157-65. [PMID: 14733361 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
FA are known to modulate immune function in conditions such as arthritis and lupus erythematosus. The effects of arachidonic (AA) and oleic acids (OA) on function and pleiotropic gene expression of Raji cells were investigated. The following parameters were evaluated: cytotoxicity as assessed by loss of membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation; proliferation as measured by [14C]thymidine incorporation; production of interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (INF)-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha; and expression of pleiotropic genes by a macroarray technique (83 genes in total). AA was more toxic to Raji cells than OA. Both FA promoted an increase in Raji cell proliferation at 75 microM, whereas OA at high concentrations (200 microM) decreased proliferation. AA reduced the production of IL-10, TNF-alpha, and INF-gamma. On the other hand, OA provoked an increase of INF-gamma production but did not affect the production of IL-10 and TNF-alpha. The proportions of genes with altered expression were 27% for AA and 35% for OA. The FA affected the expression of genes clustered as: cytokines, signal transduction pathways, transcription factors, cell cycle, defense and repair, apoptosis, DNA synthesis, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton, and hormone receptors. The most remarkable changes were observed in the genes of signal transduction pathways. These results led us to conclude that the effect of these FA on B-lymphocytes includes regulation of gene expression. Thus, diets enriched with fat containing OA or AA may affect B lymphocyte function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozangela Verlengia
- Methodist University of Piracicaba, Faculty of Sciences of Health, Physical Education, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gioeli D, Ficarro SB, Kwiek JJ, Aaronson D, Hancock M, Catling AD, White FM, Christian RE, Settlage RE, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Weber MJ. Androgen receptor phosphorylation. Regulation and identification of the phosphorylation sites. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:29304-14. [PMID: 12015328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204131200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of signal transduction kinase cascades has been shown to alter androgen receptor (AR) activity. Although it has been suggested that changes in AR phosphorylation might be directly responsible, the basal and regulated phosphorylations of the AR have not been fully determined. We have identified the major sites of AR phosphorylation on ARs expressed in COS-1 cells using a combination of peptide mapping, Edman degradation, and mass spectrometry. We describe the identification of seven AR phosphorylation sites, show that the phosphopeptides seen with exogenously expressed ARs are highly similar to those seen with endogenous ARs in LNCaP cells and show that specific agonists differentially regulate the phosphorylation state of endogenous ARs in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Treatment of LNCaP cells with the synthetic androgen, R1881, elevates phosphorylation of serines 16, 81, 256, 308, 424, and 650. Ser-94 appears constitutively phosphorylated. Forskolin, epidermal growth factor, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate increase the phosphorylation of Ser-650. The kinetics of phosphorylation of most sites in response to hormone or forskolin is temporally delayed, reaching a maximum at 2 h post-stimulation. The exception is Ser-81, which continues to display increasing phosphorylation at 6 h. These data provide a basis for analyzing mechanisms of cross-talk between growth factor signaling and androgen in prostate development, physiology, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gioeli
- Department of Microbiology and Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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