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Berti F. NMR characterization of a multi-valent conjugate vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis A, C, W, Y and Haemophilus influenzae b infections. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114302. [PMID: 34388671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical technologies are a powerful tool for the structural characterization of vaccine antigens both at bulk level as well as on the final formulation. High-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been found to be an extremely and robust tool for tracking the industrial process manufacturing of carbohydrate-based vaccines. I have applied NMR spectroscopy to the characterization of a penta-valent conjugate vaccine against Neisseria meninigitidis group A, C, W, Y (MenACWY) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections, constituted of capsule derived polysaccharide fragments independently conjugated to CRM197 protein carrier (CRM-MenA, CRM-MenC, CRM-MenW, CRM-MenY, CRM-Hib). 1H NMR has been used for the identity testing of the carbohydrate antigens and of the vaccine formulation. The application of NMR-based assays on multivalent conjugate vaccines looks to be a promising approach for identity and stability analyses useful for future vaccines development.
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2
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Bazhenova A, Gao F, Bolgiano B, Harding SE. Glycoconjugate vaccines against Salmonella enterica serovars and Shigella species: existing and emerging methods for their analysis. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:221-246. [PMID: 33868505 PMCID: PMC8035613 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of enteric disease, the increasingly limited options for antimicrobial treatment and the need for effective eradication programs have resulted in an increased demand for glycoconjugate enteric vaccines, made with carbohydrate-based membrane components of the pathogen, and their precise characterisation. A set of physico-chemical and immunological tests are employed for complete vaccine characterisation and to ensure their consistency, potency, safety and stability, following the relevant World Health Organization and Pharmacopoeia guidelines. Variable requirements for analytical methods are linked to conjugate structure, carrier protein nature and size and O-acetyl content of polysaccharide. We investigated a key stability-indicating method which measures the percent free saccharide of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi capsular polysaccharide, by detergent precipitation, depolymerisation and HPAEC-PAD quantitation. Together with modern computational approaches, a more precise design of glycoconjugates is possible, allowing for improvements in solubility, structural conformation and stability, and immunogenicity of antigens, which may be applicable to a broad spectrum of vaccines. More validation experiments are required to establish the most effective and suitable methods for glycoconjugate analysis to bring uniformity to the existing protocols, although the need for product-specific approaches will apply, especially for the more complex vaccines. An overview of current and emerging analytical approaches for the characterisation of vaccines against Salmonella Typhi and Shigella species is described in this paper. This study should aid the development and licensing of new glycoconjugate vaccines aimed at the prevention of enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bazhenova
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Fang Gao
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG UK
| | - Barbara Bolgiano
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG UK
| | - Stephen E. Harding
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
- Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Postboks 6762 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
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3
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Giannelli C, Raso MM, Palmieri E, De Felice A, Pippi F, Micoli F. Development of a Specific and Sensitive HPAEC-PAD Method for Quantification of Vi Polysaccharide Applicable to other Polysaccharides Containing Amino Uronic Acids. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6304-6311. [PMID: 32330386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Vaccines based on the Vi capsular polysaccharide are licensed or in development against typhoid fever. Vi content is a critical quality attribute for vaccines release, to monitor their stability and to ensure appropriate immune response. Vi polysaccharide is a homopolymer of α-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminouronic acid, O-acetylated at the C-3 position, resistant to the commonly used acid hydrolysis for sugar chain depolymerization before monomer quantification. We previously developed a quantification method based on strong alkaline hydrolysis followed by High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography-Pulsed Amperometric Detection analysis, but with low sensitivity and use for quantification of an unknown product coming from polysaccharide depolymerization. Here we describe the development of a method for Vi polysaccharide quantification based on acid hydrolysis with concomitant use of trifluoroacetic and hydrochloric acids. A Design of Experiment approach was used for the identification of the optimal hydrolysis conditions. The method is 100-fold more sensitive than the previous one, and specifically, resulting in the formation of a known product, confirmed to be the Vi monomer both de-O- and de-N-acetylated by mono- and bidimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Accuracy and precision were determined, and chromatographic conditions were improved to result in reduced time of analysis. This method will facilitate characterization of Vi-based vaccines. Furthermore, a similar approach has the potential to be extended to other polysaccharides containing 2-amino uronic acids, as already verified here for Shigella sonnei O-antigen, Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F, and Staphylococcus aureus types 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giannelli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonia De Felice
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federico Pippi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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4
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Jones C, An SJ, Yoon YK, Kothari S, Sahastrabuddhe S, Carbis R. Spectroscopic characterisation of a series of Salmonella Typhi Vi-diphtheria toxoid glycoconjugate antigens differing in polysaccharide-protein ratio. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 181:113100. [PMID: 31991319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines consisting of the Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) Vi capsular polysaccharide (PS) covalently attached to a suitable carrier protein have become available to support mass paediatric vaccination campaigns against typhoid. One developmental vaccine from the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) uses diphtheria toxoid (DTx) as the carrier protein. Several investigational conjugates with different PS:protein ratios were prepared, as previously reported by the IVI group, for physicochemical and immunochemical characterisation. We describe here the further spectroscopic characterisation of this series of glycoconjugate immunogen bulks using NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism and absorption spectroscopy. We have used several mathematical approaches to extract information from the spectroscopic data not previously applied to glycoconjugates. These complementary approaches provide information on (i) the integrity of the carrier protein, (ii) consistency between batches of vaccine components, (iii) the polysaccharide: protein ratio (iv) the O-acetylation of the Vi in the conjugate (v) the stability of the O-acetylation of the Vi, and (vi) the presence of residual process reagents in the bulk. The utility of the data analysis approaches is discussed. Together, these analytical methods provide important characterisation of Vi-DTx conjugates to support development and quality control of commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jones
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - So Jung An
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, San 4-8, Nakseongdae-dong, Gwanak-gu 151-919, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeon Kyung Yoon
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, San 4-8, Nakseongdae-dong, Gwanak-gu 151-919, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sudeep Kothari
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, San 4-8, Nakseongdae-dong, Gwanak-gu 151-919, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sushant Sahastrabuddhe
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, San 4-8, Nakseongdae-dong, Gwanak-gu 151-919, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rodney Carbis
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, San 4-8, Nakseongdae-dong, Gwanak-gu 151-919, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Adsorption of Vi Capsular Antigen of Salmonella Typhi in Chitosan-Poly (Methacrylic Acid) Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071226. [PMID: 31340432 PMCID: PMC6680519 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a nanoparticulate system for the carrier antigen is now an important tool in the vaccination process, since a smaller number of doses is necessary for effective immunization. Thus, in this work a nanoparticulate system using polymers of chitosan and poly (methacrylic acid) (CS–PMAA) to adsorb the Vi antigen of Salmonella Typhi was developed. CS–PMAA nanoparticles with different proportions of chitosan and poly (methacrylic acid) were obtained and reached sizes from 123.9 ± 2.48 to 234.9 ± 2.66 nm, and spherical shapes were seen in transmission microscopy. At pH 7.2, the nanoparticles had a cationic surface charge that contributed to the adsorption of the Vi antigen. Qualitative analyses of the isolated Vi antigen were performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, which indicated the presence of all the characteristic bands of the capsular polysaccharide, and nuclear magnetic resonance, which showed signals for the five hydrogens and the N-acetyl and O-acetyl groups which are characteristic of the Vi antigen structure. In the adsorption kinetics study, the Vi capsular antigen, contained in a phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.2, experienced 55% adsorption on the 1–1% (CS–PMAA) nanoparticles. The adsorption kinetics results showed the ability of the nanoparticulate system to adsorb the Vi antigen.
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O-acetylation of typhoid capsular polysaccharide confers polysaccharide rigidity and immunodominance by masking additional epitopes. Vaccine 2019; 37:3866-3875. [PMID: 31160100 PMCID: PMC6997886 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The binding of anti-Vi mAb and polyclonal immune sera correlated with the level of O-acetylation. C. freundii Vi resists de-O-acetylation and is more viscous than S. Typhi Vi. Sera from human vaccine recipients contains IgG that recognizes the backbone of Vi. Simulations show O-acetyls are exposed on the surface of Vi and confer rigidity. MD gives conformational rationale for effect of O-acetylation on Vi antigenicity and viscosity.
In this work, we explore the effects of O-acetylation on the physical and immunological characteristics of the WHO International Standards of Vi polysaccharide (Vi) from both Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. We find that, although structurally identical according to NMR, the two Vi standards have differences with respect to susceptibility to de-O-acetylation and viscosity in water. Vi standards from both species have equivalent mass and O-acetylation-dependent binding to a mouse monoclonal antibody and to anti-Vi polyclonal antisera, including the WHO International Standard for human anti-typhoid capsular Vi PS IgG. This study also confirms that human anti-Vi sera binds to completely de-O-acetylated Vi. Molecular dynamics simulations provide conformational rationales for the known effect of de-O-acetylation both on the viscosity and antigenicity of the Vi, demonstrating that de-O-acetylation has a very marked effect on the conformation and dynamic behavior of the Vi, changing the capsular polysaccharide from a rigid helix into a more flexible coil, as well as enhancing the strong interaction of the polysaccharide with sodium ions. Partial de-O-acetylation of Vi revealed hidden epitopes that were recognized by human and sheep anti-Vi PS immune sera. These findings have significance for the manufacture and evaluation of Vi vaccines.
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Gao F, Swann C, Rigsby P, Rijpkema S, Lockyer K, Logan A, Bolgiano B. Evaluation of two WHO First International Standards for Vi polysaccharide from Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi. Biologicals 2018; 57:34-45. [PMID: 30502020 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous Vi capsular polysaccharide (Vi PS) conjugate vaccines to protect young children and infants from Typhoid are either licensed or under development. These vaccines are evaluated by laboratory methods to ensure their potency and that quality requirement are met. International Standard (IS) preparations of Vi PS are needed to calibrate and harmonise these assays. Twenty laboratories from 12 countries participated in a collaborative study to evaluate two candidate ISs: Citrobacter freundii Vi PS (NIBSC code 12/244) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Vi PS (16/126). On the basis of returned results and stability profiles, these standards were established by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in Oct 2017 as the First WHO IS for C. freundii Vi PS with a content of 1.94 ± 0.12 mg Vi PS per ampoule (expanded uncertainty with coverage factor of k = 2.11 corresponding to a 95% level of confidence) and the First WHO IS for S. Typhi Vi PS with a content of 2.03 ± 0.10 mg Vi PS per ampoule (expanded uncertainty with coverage factor of k = 2.11), as determined by quantitative NMR. The study also showed the ISs are suitable for physicochemical and immuno assays used for the quantitation of the Vi PS component in Vi PS and conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Carolyn Swann
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure and Blanche Lane, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Peter Rigsby
- Biostatistics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Sjoerd Rijpkema
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Kay Lockyer
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Alastair Logan
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Barbara Bolgiano
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
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8
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Role of O-Acetylation in the Immunogenicity of Bacterial Polysaccharide Vaccines. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061340. [PMID: 29865239 PMCID: PMC6100563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infectious diseases caused by several bacterial pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis, has been dramatically reduced over the last 25 years through the use of glycoconjugate vaccines. The structures of the bacterial capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigens, extracted and purified from microbial cultures and obtained with very high purity, show that many of them are decorated by O-acetyl groups. While these groups are often considered important for the structural identity of the polysaccharides, they play a major role in the functional immune response to some vaccines such as meningococcal serogroup A and Salmonella typhi Vi, but do not seem to be important for many others, such as meningococcal serogroups C, W, Y, and type III Group B Streptococcus. This review discusses the O-acetylation status of CPSs and its role in the immunological responses of these antigens.
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Hennessey JP, Costantino P, Talaga P, Beurret M, Ravenscroft N, Alderson MR, Zablackis E, Prasad AK, Frasch C. Lessons Learned and Future Challenges in the Design and Manufacture of Glycoconjugate Vaccines. CARBOHYDRATE-BASED VACCINES: FROM CONCEPT TO CLINIC 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1290.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe Talaga
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l’Etoile 69280, France
| | - Michel Beurret
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, 2301 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Earl Zablackis
- Analytical Process Technology, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania 18370, United States
| | - A. Krishna Prasad
- Pfizer Vaccines Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Carl Frasch
- Consultant, Martinsburg, West Virginia 25402, United States
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10
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Garrido R, Soubal JP, Torres L, Ramírez U, Vérez V. NMR line-fitting quantification of polysaccharide N-acylurea-based modification in glycoconjugates of Salmonella Typhi Vi polysaccharide. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:720-723. [PMID: 28087987 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The polysaccharides modification via carbodiimide reaction is one of the most applied methods for obtaining conjugated vaccines against Salmonella enterica. However, N-acylurea carbodiimide adduct generated in the process is a critical impurity in carbohydrate-based vaccines. A quantitative NMR method was developed for assessing the N-acylurea carbodiimide adduct impurity. The procedure was based on line-fitting facilities for processing the NMR signals on complex spectra. The method showed good linearity, accuracy and precision under inter-operator variation (relative standard deviation <5%). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raine Garrido
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, Ave 27, No. 19805, La Lisa 17100, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jean Pierre Soubal
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, Ave 27, No. 19805, La Lisa 17100, Havana, Cuba
| | - Leonid Torres
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, Ave 27, No. 19805, La Lisa 17100, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ubel Ramírez
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, Ave 27, No. 19805, La Lisa 17100, Havana, Cuba
| | - Vicente Vérez
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, Ave 27, No. 19805, La Lisa 17100, Havana, Cuba
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Khatun R, Hunter H, Magcalas W, Sheng Y, Carpick B, Kirkitadze M. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Study for the Detection and Quantitation of Cholesterol in HSV529 Therapeutic Vaccine Candidate. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016; 15:14-20. [PMID: 28694932 PMCID: PMC5484764 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the NMR-based method to determine the limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) of cholesterol, a process-related impurity in the replication-deficient Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) type 2 candidate vaccine HSV529. Three signature peaks from the 1D 1H NMR of a cholesterol reference spectrum were selected for the identification of cholesterol. The LOQ for a cholesterol working standard was found to be 1 μg/mL, and the LOD was found to be 0.1 μg/mL. The identity of cholesterol, separated from the formulation of growth supplement by thin layer chromatography (TLC), was confirmed by 1D 1H NMR and 2D 1H-13C HSQC NMR. The three signature peaks of cholesterol were detected only in a six-times concentrated sample of HSV529 candidate vaccine sample and not in the single dose HSV529 vaccine sample under similar experimental conditions. Taken together, the results demonstrated that NMR is a direct method that can successfully identify and quantify cholesterol in viral vaccine samples, such as HSV529, and as well as in the growth supplement used during the upstream stages of HSV529 manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahima Khatun
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard Hunter
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Webster Magcalas
- Analytical Research & Development, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Sheng
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce Carpick
- Analytical Research & Development, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Kirkitadze
- Analytical Research & Development, Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Most vaccines, including the currently available glycoconjugate vaccines, are administered to healthy infants, to prevent future disease. The safety of a prospective vaccine is a key prerequisite for approval. Undesired side effects would not only have the potential to damage the individual infant but also lead to a loss of confidence in the respective vaccine-or vaccines in general-on a population level. Thus, regulatory requirements, particularly with regard to safety, are extremely rigorous. This chapter highlights regulatory aspects on carbohydrate-based vaccines with an emphasis on analytical approaches to ensure the consistent quality of successive manufacturing lots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jones
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK,
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13
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Abstract
Physicochemical techniques are a powerful tool for the structural characterization of carbohydrate-based vaccines. High-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been established as an extremely useful and robust method for tracking the industrial manufacturing process of these vaccines from polysaccharide bulk antigen through to the final formulation. Here, we describe the use of proton NMR for structural identity and conformity testing of carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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A novel method for purification of Vi capsular polysaccharide produced by Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi. Vaccine 2013; 31:4714-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Production of a conjugate vaccine for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Citrobacter Vi. Vaccine 2011; 30:853-61. [PMID: 22172503 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A conjugate vaccine for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was produced by chemically linking Vi, purified from Citrobacter, to the non-toxic mutant diphtheria toxin CRM(197) via an adipic dihydrazide spacer using N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide coupling chemistry. The polysaccharide purification process was developed based on Vi precipitation from culture supernatant with cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), solubilization of the CTA-polysaccharide salt with ethanol followed by exchange of the CTA(+) counter ion with Na(+). The purified Vi polysaccharide was fully O-acetylated and with high purity. The conjugation process was optimized to obtain a scalable process that has been used for GMP production at pilot scale of vaccine currently in clinical trials.
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16
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Vi-CRM 197 as a new conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhi. Vaccine 2010; 29:712-20. [PMID: 21115057 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An efficacious, low cost vaccine against typhoid fever, especially for young children, would make a major impact on disease burden in developing countries. The virulence capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi (Vi) coupled to recombinant mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoprotein A (Vi-rEPA) has been shown to be highly efficacious. We investigated the use of carrier proteins included in infant vaccines, standardized the conjugation process and developed key assays required for routine lot release at production scale. Vi from a BSL1 organism, Citrobacter freundii, strain WR7011, was used as an alternative to Vi from S. Typhi. We showed that Vi conjugated to CRM(197), a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin, widely used in commercial vaccines, was produced at high yield. Vi-CRM(197) proved immunogenic in animal studies, even without adjuvant. Thus, Vi-CRM(197) appears to be a suitable candidate for the development of a commercially viable, effective typhoid vaccine for developing countries.
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17
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Lemercinier X, Jones C. Full assignment of the 1H and 13C spectra and revision of the O-acetylation site of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 33F, a component of the current pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:68-74. [PMID: 16297895 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 10/16/2005] [Accepted: 10/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 33F was originally determined by a combination of chemical methods and limited use of NMR spectroscopy [Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.1984, 62, 666-677]. We report full 1H and 13C assignments and confirm the structure of the saccharide repeat unit, but find that the site of O-acetylation is O-2 of the -->5)-beta-D-Galf, rather than the -->3)-beta-D-Galf residue. We find that a slightly higher percentage of the repeat units are O-acetylated: [carbohydrate: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Lemercinier
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
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Holzgrabe U, Deubner R, Schollmayer C, Waibel B. Quantitative NMR spectroscopy--applications in drug analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 38:806-12. [PMID: 15893899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 12/05/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy being a primary ratio method of measurement is highly suitable to evaluate the quality of drugs. NMR spectroscopy can be used for the identification of a drug substance, the identification and quantification of impurities arising from the synthesis pathway and degradation, or residual solvents as well as the determination of the content in the assay. This review gives an overview of the application of quantitative NMR spectroscopy in International Pharmacopoeias and for licensing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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19
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Jones C. Revised structures for the capsular polysaccharides from Staphylococcus aureus Types 5 and 8, components of novel glycoconjugate vaccines. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:1097-106. [PMID: 15797125 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines based on the capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) from Staphylococcus aureus serotypes 5 and 8 conjugated to genetically detoxified recombinant exoprotein A (rEPA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been shown, in Phase 3 clinical trials, to elicit a strong bactericidal immune response in end-stage renal disease patients. Such vaccines have the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a major cause of hospital-acquired infection. The serotype 5 and 8 polysaccharides have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and full structural analyses carried out. Published structures were found incorrect and the revised structures of the repeat units of the two polysaccharides are: [carbohydrate structure: see text]. Resonances indicative of the presence of peptidoglycan were observed in the spectra of both CPSs, consistent with reports that the CPS is covalently linked to peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jones
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
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20
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Jones C. NMR assays for carbohydrate-based vaccines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 38:840-50. [PMID: 16087046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against the cell surface carbohydrates of many microbial pathogens protect against infection. This was initially exploited by the development of purified polysaccharide vaccines, but glycoconjugate vaccines, in which the cell surface carbohydrate of a microbial pathogen is covalently attached to an appropriate carrier protein, are proving the most effective means to generate this protective immunity. Carbohydrate-based vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae Type b, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) are already licensed, and many similar products are in various stages of development. For many of these vaccines, biological assays are not available or are inappropriate and NMR spectroscopy is proving a valuable tool for the characterisation and quality control of existing and novel products. This review highlights some of the areas in which NMR spectroscopy is currently used, and where further developments may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jones
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
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21
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Wieruszeski JM, Talaga P, Lippens G. Development of a high-resolution magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance identity assay of the capsular polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae type b present in cetavlon precipitate. Anal Biochem 2005; 338:20-5. [PMID: 15707931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe the use of high-resolution magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance to control the identity of the capsular polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) present in the cetavlon precipitate. This step is one of the earliest in the purification of this polysaccharide, which is further used in the production of Hib polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine. The effects of sample procedure and magnetic field strength have been investigated. Since this assay is rapid and simple, it may represent a useful technique for characterization of polysaccharides present in complex and insoluble matrices. Moreover, it allows a rapid evaluation of the structure of the produced polysaccharides very early on during the production process and is as such an essential analytical tool before starting the purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Wieruszeski
- CNRS/Université de Lille 2, UMR 8525, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
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22
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Ellerbroek PM, Lefeber DJ, van Veghel R, Scharringa J, Brouwer E, Gerwig GJ, Janbon G, Hoepelman AIM, Coenjaerts FEJ. O-acetylation of cryptococcal capsular glucuronoxylomannan is essential for interference with neutrophil migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:7513-20. [PMID: 15585878 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.12.7513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) of Cryptococcus neoformans has been shown to interfere with neutrophil migration. Although several receptors have been implied to mediate this process, the structural perspectives are unknown. Here, we assess the contribution of 6-O-acetylation and xylose substitution of the (1-->3)-alpha-d-mannan backbone of GXM, the variable structural features of GXM, to the interference with neutrophil migration. We compare chemically deacetylated GXM and acetyl- or xylose-deficient GXM from genetically modified strains with wild-type GXM in their ability to inhibit the different phases of neutrophil migration. Additionally, we verify the effects of de-O-acetylation on neutrophil migration in vivo. De-O-acetylation caused a dramatic reduction of the inhibitory capacity of GXM in the in vitro assays for neutrophil chemokinesis, rolling on E-selectin and firm adhesion to endothelium. Genetic removal of xylose only marginally reduced the ability of GXM to reduce firm adhesion. In vivo, chemical deacetylation of GXM significantly reduced its ability to interfere with neutrophil recruitment in a model of myocardial ischemia (65% reduction vs a nonsignificant reduction in tissue myeloperoxidase, respectively). Our findings indicate that 6-O-acetylated mannose of GXM is a crucial motive for the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline M Ellerbroek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Jones C, Lemercinier X. Full NMR assignment and revised structure for the capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 15B. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:403-9. [PMID: 15680595 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 15B is a component of the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine against pneumococcal disease. We report full NMR assignments for the native and de-O-acetylated polysaccharide, and confirm that the phosphorylated substituent is glycerol-2-phosphate rather than phosphocholine, located on O-3 of the side chain beta-Galp residue. The polysaccharide is O-acetylated on the terminal alpha-Gal residue, distributed between O-2, O-3, O-4 and O-6 in a ratio of 6:12:12:55, with approximately 15% of the repeat units not O-acetylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jones
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
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24
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Abstract
Empirical force field-based studies of biological macromolecules are becoming a common tool for investigating their structure-activity relationships at an atomic level of detail. Such studies facilitate interpretation of experimental data and allow for information not readily accessible to experimental methods to be obtained. A large part of the success of empirical force field-based methods is the quality of the force fields combined with the algorithmic advances that allow for more accurate reproduction of experimental observables. Presented is an overview of the issues associated with the development and application of empirical force fields to biomolecular systems. This is followed by a summary of the force fields commonly applied to the different classes of biomolecules; proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. In addition, issues associated with computational studies on "heterogeneous" biomolecular systems and the transferability of force fields to a wide range of organic molecules of pharmacological interest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Mackerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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25
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Rijpkema S, Durrani Z, Lemercinier X, Jones C. Detection of O-acetylated Vi polysaccharide of Salmonella enterica subspecies typhi by Enzyme Immunoassay. Biologicals 2004; 32:11-6. [PMID: 15026021 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2003] [Revised: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunisation with capsular Vi polysaccharide (Vi PS) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) protects against typhoid. This protection depends on the presence of O-acetyl groups on the Vi PS, which form an immunodominant epitope. An antiserum raised against conjugated Vi PS was used as the basis for an indirect Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). The antiserum did not react with lipopolysaccharide of five gram negative bacteria including S. typhi. Vi PS from three different sources was tested, and all but one of 18 native Vi PS preparations had EIA values comparable to a standard Vi PS preparation. The sensitivity of the EIA for the detection of O-acetyl groups on Vi PS was compared to an NMR spectroscopy assay (Biologicals 28 (2000) 17-24). The EIA distinguished between O-acetylated and de-O-acetylated Vi PS preparations. However, significantly lower EIA reactivity was observed only for samples which had O-acetylation levels of 25% or less. This assay should facilitate batch control of Vi vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Rijpkema
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK.
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26
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Jones C, Lemercinier X. Use and validation of NMR assays for the identity and O-acetyl content of capsular polysaccharides from Neisseria meningitidis used in vaccine manufacture. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:1233-47. [PMID: 12408914 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe a validated NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopic assay for the identity of the capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) from Neisseria meningitidis Groups A, C, W135 and Y used in vaccine manufacture, and to determine the proportion of residues carrying an O-acetyl substituent. Proof of structural identity and quantitation of the O-acetyl content are key control parameters for these vaccines. The meningococcal CPSs have variable levels of O-acetylation, present at multiple sites in the repeat unit, leading to complex NMR spectra. Base-catalysed de-O-acetylation of the Groups A, C, W135 and Y CPSs yields simplified and reproducible spectra suitable for comparison with reference data. The degree of O-acetylation of the original CPS can be determined by integration of the acetate anion resonance and a suitable resonance from the saccharide moiety. The assay was validated using 46 independent samples from five manufacturers, and is shown to be robust and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jones
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3QG, Herts, UK.
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27
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Metz B, Hendriksen CFM, Jiskoot W, Kersten GFA. Reduction of animal use in human vaccine quality control: opportunities and problems. Vaccine 2002; 20:2411-30. [PMID: 12057596 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In vivo assays play a crucial role in the assessment of the potency and safety of human vaccines. Robust vaccine production procedures, improved characterisation methods and development of well-characterised vaccines create possibilities to reduce animal use. In this paper the current status in this field is reviewed. Achievements with regard to in vivo and in vitro potency and safety testing are discussed as well as new developments and possibilities in the field of in vitro characterisation of vaccine components. Finally, validation and implementation issues will be dealt with. Although replacement of in vivo tests for batch release of existing vaccines is difficult, emerging technologies allow well-considered reduction of in vivo experiments during product and process development and improvement. Inextricably bound up with this approach is good manufacturing practice (GMP), resulting in robust, validated production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Metz
- Laboratory for Product and Process Development, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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28
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Lemercinier X, Jones C. An NMR spectroscopic identity test for the control of the capsular polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae type b. Biologicals 2000; 28:175-83. [PMID: 10964444 DOI: 10.1006/biol.2000.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to control the identity of purified bulk capsular polysaccharide [called poly(ribosylribitolphosphate) or PRP] from Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and derivatised forms, used in the production of Hib polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. We describe the approaches we have developed to validate this test.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Lemercinier
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK
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