1
|
An JM, Shahriar SMS, Lee DY, Hwang SR, Lee YK. Pore Size-Dependent Stereoscopic Hydrogels Enhance the Therapeutic Efficiency of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Nerve-Related Diseases. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19139-19153. [PMID: 35452222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a major neurotherapeutic protein that has been used at low doses for diverse pharmacological applications. However, the pleiotropic effect of BoNT depends on multiple periodic injections owing to its rapid elimination profile, short-term therapeutic effect, and high mortality rate when administered at high doses. In addition to low patient compliance, these drawbacks represent the significant challenges that limit the further clinical use of BoNT. This study developed a new hydrogel-based single dosage form of BoNT by employing a one-step cross-linking chemistry. Its controlled porous structures and composition facilitated uniform drug distribution inside the hydrogel and controllable release of BoNT mediated by slow diffusion. A single dose remained stable for at least 2.5 months and showed sustained effect for at least 20 weeks, meeting the requirements for a single-dose form of BoNT. Additionally, this dosage form was evaluated as safe from all aspects of toxicology. This delivery system resulted in a 100% survival rate after administering a BoNT dose of 30 units, while a dose of more than 5 units of naked BoNT caused a 100% mortality rate within a few days. Overall, this strategy could provide patients with the first single-dose treatment option of BoNT and improve their quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Man An
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- KB Biomed Inc., Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - S M Shatil Shahriar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- KB Biomed Inc., Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5940, United States
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Rim Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- KB Biomed Inc., Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Connan C, Popoff MR. Uptake of Clostridial Neurotoxins into Cells and Dissemination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 406:39-78. [PMID: 28879524 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clostridial neurotoxins, botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), are potent toxins, which are responsible for severe neurological diseases in man and animals. BoNTs induce a flaccid paralysis (botulism) by inhibiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junctions, whereas TeNT causes a spastic paralysis (tetanus) by blocking the neurotransmitter release (glycine, GABA) in inhibitory interneurons within the central nervous system. Clostridial neurotoxins recognize specific receptor(s) on the target neuronal cells and enter via a receptor-mediated endocytosis. They transit through an acidic compartment which allows the translocation of the catalytic chain into the cytosol, a prerequisite step for the intracellular activity of the neurotoxins. TeNT migrates to the central nervous system by using a motor neuron as transport cell. TeNT enters a neutral pH compartment and undergoes a retrograde axonal transport to the spinal cord or brain, where the whole undissociated toxin is delivered and interacts with target neurons. Botulism most often results from ingestion of food contaminated with BoNT. Thus, BoNT passes through the intestinal epithelial barrier mainly via a transcytotic mechanism and then diffuses or is transported to the neuromuscular junctions by the lymph or blood circulation. Indeed, clostridial neurotoxins are specific neurotoxins which transit through a transport cell to gain access to the target neuron, and use distinct trafficking pathways in both cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Connan
- Unité Des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Unité Des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sagane Y, Hayashi S, Akiyama T, Matsumoto T, Hasegawa K, Yamano A, Suzuki T, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Yajima S. Conformational divergence in the HA-33/HA-17 trimer of serotype C and D botulinum toxin complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:280-285. [PMID: 27237978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum produces a large toxin complex (L-TC) comprising botulinum neurotoxin associated with auxiliary nontoxic proteins. A complex of 33- and 17-kDa hemagglutinins (an HA-33/HA-17 trimer) enhances L-TC transport across the intestinal epithelial cell layer via binding HA-33 to a sugar on the cell surface. At least two subtypes of serotype C/D HA-33 exhibit differing preferences for the sugars sialic acid and galactose. Here, we compared the three-dimensional structures of the galactose-binding HA-33 and HA-33/HA-17 trimers produced by the C-Yoichi strain. Comparisons of serotype C/D HA-33 sequences reveal a variable region with relatively low sequence similarity across the C. botulinum strains; the variability of this region may influence the manner of sugar-recognition by HA-33. Crystal structures of sialic acid- and galactose-binding HA-33 are broadly similar in appearance. However, small-angle X-ray scattering revealed distinct solution structures for HA-33/HA-17 trimers. A structural change in the C-terminal variable region of HA-33 might cause a dramatic shift in the conformation and sugar-recognition mode of HA-33/HA-17 trimer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sagane
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Hayashi
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Tomonori Akiyama
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | | | - Kimiko Hasegawa
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-Cho, Akishima 196-8666, Japan
| | - Akihito Yamano
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-Cho, Akishima 196-8666, Japan
| | - Tomonori Suzuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yajima
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miyata K, Suzuki T, Hayashi S, Miyashita SI, Ohyama T, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Sagane Y. Hemagglutinin gene shuffling amongClostridium botulinumserotypes C and D yields distinct sugar recognition of the botulinum toxin complex. Pathog Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
5
|
Hayashi S, Akiyama T, Sagane Y, Miyashita SI, Watanabe T, Yajima S, Niwa K. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a novel haemagglutinin component of the toxin complex of serotype C Clostridium botulinum. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 70:370-3. [PMID: 24598930 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14003094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The botulinum toxin complex, the causative agent of botulism, passes through the intestinal wall via sugar-chain-dependent cell binding of a haemagglutinin of 33 kDa molecular weight (HA-33). The amino-acid sequence of the C-terminal half of HA-33 of the serotype C strain Yoichi (C-Yoichi) shares only 46% identity with those of the major serotype C strains. Additionally, C-Yoichi HA-33 exhibits a unique sugar-binding specificity. In the present work, C-Yoichi HA-33 was expressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized. Diffraction data were collected at a resolution of 2.2 Å. The crystals belonged to space group R3. The complete detailed protein structure will yield insight into how the unique HA-33 protein recognizes sugar moieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Hayashi
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Tomonori Akiyama
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sagane
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Miyashita
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yajima
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miyashita SI, Sagane Y, Niwa K, Watanabe T. Transport of the botulinum neurotoxin-associating protein, nontoxic nonhemagglutinin, across the rat small intestinal epithelial cell monolayer. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 346:73-80. [PMID: 23809018 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) associates with nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNHA) yielding a complex in culture. BoNT and NTNHA have similar domain organizations, implying that they share common functions, although this remains unclear. Here, we examined cell monolayer transport of serotype D NTNHA in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. NTNHA and BoNT both bound to the cell and were transported across the cell layer. NTNHA contains a QXW motif and a β-trefoil fold, both common in sugar chain-recognizing proteins, whereas the QXW motif is absent in all BoNT serotypes. This could explain the distinct sugar chain-recognizing properties of NTNHA and BoNT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Miyashita
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nakamura K, Kohda T, Seto Y, Mukamoto M, Kozaki S. Improved detection methods by genetic and immunological techniques for botulinum C/D and D/C mosaic neurotoxins. Vet Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
8
|
Matsuo T, Miyata K, Inui K, Ito H, Horiuchi R, Suzuki T, Yoneyama T, Oguma K, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Ohyama T. Characterization of sugar recognition by the toxin complex produced by theClostridium botulinumserotype C variant strain Yoichi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:35-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
9
|
Interaction of botulinum toxin with the epithelial barrier. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:974943. [PMID: 20169001 PMCID: PMC2822237 DOI: 10.1155/2010/974943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a protein toxin (approximately 150 kDa), which possesses a metalloprotease activity. Food-borne botulism is manifested when BoNT is absorbed from the digestive tract to the blood stream and enters the peripheral nerves, where the toxin cleaves core proteins of the neuroexocytosis apparatus and elicits the inhibition of neurotransmitter release. The initial obstacle to orally ingested BoNT entering the body is the epithelial barrier of the digestive tract. Recent cell biology and molecular biology studies are beginning to elucidate the mechanism by which this large protein toxin crosses the epithelial barrier. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural features of botulinum toxins (BoNT and BoNT complex) and the interaction of these toxins with the epithelial barrier.
Collapse
|
10
|
Fujinaga Y. HOW BACTERIAL TOXINS PENETRATE THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL BARRIER: STRATEGIES TAKEN BY CHOLERA TOXIN AND BOTULINUM PROGENITOR TOXIN. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540500320904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
Matsumura T, Fujinaga Y, Jin Y, Kabumoto Y, Oguma K. Human milk SIgA binds to botulinum type B 16S toxin and limits toxin adherence on T84 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 352:867-72. [PMID: 17156748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum type B is in the form of a complex of 12S and 16S toxins. Food-borne botulism is caused by these complex toxins which are ingested orally and absorbed from the digestive tract. Here, we show that the human milk SIgA binds to the type B16S toxin. The binding of SIgA to 16S toxin and HA was inhibited by carbohydrates such as galactose, suggesting that the interaction of carbohydrate side chain of the SIgA with the HA of the 16S toxin is important for SIgA-16S complex formation. We also demonstrate that SIgA inhibits the attachment of 16S toxin to intestinal epithelial cells. These data suggest that the interaction of antigen nonspecific SIgA with 16S toxin has a large influence on the absorption of 16S toxin from the intestinal epithelium, and that SIgA may provide insight into developing a therapeutic agent for type B food-borne botulism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Matsumura
- Laboratory for Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mutoh S, Suzuki T, Hasegawa K, Nakazawa Y, Kouguchi H, Sagane Y, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Ohyama T. Four molecules of the 33 kDa haemagglutinin component of the Clostridium botulinum serotype C and D toxin complexes are required to aggregate erythrocytes. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:3847-3858. [PMID: 16339931 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Normally, large-sized botulinum toxin complexes (L-TC) of serotype C and D are composed of a single neurotoxin, a single non-toxic non-haemagglutinin, two HA-70 molecules, four HA-33 molecules and four HA-17 molecules that assemble to form a 650 kDa L-TC. The 540 and 610 kDa TC species (designated here as L-TC2and L-TC3, respectively) were purified in addition to the 650 kDa L-TC from the culture supernatants of serotype D strains (D-4947 and D-CB16) and serotype C strains (C-6814 and C-Yoichi). The 650 kDa L-TC from D-4947, D-CB16 and C-6814 showed haemagglutination and erythrocyte-binding activity, but their L-TC2and L-TC3species had only binding activity. In contrast, every TC species from C-Yoichi having the C-terminally truncated variant of HA-33 exhibited neither haemagglutination activity nor erythrocyte-binding activity. Four strain-specific HA-33/HA-17 complexes were isolated from the 650 kDa L-TC of each strain. The 650 kDa HA-hybrid L-TCs were reconstituted by various combinations of isolated HA-33/HA-17 complexes and haemagglutination-negative L-TC2or L-TC3from each strain. HA-hybrid 650 kDa L-TC, including at least one HA-33/HA-17 complex derived from C-Yoichi, lost haemagglutination activity, leading to the conclusion that the binding of four HA-33 molecules is required for haemagglutination activity of botulinum L-TC. The results of the modelling approach indicated that the structure of a variant C-Yoichi HA-33 molecule reveals clear deformation of theβ-trefoil domain responsible for the carbohydrate recognition site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Mutoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Tomonori Suzuki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Kimiko Hasegawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Yozo Nakazawa
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku 156-8502, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kouguchi
- Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, N19, W12, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sagane
- The Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, Thormøhlensgt 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohyama
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Smith TJ, Lou J, Geren IN, Forsyth CM, Tsai R, Laporte SL, Tepp WH, Bradshaw M, Johnson EA, Smith LA, Marks JD. Sequence variation within botulinum neurotoxin serotypes impacts antibody binding and neutralization. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5450-7. [PMID: 16113261 PMCID: PMC1231122 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.5450-5457.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are category A biothreat agents which have been the focus of intensive efforts to develop vaccines and antibody-based prophylaxis and treatment. Such approaches must take into account the extensive BoNT sequence variability; the seven BoNT serotypes differ by up to 70% at the amino acid level. Here, we have analyzed 49 complete published sequences of BoNTs and show that all toxins also exhibit variability within serotypes ranging between 2.6 and 31.6%. To determine the impact of such sequence differences on immune recognition, we studied the binding and neutralization capacity of six BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to BoNT/A1 and BoNT/A2, which differ by 10% at the amino acid level. While all six MAbs bound BoNT/A1 with high affinity, three of the six MAbs showed a marked reduction in binding affinity of 500- to more than 1,000-fold to BoNT/A2 toxin. Binding results predicted in vivo toxin neutralization; MAbs or MAb combinations that potently neutralized A1 toxin but did not bind A2 toxin had minimal neutralizing capacity for A2 toxin. This was most striking for a combination of three binding domain MAbs which together neutralized >40,000 mouse 50% lethal doses (LD(50)s) of A1 toxin but less than 500 LD(50)s of A2 toxin. Combining three MAbs which bound both A1 and A2 toxins potently neutralized both toxins. We conclude that sequence variability exists within all toxin serotypes, and this impacts monoclonal antibody binding and neutralization. Such subtype sequence variability must be accounted for when generating and evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Smith
- Toxinology Division, USAMRIID, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, anaerobic spore-forming bacteria, is distinguished by its significant clinical applications as well as its potential to be used as bioterror agent. Growing cells secrete botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the most poisonous of all known poisons. While BoNT is the causative agent of deadly neuroparalytic botulism, it also serves as a remarkably effective treatment for involuntary muscle disorders such as blepharospasm, strabismus, hemifacial spasm, certain types of spasticity in children, and other ailments. BoNT is also used in cosmetology for the treatment of glabellar lines, and is well-known as the active component of the anti-aging medications Botox and Dysport. In addition, recent reports show that botulinum neurotoxin can be used as a tool for pharmaceutical drug delivery. However, BoNT remains the deadliest of all toxins, and is viewed by biodefense researchers as a possible agent of bioterrorism (BT). Among seven serotypes, C. botulinum type A is responsible for the highest mortality rate in botulism, and thus has the greatest potential to act as biological weapon. Genome sequencing of C. botulinum type A Hall strain (ATCC 3502) is now complete, and has shown the genome size to be 3.89 Mb with a G+C content of approximately 28.2%. The bacterium harbors a 16.3 kb plasmid with a 26.8% G+C content--slightly lower than that of the chromosome. Most of the virulence factors in C. botulinum are chromosomally encoded; bioinformatic analysis of the genome sequence has shown that the plasmid does not harbor toxin genes or genes for related virulence factors. Interestingly, the plasmid does harbor genes essential to replication, including dnaE, which encodes the alpha subunit of DNA polymerase III which has close similarity with its counterpart in C. perfringens strain 13. The plasmid also contains similar genes to those that encode the ABC-type multidrug transport ATPase, and permease. The presence of ABC-type multidrug transport ATPase, and permease suggests putative involvement of efflux pumps in bacteriocin production, modification, and export in C. botulinum. The C. botulinum plasmid additionally harbors genes for LambdaBa04 prophage and site-specific recombinase that are similar to those found in the Ames strain of Bacillus anthracis; these genes and their products may play a role in genomic rearrangement. Completion of genome sequencing for C. botulinum will provide an opportunity to design genomic and proteomic-based systems for detecting different serotypes of C. botulinum strains in the environment. The completed sequence may also facilitate identification of potential virulence factors and drug targets, as well as help characterize neurotoxin-complexing proteins, their polycistronic expression, and phylogenetic relationships between different serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H D Shukla
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Arndt JW, Gu J, Jaroszewski L, Schwarzenbacher R, Hanson MA, Lebeda FJ, Stevens RC. The Structure of the Neurotoxin-associated Protein HA33/A from Clostridium botulinum Suggests a Reoccurring β-Trefoil Fold in the Progenitor Toxin Complex. J Mol Biol 2005; 346:1083-93. [PMID: 15701519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The hemagglutinating protein HA33 from Clostridium botulinum is associated with the large botulinum neurotoxin secreted complexes and is critical in toxin protection, internalization, and possibly activation. We report the crystal structure of serotype A HA33 (HA33/A) at 1.5 A resolution that contains a unique domain organization and a carbohydrate recognition site. In addition, sequence alignments of the other toxin complex components, including the neurotoxin BoNT/A, hemagglutinating protein HA17/A, and non-toxic non-hemagglutinating protein NTNHA/A, suggests that most of the toxin complex consists of a reoccurring beta-trefoil fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Arndt
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fujinaga Y, Inoue K, Watarai S, Sakaguchi Y, Arimitsu H, Lee JC, Jin Y, Matsumura T, Kabumoto Y, Watanabe T, Ohyama T, Nishikawa A, Oguma K. Molecular characterization of binding subcomponents of Clostridium botulinum type C progenitor toxin for intestinal epithelial cells and erythrocytes. Microbiology (Reading) 2004; 150:1529-1538. [PMID: 15133114 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum type C 16S progenitor toxin consists of a neurotoxin (NTX), a non-toxic non-HA (NTNH), and a haemagglutinin (HA). The HA acts as an adhesin, allowing the 16S toxin to bind to intestinal epithelial cells and erythrocytes. In type C, these bindings are dependent on sialic acid. The HA consists of four distinct subcomponents designated HA1, HA2, HA3a and HA3b. To identify the binding subcomponent(s) of HA of type C 16S toxin, all of the HA-subcomponents and some of their precursor forms were produced as recombinant proteins fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST). These proteins were evaluated for their capacity to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells of guinea pig and human erythrocytes. GST-HA1, GST-HA3b and GST-HA3 (a precursor form of HA3a and HA3b) bound intestinal epithelial cells and erythrocytes, whereas GST alone, GST-HA2 and GST-HA3a did not. GST-HA3b and GST-HA3 showed neuraminidase-sensitive binding to the intestinal epithelial cells and erythrocytes, whereas GST-HA1 showed neuraminidase-insensitive binding. TLC binding assay revealed that GST-HA3b and GST-HA3 recognized sialosylparagloboside (SPG) and GM3 in the ganglioside fraction of the erythrocytes, like native type C 16S toxin [Inoue, K. et al. (1999). Microbiology 145, 2533-2542]. On the other hand, GST-HA1 recognized paragloboside (PG; an asialo- derivative of SPG) in addition to SPG and GM3. Deletion mutant analyses of GST-HA3b showed that the C-terminal region of HA3b is important for its binding activity. Based on these data, it is concluded that the HA component contains two distinct carbohydrate-binding subcomponents, HA1 and HA3b, which recognize carbohydrates in different specificities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Fujinaga
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinobu Watarai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sakaguchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Arimitsu
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yingji Jin
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Matsumura
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuko Kabumoto
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2422, Japan
| | - Tohru Ohyama
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2422, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishikawa
- CREST, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Keiji Oguma
- Department of Bacteriology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
van Baar BLM, Hulst AG, de Jong AL, Wils ERJ. Characterisation of botulinum toxins type C, D, E, and F by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation and electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1035:97-114. [PMID: 15117079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In a follow-up of the earlier characterisation of botulinum toxins type A and B (BTxA and BTxB) by mass spectrometry (MS), types C, D, E, and F (BTxC, BTxD, BTxE, BTxF) were now investigated. Botulinum toxins are extremely neurotoxic bacterial toxins, likely to be used as biological warfare agent. Biologically active BTxC, BTxD, BTxE, and BTxF are comprised of a protein complex of the respective neurotoxins with non-toxic non-haemagglutinin (NTNH) and, sometimes, specific haemagglutinins (HA). These protein complexes were observed in mass spectrometric identification. The BTxC complex, from Clostridium botulinum strain 003-9, consisted of a 'type C1 and D mosaic' toxin similar to that of type C strain 6813, a non-toxic non-hemagglutinating and a 33 kDa hemagglutinating (HA-33) component similar to those of strain C-Stockholm, and an exoenzyme C3 of which the sequence was in full agreement with the known genetic sequence of strain 003-9. The BTxD complex, from C. botulinum strain CB-16, consisted of a neurotoxin with the observed sequence identical with that of type D strain BVD/-3 and of an NTNH with the observed sequence identical with that of type C strain C-Yoichi. Remarkably, the observed protein sequence of CB-16 NTNH differed by one amino acid from the known gene sequence: L859 instead of F859. The BTxE complex, from a C. botulinum isolated from herring sprats, consisted of the neurotoxin with an observed sequence identical with that from strain NCTC 11219 and an NTNH similar to that from type E strain Mashike (1 amino acid difference with observed sequence). BTxF, from C. botulinum strain Langeland (NCTC 10281), consisted of the neurotoxin and an NTNH; observed sequences from both proteins were in agreement with the gene sequence known from strain Langeland. As with BTxA and BTxB, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) MS provided provisional identification from trypsin digest peptide maps and liquid chromatography-electrospray (tandem) mass spectrometry (LC-ES MS) afforded unequivocal identification from amino acid sequence information of digest peptides obtained in trypsin digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben L M van Baar
- TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Division Chemical and Biological Protection, PO Box 45, 2280 AA, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sagane Y, Watanabe T, Kouguchi H, Sunagawa H, Obata S, Oguma K, Ohyama T. Spontaneous nicking in the nontoxic-nonhemagglutinin component of the Clostridium botulinum toxin complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292:434-40. [PMID: 11906181 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nontoxic-nonhemagglutinin (NTNHA) component, in both isolated form and the neurotoxin (NT)/NTNHA complexed form, was prepared protease-free from toxin complexes produced by Clostridium botulinum type D strain 4947. NTNHA in both preparations was found to be spontaneously converted to the nicked NTNHA form leading to 15- and 115-kDa fragments with the excision of several amino acid residues at specific sites on SDS-PAGE during long-term incubation, while that of the NT/NTNHA/hemagglutinin complexed form remained unnicked single-chain polypeptides under the same conditions. Considering that the NTNHA preparation contained small amounts of the nicked form of NTNHA and the addition of trypsin accelerated the cleavage, it is speculated that a nicked form of NTNHA remaining after the purification and/or NTNHA itself catalyzes the cleavage of intact NTNHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Sagane
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|