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Chang H, Chen YT, Huang HE, Ger MJ. Overexpressing plant ferredoxin-like protein enhances photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrates accumulation in Phalaenopsis. Transgenic Res 2023; 32:547-560. [PMID: 37851307 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-023-00370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is one of three major models of carbon dioxide assimilation pathway with better water-use efficiency and slower photosynthetic efficiency in photosynthesis. Previous studies indicated that the gene of sweet pepper plant ferredoxin-like protein (PFLP) shows high homology to the ferredoxin-1(Fd-1) family that belongs to photosynthetic type Fd and involves in photosystem I. It is speculated that overexpressing pflp in the transgenic plant may enhance photosynthetic efficiency through the electron transport chain (ETC). To reveal the function of PFLP in photosynthetic efficiency, pflp transgenic Phalaenopsis, a CAM plant, was generated to analyze photosynthetic markers. Transgenic plants exhibited 1.2-folds of electron transport rate than that of wild type (WT), and higher CO2 assimilation rates up to 1.6 and 1.5-folds samples at 4 pm and 10 pm respectively. Enzyme activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was increased to 5.9-folds in Phase III, and NAD+-linked malic enzyme (NAD+-ME) activity increased 1.4-folds in Phase IV in transgenic plants. The photosynthesis products were analyzed between transgenic plants and WT. Soluble sugars contents such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose were found to significantly increase to 1.2, 1.8, and 1.3-folds higher in transgenic plants. The starch grains were also accumulated up to 1.4-folds in transgenic plants than that of WT. These results indicated that overexpressing pflp in transgenic plants increases carbohydrates accumulation by enhancing electron transport flow during photosynthesis. This is the first evidence for the PFLP function in CAM plants. Taken altogether, we suggest that pflp is an applicable gene for agriculture application that enhances electron transport chain efficiency during photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang Chang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, 30015, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-En Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Taitung University, Taitung, 95002, Taiwan
| | - Mang-Jye Ger
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 81148, Taiwan.
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Perron N, Tan B, Dufresne C, Chen S. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics of C3 to CAM transition in the common ice plant. Methods Enzymol 2022; 676:347-368. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Heyduk K, Ray JN, Ayyampalayam S, Leebens-Mack J. Shifts in gene expression profiles are associated with weak and strong Crassulacean acid metabolism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:587-601. [PMID: 29746718 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The relative ease of high throughput sequencing is facilitating comprehensive phylogenomic and gene expression studies, even for nonmodel groups. To date, however, these two approaches have not been merged; while phylogenomic methods might use transcriptome sequences to resolve relationships, assessment of gene expression patterns in a phylogenetic context is less common. Here we analyzed both carbon assimilation and gene expression patterns of closely related species within the Agavoideae (Asparagaceae) to elucidate changes in gene expression across weak and strong phenotypes for Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). METHODS Gene expression patterns were compared across four genera: Agave (CAM), which is paraphyletic with Polianthes (weak CAM) and Manfreda (CAM), and Beschorneria (weak CAM). RNA-sequencing was paired with measures of gas exchange and titratable acidity. Climate niche space was compared across the four lineages to examine abiotic factors and their correlation to CAM. KEY RESULTS Expression of homologous genes showed both shared and variable patterns in weak and strong CAM species. Network analysis highlights that despite shared expression patterns, highly connected genes differ between weak and strong CAM, implicating shifts in regulatory gene function as key for the evolution of CAM. Variation in carbohydrate metabolism between weak and strong CAM supports the importance of sugar turnovers for CAM physiology. CONCLUSIONS Integration of phylogenetics and RNA-sequencing provides a powerful tool to study the evolution of CAM photosynthesis across closely related but photosynthetically variable species. Our findings regarding shared or shifted gene expression and regulation of CAM via carbohydrate metabolism have important implications for efforts to engineer the CAM pathway into C3 food and biofuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Heyduk
- Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, 2502, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Jeremy N Ray
- Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, 2502, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | | | - James Leebens-Mack
- Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, 2502, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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Feria AB, Alvarez R, Cochereau L, Vidal J, García-Mauriño S, Echevarría C. Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase phosphorylation by metabolites and abscisic acid during the development and germination of barley seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:761-74. [PMID: 18753284 PMCID: PMC2556803 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.124982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During barley (Hordeum vulgare) seed development, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity increased and PEPC-specific antibodies revealed housekeeping (103-kD) and inducible (108-kD) subunits. Bacterial-type PEPC fragments were immunologically detected in denatured protein extracts from dry and imbibed conditions; however, on nondenaturing gels, the activity of the recently reported octameric PEPC (in castor [Ricinus communis] oil seeds) was not detected. The phosphorylation state of the PEPC, as judged by l-malate 50% inhibition of initial activity values, phosphoprotein chromatography, and immunodetection of the phosphorylated N terminus, was found to be high between 8 and 18 d postanthesis (DPA) and during imbibition. In contrast, the enzyme appeared to be in a low phosphorylation state from 20 DPA up to dry seed. The time course of 32/36-kD, Ca(2+)-independent PEPC kinase activity exhibited a substantial increase after 30 DPA that did not coincide with the PEPC phosphorylation profile. This kinase was found to be inhibited by l-malate and not by putative protein inhibitors, and the PEPC phosphorylation status correlated with high glucose-6-phosphate to malate ratios, thereby suggesting an in vivo metabolic control of the kinase. PEPC phosphorylation was also regulated by photosynthate supply at 11 DPA. In addition, when fed exogenously to imbibing seeds, abscisic acid significantly increased PEPC kinase activity. This was further enhanced by the cytosolic protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide but blocked by protease inhibitors, thereby suggesting that the phytohormone acts on the stability of the kinase. We propose that a similar abscisic acid-dependent effect may contribute to produce the increase in PEPC kinase activity during desiccation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Belén Feria
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Chen WH, Tseng YC, Liu YC, Chuo CM, Chen PT, Tseng KM, Yeh YC, Ger MJ, Wang HL. Cool-night temperature induces spike emergence and affects photosynthetic efficiency and metabolizable carbohydrate and organic acid pools in Phalaenopsis aphrodite. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:1667-75. [PMID: 18682955 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
After being acclimated to constant warm (28 degrees C day/28 degrees C night) and cool-night temperature (28 degrees C day/20 degrees C night) regimes in growth chambers for 2 weeks, the two groups of mature Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana plants both clearly exhibited a diurnal oscillation of stomatal conductance, net CO(2) uptake rate, malate and starch levels, and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) and NAD(+)-malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.39) activities. Hence, P. aphrodite is an obligate crassulacean acid metabolism plant. Nevertheless, different night temperature greatly affected both the stomatal conductance and the contribution of ambient and respiratory CO(2) to the nocturnal accumulation of malate. However, the amounts of nocturnal accumulated malate and daily deposited starch appeared to have no significant difference between the two groups. These results demonstrate that P. ahrodite is congruent with the characteristics of CAM plants having great flexibility and plasticity in response to changes in environmental conditions. In addition, the formation of reproductive stem, viz. spike, was noticeably inhibited by a constant warm temperature, but induced by a fluctuating warm day and cool night condition. The relationship between the metabolic pool variation and spike induction of Phalaenopsis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Huei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, No. 700 Kaohsiung University Rd, Nan-Tzu District 811, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R O C
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6
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Monreal JA, López-Baena FJ, Vidal J, Echevarría C, García-Mauriño S. Effect of LiCl on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase and the phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in leaf disks and leaves of Sorghum vulgare. PLANTA 2007; 225:801-12. [PMID: 16983537 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the effect of LiCl on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PEPCase-k), C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase: EC 4.1.1.31) and its phosphorylation process has been investigated in illuminated leaf disks and leaves of the C4 plant Sorghum vulgare. Although this salt induced severe damages to older leaves, it did not significantly alter the physiological parameters (photosynthesis, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration) of young leaves. An immunological approach was used to demonstrate that the PEPCase-k protein accumulated rapidly in illuminated leaf tissues, consistent with the increase in its catalytic activity. In vivo, LiCl was shown to strongly enhance the light effect on PEPCase-k protein content, this process being dependent on protein synthesis. In marked contrast, the salt was found to inhibit the PEPCase-k activity in reconstituted assays and to decrease the C4 PEPCase content and phosphorylation state in LiCl treated plants. Short-term (15 min) LiCl treatment increased IP3 levels, PPCK gene expression, and PEPCase-k accumulation. Extending the treatment (1 h) markedly decreased IP3 and PPCK gene expression, while PEPCase-k activity was kept high. The cytosolic protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX), which blocked the light-dependent up-regulation of the kinase in control plants, was found not to be active on this process in preilluminated, LiCl-treated leaves. This suggested that the salt causes the kinase turnover to be altered, presumably by decreasing degradation of the corresponding polypeptide. Taken together, these results establish PEPCase-k and PEPCase phosphorylation as lithium targets in higher plants and that this salt can provide a means to investigate further the organization and functioning of the cascade controlling the activity of both enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Monreal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Izui K, Matsumura H, Furumoto T, Kai Y. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: a new era of structural biology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2004; 55:69-84. [PMID: 15725057 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There have been remarkable advances in our knowledge of this important enzyme in the last decade. This review focuses on three recent topics: the three-dimensional structure of the protein, molecular mechanisms of catalytic and regulatory functions, and the molecular cloning and characterization of PEPC kinases, which are Ser/Thr kinases involved specifically in regulatory phosphorylation of vascular plant PEPC. Analysis by X-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis for E. coli and maize PEPC identified the catalytic site and allosteric effector binding sites, and revealed the functional importance of mobile loops. We present the reaction mechanism of PEPC in which we assign the roles of individual amino acid residues. We discuss the unique molecular property of PEPC kinase and its possible regulation at the post-translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsura Izui
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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Control of the phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in higher plants. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 414:189-96. [PMID: 12781770 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase is regulated by reversible phosphorylation in higher plants. Recently several genes encoding PEP carboxylase kinase have been cloned. The purpose of this article is to assess the contribution that information on the structure and expression of these genes is making to our understanding of the posttranslational control of PEP carboxylase activity.
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Xu W, Zhou Y, Chollet R. Identification and expression of a soybean nodule-enhanced PEP-carboxylase kinase gene (NE-PpcK) that shows striking up-/down-regulation in vivo. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 34:441-52. [PMID: 12753584 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Various isoforms of plant phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC (Ppc)) are controlled post-translationally by an intricate interaction between allosteric regulation and reversible protein phosphorylation. In leaves and root nodules of legumes, these changes in PEPC phosphorylation state are governed primarily by PEPC-kinase (PpcK), a novel, 'minimal but functional' Ser/Thr kinase. To date, this plant-specific kinase has been investigated in molecular terms exclusively in non-leguminous plants, such as Crassulacean-acid-metabolism (CAM) species and Arabidopsis. As an important extension of our earlier biochemical studies on this dedicated kinase and PEPC phosphorylation in soybean (Glycine max) nodules, we now report the molecular cloning of the first legume PpcK from a soybean nodule cDNA library, which encodes a functional, 31.0 kDa PpcK polypeptide. Besides displaying organ, developmental, and spatial expression properties that are strikingly up-regulated in mature nodules, the expression pattern of this transcript is distinct from that of a second soybean PpcK isogene (GmPpcK). The steady-state abundance of this former, nodule-enhanced transcript (NE-PpcK) is markedly influenced by photosynthate supply from the shoots. This latter up-/down-regulation of NE-PpcK transcript level occurs in vivo in concert with the corresponding changes in the nodule PpcK activity, the phosphorylation-state of PEPC, and the abundance of a previously identified, nodule-enhanced transcript (GmPEPC7) that encodes the target enzyme (NE-Ppc). Furthermore, genomic Southern analysis and inspection of the public database indicate that there are at least three distinct PpcK and Ppc isogenes in soybean. Collectively, these and recent findings with Arabidopsis implicate the existence of multiple PpcK-Ppc'expression-partners' in plants, exemplified by NE-PpcK and NE-Ppc in the soybean nodule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, George W. Beadle Center, Lincoln 68588-0664, USA
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10
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Nakagawa T, Izumi T, Banba M, Umehara Y, Kouchi H, Izui K, Hata S. Characterization and expression analysis of genes encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase of Lotus japonicus, a model legume. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:281-288. [PMID: 12744456 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases (PEPCs), one form of which in each legume species plays a central role in the carbon metabolism in symbiotic root nodules, are activated through phosphorylation of a conserved residue by a specific protein kinase (PEPC-PK). We characterized the cDNAs for two PEPC isoforms of Lotus japonicus, an amide-translocating legume that forms determinate nodules. One gene encodes a nodule-enhanced form, which is more closely related to the PEPCs in amide-type indeterminate nodules than those in ureide-type determinate nodules. The other gene is expressed in shoots and roots at a low level. Both forms have the putative phosphorylation site, Ser11. We also isolated a cDNA and the corresponding genomic DNA for PEPC-PK of L. japonicus. The recombinant PEPC-PK protein expressed in Escherichia coli phosphorylated recombinant maize C4-form PEPC efficiently in vitro. The level of mRNA for PEPC-PK was high in root nodules, and those in shoots and roots were also significant. In situ hybridization revealed that the expression patterns of the transcripts for PEPC and PEPC-PK were similar in mature root nodules, but were different in emerging nodules. When L. japonicus seedlings were subjected to prolonged darkness and subsequent illumination, the activity of PEPC-PK and the mRNA levels of both PEPC and PEPC-PK in nodules decreased and then recovered, suggesting that they are regulated according to the amounts of photosynthates transported from shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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11
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Outlaw WH, Du Z, Xia Meng F, Aghoram K, Riddle KA, Chollet R. Requirements for activation of the signal-transduction network that leads to regulatory phosphorylation of leaf guard-cell phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase during fusicoccin-stimulated stomatal opening. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 407:63-71. [PMID: 12392716 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Leaves regulate gas exchange through control of stomata in the epidermis. Stomatal aperture increases when the flanking guard cells accumulate K+ or other osmolytes. K+ accumulation is stoichiometric with H+ extrusion, which is compensated for by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31)-mediated malate synthesis. Plant PEPCs are regulated allosterically and by phosphorylation. Aspects of the signal-transduction network that control the PEPC phosphorylation state in guard cells are reported here. Guard cells were preloaded with [32P]orthophosphate (32Pi); then stomata were incubated with fusicoccin (FC), which activates the guard-cell plasma membrane H+-ATPase. [32P]PEPC was assessed by immunoprecipitation, electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and autoradiography. In -FC controls, stomatal size, guard-cell malate, and [32P]PEPC were low; maximum values for these parameters were observed in the presence of FC after a 90-min incubation and persisted for an additional 90 min. This high steady-state phosphorylation status resulted from continuous phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, even after the malate-accumulation phase. PEPC phosphorylation was diminished by approximately 80% when K+ uptake was associated with Cl- uptake and was essentially abolished when stomatal opening was sucrose--rather than K+--dependent. Finally, alkalinization by NH4+ in the presence of K+ did not cause PEPC phosphorylation (as it does in C4 plants). As discussed, a role for cytoplasmic protons cannot be completely excluded by this result. In summary, activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase was essential, but not sufficient, to cause phosphorylation of guard-cell PEPC. Network components downstream of the H+-ATPase influence the phosphorylation state of this PEPC isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Outlaw
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Biology Unit 1 (MC 4370), Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4370, USA.
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Lu S, Xu R, Jia JW, Pang J, Matsuda SPT, Chen XY. Cloning and functional characterization of a beta-pinene synthase from Artemisia annua that shows a circadian pattern of expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:477-86. [PMID: 12226526 PMCID: PMC166579 DOI: 10.1104/pp.006544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2002] [Revised: 05/16/2002] [Accepted: 05/16/2002] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua plants produce a broad range of volatile compounds, including monoterpenes, which contribute to the characteristic fragrance of this medicinal species. A cDNA clone, QH6, contained an open reading frame encoding a 582-amino acid protein that showed high sequence identity to plant monoterpene synthases. The prokaryotically expressed QH6 fusion protein converted geranyl diphosphate to (-)-beta-pinene and (-)-alpha-pinene in a 94:6 ratio. QH6 was predominantly expressed in juvenile leaves 2 weeks postsprouting. QH6 transcript levels were transiently reduced following mechanical wounding or fungal elicitor treatment, suggesting that this gene is not directly involved in defense reaction induced by either of these treatments. Under a photoperiod of 12 h/12 h (light/dark), the abundance of QH6 transcripts fluctuated in a diurnal pattern that ebbed around 3 h before daybreak (9th h in the dark phase) and peaked after 9 h in light (9th h in the light phase). The contents of (-)-beta-pinene in juvenile leaves and in emitted volatiles also varied in a diurnal rhythm, correlating strongly with mRNA accumulation. When A. annua was entrained by constant light or constant dark conditions, QH6 transcript accumulation continued to fluctuate with circadian rhythms. Under constant light, advanced cycles of fluctuation of QH6 transcript levels were observed, and under constant dark, the cycle was delayed. However, the original diurnal pattern could be regained when the plants were returned to the normal light/dark (12 h/12 h) photoperiod. This is the first report that monoterpene biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated in a circadian pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Cushman JC. Crassulacean acid metabolism. A plastic photosynthetic adaptation to arid environments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 127:1439-1448. [PMID: 11743087 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0014, USA.
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