Adjuvant-induced improvement of glucose intolerance in type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice through interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels in non-diabetic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is considered to be involved in the insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of developing diabetes and several metabolic abnormalities, but the underlying defects responsible are not known. We studied serum TNF-alpha levels in 30 healthy non-diabetic offspring of type 2 diabetic parents (group A), and the relationship between TNF-alpha levels and variables associated with insulin resistance and diabetes. For comparison, 30 healthy offspring of non-diabetic parents (group B) were also studied. The median serum concentration of TNF-alpha was significantly higher in group A than in group B, 3.5 pg/ml compared with 2.0 pg/ml, respectively. The individuals of group A also had significantly elevated levels of glycosylated haemoglobin, fasting glucose, glucose 2 h after an oral glucose tolerance test and triglycerides. We conclude that serum TNF-alpha concentration is significantly elevated in non-diabetic offspring of type 2 diabetics and this may predict later impairment of insulin action in these individuals.

Primary role of interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta in lipopolysaccharide-induced hypoglycemia in mice

Within a few hours of its injection into mice, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces hypoglycemia and the production of various cytokines. We previously found that interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) induce hypoglycemia and that the minimum effective dose of IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta is about 1/1000 that of TNF-alpha. In the present study, we examined the contribution made by IL-1 to the hypoglycemic action of LPS. Nine other cytokines tested were all inactive at inducing hypoglycemia. LPS produced hypoglycemia in mice deficient in either IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta but not in mice deficient in both cytokines (IL-1 alpha and -1 beta knockout [IL-1 alpha/beta KO] mice). IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha induced hypoglycemia in IL-1 alpha/beta KO mice, as they did in normal control mice. The LPS-induced elevation of serum cortisol was weaker in IL-1 alpha/beta KO mice than in control mice, and, in the latter, serum cortisol was markedly raised while blood glucose was declining. IL-1 alpha decreased blood glucose both in NOD mice (which have impaired insulin production) and in KK-Ay mice (insulin resistant). These results suggest that (i). cortisol may not be involved in mediating the resistance of IL-1 alpha/beta KO mice to the hypoglycemic action of LPS, (ii). as a mediator, IL-1 is a prerequisite for the hypoglycemic action of LPS, (iii). IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta perform mutual compensation, and (iv). IL-1 plays a role as the primary stimulator of the many anabolic reactions required for the elaboration of immune responses against infection.