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Tosch C, Bastien B, Barraud L, Grellier B, Nourtier V, Gantzer M, Limacher JM, Quemeneur E, Bendjama K, Préville X. Viral based vaccine TG4010 induces broadening of specific immune response and improves outcome in advanced NSCLC. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:70. [PMID: 28923084 PMCID: PMC5604422 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving TG4010, a therapeutic viral vaccine encoding human Mucin 1 and interleukin-2 in addition to standard chemotherapy, displayed longer overall survival in comparison to that of patients treated with standard chemotherapy alone. Our study intended to establish the association between overall survival and vaccine-induced T cell responses against tumor associated antigens (TAA) targeted by the vaccine. METHOD The TIME trial was a placebo-controlled, randomized phase II study aimed at assessing efficacy of TG4010 with chemotherapy in NSCLC. 78 patients from the TIME study carrying the HLA-A02*01 haplotype were analyzed using combinatorial encoding of MHC multimers to detect low frequencies of cellular immune responses to TG4010 and other unrelated TAA. RESULTS We report that improvement of survival under TG4010 treatment correlated with development of T cell responses against MUC1. Interestingly, responses against MUC1 were associated with broadening of CD8 responses against non-targeted TAA, thus demonstrating induction of epitope spreading. CONCLUSION Our results support the causality of specific T-cell response in improved survival in NSCLC. Additionally, vaccine induced epitope spreading to other TAA participates to the enrichment of the diversity of the anti-tumor response. Hence, TG4010 appears as a useful therapeutic option to maximize response rate and clinical benefit in association with other targeted immuno-modulators. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT01383148 on June 23rd, 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tosch
- Transgene SA, 400 Bld Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, CS80166, 67405, Illkirch Graffenstaden, Cedex, France
| | - Bérangère Bastien
- Transgene SA, 400 Bld Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, CS80166, 67405, Illkirch Graffenstaden, Cedex, France
| | - Luc Barraud
- Transgene SA, 400 Bld Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, CS80166, 67405, Illkirch Graffenstaden, Cedex, France
| | - Benoit Grellier
- Transgene SA, 400 Bld Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, CS80166, 67405, Illkirch Graffenstaden, Cedex, France
| | - Virginie Nourtier
- Transgene SA, 400 Bld Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, CS80166, 67405, Illkirch Graffenstaden, Cedex, France
| | - Murielle Gantzer
- Transgene SA, 400 Bld Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, CS80166, 67405, Illkirch Graffenstaden, Cedex, France
| | - Jean Marc Limacher
- Transgene SA, 400 Bld Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, CS80166, 67405, Illkirch Graffenstaden, Cedex, France.,Current address: Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Hematology, Louis Pasteur Hospital, 39 Av de la Liberté, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Eric Quemeneur
- Transgene SA, 400 Bld Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, CS80166, 67405, Illkirch Graffenstaden, Cedex, France
| | - Kaïdre Bendjama
- Transgene SA, 400 Bld Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, CS80166, 67405, Illkirch Graffenstaden, Cedex, France.
| | - Xavier Préville
- Transgene SA, 400 Bld Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, CS80166, 67405, Illkirch Graffenstaden, Cedex, France.,Current address: Amoneta Diagnostics, 17 rue du Fort, 68330, Huningue, France
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Whiteside TL. Induced regulatory T cells in inhibitory microenvironments created by cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1411-25. [PMID: 24934899 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.927432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regulatory T cells (Tregs) accumulating in the peripheral circulation and tumor sites of patients contribute to tumor escape from the host immune system. Tregs encompass subsets of immune cells with distinct phenotypic and functional properties. Whereas natural (n) or thymic-derived (t) Tregs regulate responses to self-antigens, inducible (i) or peripheral (p) Tregs generated and expanded in regulatory microenvironments control immune responses to a broad variety of antigens. AREAS COVERED Tregs accumulating in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are contextually regulated. They acquire phenotypic and functional attributes imposed by the inhibitory molecular pathways operating in situ. Several molecular pathways active in human cancer are reviewed. The pathways may differ from one tumor to another, and environmentally induced Tregs may be functionally distinct. Potential therapeutic strategies for selective silencing of iTregs are considered in the light of the newly acquired understanding of their phenotypic and functional diversity. EXPERT OPINION Human Tregs accumulating in cancer comprise 'bad' subsets, which inhibit antitumor immunity, and 'good' anti-inflammatory subsets, which maintain tolerance to self and benefit the host. Future therapeutic strategies targeting Tregs will need to discriminate between these Treg subsets and will need to consider reprogramming strategies instead of Treg elimination. Re-establishment of effective antitumor immune responses in cancer patients without disturbing a normal homeostatic T-cell balance will greatly benefit from insights into inhibitory pathways engaged by human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 , USA +1 412 624 0096 ; +1 412 624 0264 ;
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Bhatia A, Kumar Y. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in cancer immune escape: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 10:41-62. [PMID: 24325346 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.865519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune escape is the final phase of cancer immunoediting process wherein cancer modulates our immune system to escape from being destroyed by it. Many cellular and molecular events govern the cancer's evasion of host immune response. The tumor undergoes continuous remodeling at the genetic, epigenetic and metabolic level to acquire resistance to apoptosis. At the same time, it effectively modifies all the components of the host's immunome so as to escape from its antitumor effects. Moreover, it induces accumulation of suppressive cells like Treg and myeloid derived suppressor cells and factors which also enable it to elude the immune system. Recent research in this area helps in defining the role of newer players like miRNAs and exosomes in immune escape. The immunotherapeutic approaches developed to target the escape phase appear quite promising; however, the quest for a perfect therapeutic agent that can achieve maximum cure with minimal toxicity continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh-160012, India
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Lu T, Gabrilovich DI. Molecular pathways: tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and reactive oxygen species in regulation of tumor microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4877-82. [PMID: 22718858 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated myeloid cells are the major type of inflammatory cells involved in the regulation of antitumor immune responses. One key characteristic of these cells is the generation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the tumor microenvironment. Recent studies have shown the important role of ROS and RNS, especially peroxynitrite, in immune suppression in cancer. ROS and RNS are involved in induction of antigen-specific T-cell tolerance, inhibition of T-cell migration to the tumor site, and tumor cell evasion of recognition by cytotoxic T cells. In preclinical settings, a number of potential therapeutic agents showed activity in blocking ROS/RNS in cancer and in improving the efficacy of cancer immune therapy. A better understanding of ROS/RNS-associated pathways in myeloid cells will help to identify more specific and direct targets to facilitate the development of more effective immune therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangying Lu
- H. Lee Moffitt CancerCenter, MRC 2067, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Corzo CA, Condamine T, Lu L, Cotter MJ, Youn JI, Cheng P, Cho HI, Celis E, Quiceno DG, Padhya T, McCaffrey TV, McCaffrey JC, Gabrilovich DI. HIF-1α regulates function and differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:2439-53. [PMID: 20876310 PMCID: PMC2964584 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 890] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a major component of the immune-suppressive network described in cancer and many other pathological conditions. We demonstrate that although MDSCs from peripheral lymphoid organs and the tumor site share similar phenotype and morphology, these cells display profound functional differences. MDSC from peripheral lymphoid organs suppressed antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells but failed to inhibit nonspecific T cell function. In sharp contrast, tumor MDSC suppressed both antigen-specific and nonspecific T cell activity. The tumor microenvironment caused rapid and dramatic up-regulation of arginase I and inducible nitric oxide synthase in MDSC, which was accompanied by down-regulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase and reactive oxygen species in these cells. In contrast to MDSC from the spleen, MDSC from the tumor site rapidly differentiated into macrophages. Exposure of spleen MDSC to hypoxia resulted in the conversion of these cells to nonspecific suppressors and their preferential differentiation to macrophages. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α was found to be primarily responsible for the observed effects of the tumor microenvironment on MDSC differentiation and function. Thus, hypoxia via HIF-1α dramatically alters the function of MDSC in the tumor microenvironment and redirects their differentiation toward tumor-associated macrophages, hence providing a mechanistic link between different myeloid suppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Corzo
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Abstract
Cancer patients mount adaptive immune responses against their tumor. However, while tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and natural-killer (NK) cells try to detect and eliminate malignant cells, they eventually fail when these malignant cells develop mechanisms to evade effective immunosurveillance. First, malignant cells produce immunosuppressive cytokines and prostaglandins that skew the immune response toward a Th2 response, resulting in a humoral response with significantly less antitumor capacities, generating a low interleukin-2 environment blocking NK cell division, T-helper cell proliferation, and T-cytotoxic cell proliferation and function. Second, immunoresistant malignant cell variants emerge through selection of major histocompatibility class I and II and antigen-processing mutants reducing antigenicity. Finally, malignant cells may actively eliminate T-cells via activation-induced cell death or by mounting a counterattack through Fas ligand expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Loose
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Is IDO a key enzyme bridging the gap between tumor escape and tolerance induction? Langenbecks Arch Surg 2007; 393:995-1003. [PMID: 18064486 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-007-0245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shaping immune responses to prevent tumor-induced tolerance or transplant rejection after solid organ transplantation is a permanently expanding field of research. Immunological tolerance, in this case, is a double-edged sword. Tumors escape immune surveillance by creating an abnormal state of tolerance towards their own antigens, whereas transplantation medicine is challenged to develop new strategies to induce allograft-specific immunological tolerance. One mechanism possibly capable of achieving immunoregulation is based on indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). OBJECTIVE This overview article focuses on IDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism with special regard to its role in cancer and transplantation immunology. RESULTS The historical view about IDO as a host's antimicrobial defence mechanism has been extended by the observation that its expression is essential for successful allogeneic pregnancy. Subsequent studies analysing IDO as an immune-regulatory enzyme describe its implications in cancer immune escape, as chemical abrogation of enzyme activity with 1-methyl-tryptophan (1-MT), results in enhanced antitumor responses in animal models. Therefore, a clinical trial treating cancer patients with 1-MT has been started. IDO also seems to play an essential role in the control of allo- and autoreactive T cell responses. CTLA4-Ig is able to induce IDO expression in dendritic cells (DCs) and consequently renders them tolerogenic, which might provide one explanation for the observed therapeutic effects of abatacept and belatacept. CONCLUSION There is evidence that IDO achieves immune modulation in several animal models. However, in humans, this remains controversially discussed.
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Petrulio CA, Kim-Schulze S, Kaufman HL. The tumour microenvironment and implications for cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:671-84. [PMID: 16805707 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.7.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cells exist in a complex milieu of cellular and non-cellular components comprising fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells and metabolites of cellular respiration. An elaborate interplay between these components and tumour cells exists with implications for immunological recognition of tumour cells. Tumours have been shown to alter their antigen and cytokine profiles, desensitise and impair immune defences, signal fibroblasts to facilitate metastasis, and take advantage of acidic and hypoxic conditions that impede normal cells. This paper aims to review the roles of the stroma, extracellular matrix and chemistry of the microenvironment on tumour growth, with particular emphasis on interactions with the immune system, and to highlight some of the novel therapeutic strategies that target the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Petrulio
- Columbia University, The Tumour Immunology Laboratory, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, MHB-7SK, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Lopez-Santalla M, Krishnan S, Valeri AP, Aguilera-Montilla N, Fisher CU, Perez-Blas M, Gutierrez-Calvo A, Lasa I, Granell-Vicent J, Tsokos GC, Martin-Villa JM. Defective CD3ζ chain expression in Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS)-derived T-cell lines in gastric adenocarcinoma. Cell Immunol 2005; 238:113-22. [PMID: 16616055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Low expression of the CD3zeta chain has been reported in patients with cancer and it has been suggested that tumor-derived factors are involved in its downregulation. The expression of CD3zeta chain was measured in T-cell lines from patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and healthy volunteers and grown in vitro for several months and, hence, in the absence of any tumor-derived factors. T-cell lines of mucosal origin were obtained by Herpesvirus saimiri transformation from gastric cancer patients. The expression of CD3zeta and CD3epsilon was measured by flow cytometry and Western-blot analysis. Calcium mobilization and apoptosis rate were also measured. The levels of CD3zeta, but not CD3epsilon, chain on the cell surface were significantly reduced in T-cell lines derived from patients with gastric cancer when cultured in the absence of IL-2. Western-blot analysis of total cell extracts or lipid raft fractions confirmed this finding. Calcium mobilization, a measure of signal transduction, was reduced in T cell lines from patients with gastric cancer. We conclude that T cells from patients with cancer express lower levels of CD3zeta. This downregulation is not caused by a direct effect of tumor-derived factors but, rather, it appears to be inherent to the patient cells. The low CD3zeta expression would render T lymphocytes unable to control the growth of tumor cells.
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Chiou SH, Sheu BC, Chang WC, Huang SC, Hong-Nerng H. Current concepts of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in human malignancies. J Reprod Immunol 2005; 67:35-50. [PMID: 16111767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) develop as manifestations of the recognition and defense against malignant cells by the host immune system. TILs were literally defined as "tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes", which a posteriori locate within the tumor tissues. Although such cells can be found, they fail to control the growth of tumor. Many have proposed diverse mechanisms for dysfunction of TILs with regard to the roles of immunosurveillance against cancer. However, only a few cancer types, e.g. melanoma, have seen the benefits brought by activating these cells for immunotherapy. Functional defects of TILs have been linked to abnormalities of signaling molecules; however, there is conflicting data. The death of TILs was attributed to expression of cancer-derived FasL, PD-1 and RCAS1, and cancer-induced activation-induced cell death (AICD). Confirmed by studies using TILs and animal models, the compromise of tumor-specific immune responses was thought to result from not only mechanisms of clonal anergy but also exhaustion and/or deletion. Furthermore, functional cytotoxic CD8(+) TILs might be rendered incompetent by cancer-induced up-regulation of inhibitory NK receptors or proximal signaling abnormalities. Additionally, immune privilege was partly attributed to recruitment of regulatory T cells to the tumor sites. The failure of IL-2 signaling, which stands at the center of T cell functionalities, had been linked to the enzymatic activity of cancer-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Finally, the exploitation of IDO expression, an important enzyme in pregnancy-related immunosuppression, by cancer cells might play a role in tumor immunity. The disparity of cancer types, origin, developmental stages and individual genetic backgrounds likely account for differences, or even contradictions, which might be the reason why immunotherapy works only on a few cancer types. Delineating the mechanisms behind functional defects of TILs can help not only boost chances of the development of a successful cure but understand the not fully identified roles played by immune system in the face of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Heng Chiou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Schüle JM, Bergkvist L, Håkansson L, Gustafsson B, Håkansson A. CD28 expression in sentinel node biopsies from breast cancer patients in comparison with CD3-zeta chain expression. J Transl Med 2004; 2:45. [PMID: 15613231 PMCID: PMC545070 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunosuppression is documented in several malignant diseases, including breast cancer. Subsequently, future therapeutic concepts might include immunological approaches. However, detailed knowledge about tumor immunogenicity and host immunoreactivity, and how to assess these adequately, is still limited. We studied CD28 and CD3-ζ expression in sentinel node biopsies (SNB) from breast cancer patients to analyze tumor-related changes in T cell activity. Method 25 women underwent surgery for primary breast cancer, including SNB. Frozen sections from 21 sentinel nodes could be analyzed with a double-staining technique. CD28 expression was studied in CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte subsets and compared with CD3-ζ expression in three specified nodal regions. Results The degree of CD28 expression varied between the different lymph node areas. The lowest degree of CD28 expression was observed in CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the paracortex and germinal centers. Here, a good agreement with CD3-ζ expression was found. A higher CD28 expression was noted in CD4+ T-cells in the primary follicles, where concordance with CD3-ζ expression was weaker. The CD8+ T-lymphocyte subset displayed generally a higher degree of CD28 expression than the CD4+ subset. Conclusion Sentinel lymph nodes from breast cancer patients displayed local immunosuppression of varying extent. In the areas with the lowest degree of CD28 expression an accordingly low CD3-ζ expression was found. The SNB might prove an important diagnostic tool for the evaluation of interactions between tumor and the host immune system, helping to select patients who might benefit from adjuvant immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Schüle
- Department of Surgery, Central Hospital, SE-72189 Västerås, Sweden
- Center for Clinical Research of Uppsala University, SE-72189 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Leif Bergkvist
- Department of Surgery, Central Hospital, SE-72189 Västerås, Sweden
- Center for Clinical Research of Uppsala University, SE-72189 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Leif Håkansson
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Linköping, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bertil Gustafsson
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital of Linköping, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Annika Håkansson
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Linköping, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
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Ladányi A, Somlai B, Gilde K, Fejös Z, Gaudi I, Tímár J. T-cell activation marker expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as prognostic factor in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:521-30. [PMID: 14760073 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-1161-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The central role of T cells in antitumor immunity is well established. However, tumor progression, often seen in the presence of substantial lymphocytic infiltration, suggests that these T cells are not capable of mounting an effective immune response to control tumor growth. Evidence has accumulated that T lymphocytes infiltrating human neoplasms are functionally defective, incompletely activated, or anergic. Therefore, when characterizing the immune competent cells within lymphoid infiltrates of tumors, it is important to assess their activation state. We investigated the expression of two T-cell activation markers, interleukin 2 receptor alpha (CD25) and OX40 (CD134), by immunohistochemistry in primary cutaneous melanoma samples of 76 patients and analyzed it in relation to tumor stage and tumor progression (>5 years follow-up), as well as to patients' survival. We found that the degree of infiltration by CD25(+) and intratumoral OX40(+) lymphocytes showed a tendency to decrease in thicker melanomas. The frequency of samples with high numbers of peritumoral CD25(+) and OX40(+) cells was significantly lower (P = 0.0009 and P = 0.0087, respectively) in melanomas developing distant visceral metastases, compared with nonmetastatic or lymph node metastatic tumors. For both activation markers studied, high peritumoral densities were associated with longer survival by univariate analysis (P = 0.0028 and P = 0.0255 for CD25 and OX40, respectively), whereas peritumoral OX40(+) lymphocyte infiltration had an impact on survival also in multivariate analysis (P = 0.035). The results suggest that the presence of lymphocytes expressing the T-cell activation markers CD25 or OX40 shows correlation with tumor progression as well as with patients' survival in cutaneous malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ladányi
- Department of Tumor Progression, National Institute of Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Schultze JL, Fiore F, von Bergwelt-Baildon M. DCs in lymphoma — biology and therapeutic aspects. Cytotherapy 2004; 6:138-47. [PMID: 15203990 DOI: 10.1080/14653240410006095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Schultze
- Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology, Internal Medicine I, Hematology and Oncology Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kass R, Bellone S, Palmieri M, Canè S, Bignotti E, Henry-Tillman R, Hutchins L, Cannon MJ, Klimberg S, Santin AD. Restoration of tumor-specific HLA class I restricted cytotoxicity in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes of advanced breast cancer patients by in vitro stimulation with tumor antigen-pulsed autologous dendritic cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 80:275-85. [PMID: 14503800 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024938215782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are enriched in tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and may represent a superior source of CTL compare to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), for adoptive T cell immunotherapy of breast cancer. However, the immunocompetence of TIL and the possibility to consistently restore their tumor-specific lytic activity in vitro remains an open issue. In this study we evaluated the potential of tumor antigen-pulsed fully mature dendritic cell (DC) stimulation in restoring tumor-specific cytotoxicity in anergic TIL populations from advanced breast cancer patients. In addition we have compared tumor-specific T cell responses induced by tumor antigen-loaded DC stimulation of TIL to responses induced from PBL. Although TIL were consistently non-cytotoxic after isolation or culture in the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2), in matched experiments from three consecutive patients, tumor-lysate-pulsed DC-stimulated CD8+ T cell derived from TIL were found to be significantly more cytotoxic than PBL (p < 0.05). In addition, cytotoxicity against autologous tumor cells was more significantly inhibited by an anti-HLA class I (W6/32) MAb in TIL compared to PBL (p < 0.05). CTL populations derived from TIL and PBL did not lyse autologous EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines, and showed negligible cytotoxicity against the NK-sensitive cell line K562. Furthermore, in both CD8+ T cell populations the majority of the tumor-specific CTL exhibited a Th1 cytokine bias (IFN-gamma(high)/IL-4(low)). Taken together, these data show that tumor lysate-pulsed mature DC can consistently restore tumor-specific lytic activity in non-cytotoxic breast cancer TIL. These results may have important implications for the treatment of chemotherapy resistant breast cancer with active or adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Kass
- Department of General Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA
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Barbour AH, Coventry BJ. Dendritic cell density and activation status of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in metastatic human melanoma: possible implications for sentinel node metastases. Melanoma Res 2003; 13:263-9. [PMID: 12777981 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200306000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nodal deposits of melanoma may present many years after resection of the primary tumour, implying initial suppression of tumour growth with subsequent immune escape. Using immunocytochemical techniques on frozen sections, the cellular types and activation status of infiltrating cells within a series of 19 clinically apparent nodal metastases of melanoma were studied. Infiltrating cells were assessed using a semiquantitative grading system. Macrophages (CD68+) and T-lymphocytes (CD3+) (including both CD8+ and probably also CD4+ T-cells) were the predominant cells infiltrating the tumours. B-lymphocytes (CD20+) were generally present in low numbers. CD1a+ putative dendritic cell density and expression of the early lymphocyte activation markers interleukin-2 receptor alpha (IL2Ralpha) and CD69 was low. However, greater evidence of intermediate lymphocyte activation (CD38) was identified. Expression of interleukin-2 (IL2) by tumour-infiltrating cells was not detected. The paucity of staining for IL2 and IL2Ralpha, with greater expression of CD38 by infiltrating cells, suggests that the usual pathways of lymphocyte activation via IL2 were bypassed or impaired within the lymph node metastases. Low numbers of CD1a+ putative dendritic cells may result in reduced effector cell activation. These findings provide evidence to support the hypothesis that antitumour immune responses within clinically involved lymph nodes are reduced in metastatic melanoma. This also has possible implications for micrometastases to the sentinel lymph node.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H Barbour
- Department of Pathology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
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Radoja S, Saio M, Frey AB. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are primed for Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death but are not apoptotic in situ. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:6074-83. [PMID: 11342625 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.6074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Induction of Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death in antitumor T cells has been hypothesized to permit tumor escape from immune destruction. Several laboratories have proposed that expression of Fas ligand (L) by tumor is the basis for this form of T cell tolerance. In this study, we characterized murine tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) for activation status, cell cycle status, level of apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and proliferative capacity. TILs express multiple activation markers (circa CD69, CD95L, CD122, and LFA-1) and contain IL-2 and IFN-gamma mRNAs, but are neither cycling nor apoptotic in situ. In addition, TIL are dramatically suppressed in proliferative response and do not secrete IL-2 and IFN-gamma. However, upon purification and activation in vitro, TIL secrete high levels of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, enter S phase, and then die by Fas-mediated apoptosis. Activation by injection of anti-TCR Ab or IL-2 into tumor-bearing mice induced TIL entrance into S phase preceding apoptosis, showing that TIL have functional TCR-mediated signal transduction in situ. Our data demonstrate that TIL, not tumor, express both Fas and FasL, are arrested in G(1), do not secrete cytokine in situ, and, upon activation in vitro and in vivo, rapidly die by activation-induced cell death.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Cycle/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cell Separation
- Cells, Cultured
- Immune Sera/administration & dosage
- Immunophenotyping
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interleukin-2/administration & dosage
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Radoja
- Department of Cell Biology and Kaplan Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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18
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Gochi A, Orita K, Fuchimoto S, Tanaka N, Ogawa N. The prognostic advantage of preoperative intratumoral injection of OK-432 for gastric cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:443-51. [PMID: 11207036 PMCID: PMC2363772 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate, by a multi-institutional randomized trial, the prognostic significance of the augmentation of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) by preoperative intratumoral injection of OK-432 (OK-432 it), a bacterial biological response modifier, in patients with gastric cancer. The 10-year survival and disease-free survival were examined and analysis of the factors showing survival benefit was performed. 370 patients who had undergone curative resection of gastric cancer were enrolled in this study and followed up for 10 years postoperatively. Patients were randomized into either an OK-432 it group or a control group. Ten Klinishe Einheit (KE) of OK-432 was endoscopically injected at 1 to 2 weeks before the operation in the OK-432 it group. Both groups received the same adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy consisting of a bolus injection of mitomycin C (0.4 mg kg(-1) i.v.) and administration of tegafur and OK-432 from postoperative day 14 up to 1 year later. Tegafur (600 mg day(-1)) was given orally and OK-432 (5 KE/2 weeks) was injected intradermally for a maintenance therapy. The TILs grades in resected tumour specimens and presence of metastasis and metastatic pattern in dissected lymph nodes were examined. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the efficacy of OK-432 it on prognostic factors. All patients were followed up for 10 years. The overall 5- and 10-year survival rates and disease-free survival rates of the OK-432 it group were not significantly higher than those of the control group. However, OK-432 it significantly increased the 5- and 10-year survival rates of patients with stage IIIA + IIIB, moderate lymph node metastasis (pN2), and positive TILs. OK-432 it was most effective at prolonging the survival of patients who had both positive TILs and lymph node metastasis. The OK-432 it group with positive TILs showed a significant decrease in metastatic lymph node frequency and in the number of lymph node micro- metastatic foci when compared to the control group. This study showed that only one time preoperative OK-432 it, particularly when it triggers TILs, is effective for reduction of regional lymph node metastasis. OK-432 it probably acts partly by eliminating micro-metastatic foci in lymph nodes. Preoperative intratumoral injection of OK-432 is technically very easy and has no serious adverse effects, so it is a promising form of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gochi
- First Department of Surgery, Okayama University Medical School 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
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19
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Mijatovic T, Houzet L, Defrance P, Droogmans L, Huez G, Kruys V. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA remains unstable and hypoadenylated upon stimulation of macrophages by lipopolysaccharides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:6004-12. [PMID: 10998061 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
TNF-alpha gene expression is regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in mouse macrophages. The post-transcriptional regulation is mediated by the AU-rich element (ARE) located in the TNF-alpha mRNA 3' untranslated region (UTR), which controls its translation and stability. In resting macrophages, the ARE represses TNF-alpha mRNA translation. Activation of macrophages with various agents [for example lipopolysaccharide (LPS), viruses] results in translational derepression, leading to the production of high levels of TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha ARE has also been shown to confer mRNA instability as its deletion from the mouse genome leads to an increase in the TNF-alpha mRNA half-life [Kontoyiannis, D., Pasparakis, M., Pizzaro, T., Cominelli, F. & Kollias, G. (1999) Immunity 10, 387-398]. In this study, we measured the half-life as well as the poly(A) tail length of TNF-alpha mRNA in the course of macrophage activation by LPS. We report that TNF-alpha mRNA is short lived even in conditions of maximal TNF-alpha synthesis. Moreover, TNF-alpha mRNA is hypoadenylated in a constitutive manner. These results reveal that TNF-alpha mRNA rapid turnover does not constitute a regulatory step of TNF-alpha biosynthesis in macrophages and that TNF-alpha mRNA translational activation upon LPS stimulation is not accompanied by a change of poly(A) tail length.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mijatovic
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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20
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Radoja S, Frey AB. Cancer-induced Defective Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Effector Function: Another Mechanism How Antigenic Tumors Escape Immune-mediated Killing. Mol Med 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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21
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Radoja S, Rao TD, Hillman D, Frey AB. Mice bearing late-stage tumors have normal functional systemic T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:2619-28. [PMID: 10679101 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune suppression in tumor-bearing hosts is considered to be one factor causally associated with the growth of antigenic tumors. Support for this hypothesis has come from reports that spleen T cells in tumor-bearing mice are deficient in either priming or effector phase functions. We have reexamined this hypothesis in detail using multiple murine tumor models, including transplantable adenocarcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, and thymoma, and also a transgenic model of spontaneous breast carcinoma. In both in vitro and in vivo assays of T cell function (proliferation, cytokine production, induction of CD8+ alloreactive CTL, and development of anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin CD4+ T cells, rejection of allogeneic or syngeneic regressor tumors, respectively) we show that mice bearing sizable tumor burdens are not systemically suppressed and do not have diminished T cell functions. Therefore, if immune suppression is a causal function in the growth of antigenic tumor, the basis for escape from immune destruction is likely to be dependent upon tumor-induced T cell dysfunction at the site of tumor growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Separation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/analysis
- Female
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Hemocyanins/administration & dosage
- Hemocyanins/immunology
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- Splenomegaly/immunology
- Splenomegaly/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Thy-1 Antigens/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- S Radoja
- Department of Cell Biology and Kaplan Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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22
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Finke J, Ferrone S, Frey A, Mufson A, Ochoa A. Where have all the T cells gone? Mechanisms of immune evasion by tumors. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 20:158-60. [PMID: 10203710 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Finke
- Dept of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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