1
|
Chung DC, Garcia-Batres CR, Millar DG, Wong SWY, Elford AR, Mathews JA, Wang BX, Nguyen LT, Shaw PA, Clarke BA, Bernardini MQ, Sacher AG, Crome SQ, Ohashi PS. Generation of an Inhibitory NK Cell Subset by TGF-β1/IL-15 Polarization. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1904-1912. [PMID: 38668728 PMCID: PMC11149900 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
NK cells have been shown to exhibit inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions in a variety of healthy and diseased settings. In the context of chronic viral infection and cancer, distinct NK cell populations that inhibit adaptive immune responses have been observed. To understand how these cells arise and further characterize their immunosuppressive role, we examined in vitro conditions that could polarize human NK cells into an inhibitory subset. TGF-β1 has been shown to induce regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo; we therefore investigated if TGF-β1 could also induce immunosuppressive NK-like cells. First, we found that TGF-β1/IL-15, but not IL-15 alone, induced CD103+CD49a+ NK-like cells from peripheral blood NK cells, which expressed markers previously associated with inhibitory CD56+ innate lymphoid cells, including high expression of GITR and CD101. Moreover, supernatant from ascites collected from patients with ovarian carcinoma also induced CD103+CD49a+ NK-like cells in vitro in a TGF-β-dependent manner. Interestingly, TGF-β1/IL-15-induced CD103+CD56+ NK-like cells suppressed autologous CD4+ T cells in vitro by reducing absolute number, proliferation, and expression of activation marker CD25. Collectively, these findings provide new insight into how NK cells may acquire an inhibitory phenotype in TGF-β1-rich environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C. Chung
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos R. Garcia-Batres
- Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas G. Millar
- Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie W. Y. Wong
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alisha R. Elford
- Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica A. Mathews
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ben X. Wang
- Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Linh T. Nguyen
- Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia A. Shaw
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Blaise A. Clarke
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcus Q. Bernardini
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian G. Sacher
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Q. Crome
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Tumour Immunotherapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo F, Huang Y, Li Y, Zhao X, Xie Y, Zhang Q, Mei J, Liu X. A narrative review of the relationship between TGF-β signaling and gynecological malignant tumor. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1601. [PMID: 34790807 PMCID: PMC8576662 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective This paper reviews the association between transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its receptor and tumor, focusing on gynecological malignant tumors. we hope to provide more methods to help increase the potential of TGF-β signaling targeted treatment of specific cancers. Background The occurrence of a malignant tumor is a complex process of multi-step, multi-gene regulation, and its progression is affected by various components of the tumor cells and/or tumor microenvironment. The occurrence of gynecological diseases not only affect women's health, but also bring some troubles to their normal life. Especially when gynecological malignant tumors occur, the situation is more serious, which will endanger the lives of patients. Due to differences in environmental and economic conditions, not all women have access to assistance and treatment specifically meeting their needs. TGF-β is a multi-potent growth factor that maintains homeostasis in mammals by inhibiting cell growth and promoting apoptosis in vivo. TGF-β signaling is fundamental to inflammatory disease and favors the emergence of tumors, and it also plays an important role in immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. In the early stages of the tumor, TGF-β acts as a tumor inhibitor, whereas in advanced tumors, mutations or deletion of the TGF-β signaling core component initiate neogenesis. Methods Literatures about TGF-β and gynecological malignant tumor were extensively reviewed to analyze and discuss. Conclusions We discussed the role of TGF-β signaling in different types of gynecological tumor cells, thus demonstrating that targeted TGF-β signaling may be an effective tumor treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianwen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qian J, LeSavage BL, Hubka KM, Ma C, Natarajan S, Eggold JT, Xiao Y, Fuh KC, Krishnan V, Enejder A, Heilshorn SC, Dorigo O, Rankin EB. Cancer-associated mesothelial cells promote ovarian cancer chemoresistance through paracrine osteopontin signaling. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e146186. [PMID: 34396988 DOI: 10.1172/jci146186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecological malignancy-related deaths, due to its widespread intraperitoneal metastases and acquired chemoresistance. Mesothelial cells are an important cellular component of the ovarian cancer microenvironment that promote metastasis. However, their role in chemoresistance is unclear. Here, we investigated whether cancer-associated mesothelial cells promote ovarian cancer chemoresistance and stemness in vitro and in vivo. We found that osteopontin is a key secreted factor that drives mesothelial-mediated ovarian cancer chemoresistance and stemness. Osteopontin is a secreted glycoprotein that is clinically associated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Mechanistically, ovarian cancer cells induced osteopontin expression and secretion by mesothelial cells through TGF-β signaling. Osteopontin facilitated ovarian cancer cell chemoresistance via the activation of the CD44 receptor, PI3K/AKT signaling, and ABC drug efflux transporter activity. Importantly, therapeutic inhibition of osteopontin markedly improved the efficacy of cisplatin in both human and mouse ovarian tumor xenografts. Collectively, our results highlight mesothelial cells as a key driver of ovarian cancer chemoresistance and suggest that therapeutic targeting of osteopontin may be an effective strategy for enhancing platinum sensitivity in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology
| | | | - Kelsea M Hubka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chenkai Ma
- Molecular Diagnostics Solutions, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Katherine C Fuh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Venkatesh Krishnan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Annika Enejder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Oliver Dorigo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumari A, Shonibare Z, Monavarian M, Arend RC, Lee NY, Inman GJ, Mythreye K. TGFβ signaling networks in ovarian cancer progression and plasticity. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:139-161. [PMID: 33590419 PMCID: PMC7987693 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Late-stage diagnosis with significant tumor burden, accompanied by recurrence and chemotherapy resistance, contributes to this poor prognosis. These morbidities are known to be tied to events associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer. During EMT, localized tumor cells alter their polarity, cell-cell junctions, cell-matrix interactions, acquire motility and invasiveness and an exaggerated potential for metastatic spread. Key triggers for EMT include the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) family of growth factors which are actively produced by a wide array of cell types within a specific tumor and metastatic environment. Although TGFβ can act as either a tumor suppressor or promoter in cancer, TGFβ exhibits its pro-tumorigenic functions at least in part via EMT. TGFβ regulates EMT both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels as outlined here. Despite recent advances in TGFβ based therapeutics, limited progress has been seen for ovarian cancers that are in much need of new therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize and discuss several recent insights into the underlying signaling mechanisms of the TGFβ isoforms in EMT in the unique metastatic environment of EOCs and the current therapeutic interventions that may be relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kumari
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Zainab Shonibare
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Mehri Monavarian
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rebecca C Arend
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology-Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Nam Y Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Gareth J Inman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute and Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320B, 1824 Sixth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kielbik M, Szulc-Kielbik I, Klink M. The Potential Role of iNOS in Ovarian Cancer Progression and Chemoresistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1751. [PMID: 30970628 PMCID: PMC6479373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the enzyme responsible for nitric oxide (NO) production, is not present in most cells under normal conditions. The expression of its mRNA, as well as its protein synthesis and full enzymatic activity, undergoes multilevel regulation including transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, the availability of iNOS substrate and cofactors and oxygen tension. However, in various malignant diseases, such as ovarian cancer, the intracellular mechanisms controlling iNOS are dysregulated, resulting in the permanent induction of iNOS expression and activation. The present review summarizes the multistaged processes occurring in normal cells that promote NO synthesis and focuses on factors regulating iNOS expression in ovarian cancer. The possible involvement of iNOS in the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer and its potential as a prognostic/predictive factor in the course of disease development are also reviewed. According to the available yet limited data, it is difficult to draw unequivocal conclusions on the pros and cons of iNOS in ovarian cancer. Most clinical data support the hypothesis that high levels of iNOS expression in ovarian tumors are associated with a greater risk of disease relapse and patient death. However, in vitro studies with various ovarian cancer cell lines indicate a correlation between a high level of iNOS expression and sensitivity to cisplatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kielbik
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Izabela Szulc-Kielbik
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Klink
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nwani NG, Sima LE, Nieves-Neira W, Matei D. Targeting the Microenvironment in High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E266. [PMID: 30103384 PMCID: PMC6115937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer⁻stroma interactions play a key role in cancer progression and response to standard chemotherapy. Here, we provide a summary of the mechanisms by which the major cellular components of the ovarian cancer (OC) tumor microenvironment (TME) including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), myeloid, immune, endothelial, and mesothelial cells potentiate cancer progression. High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is characterized by a pro-inflammatory and angiogenic signature. This profile is correlated with clinical outcomes and can be a target for therapy. Accumulation of malignant ascites in the peritoneal cavity allows for secreted factors to fuel paracrine and autocrine circuits that augment cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. Adhesion of cancer cells to the mesothelial matrix promotes peritoneal tumor dissemination and represents another attractive target to prevent metastasis. The immunosuppressed tumor milieu of HGSOC is permissive for tumor growth and can be modulated therapeutically. Results of emerging preclinical and clinical trials testing TME-modulating therapeutics for the treatment of OC are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nkechiyere G Nwani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Livia E Sima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Wilberto Nieves-Neira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
EZH2 inhibition promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84453-84467. [PMID: 27563817 PMCID: PMC5356672 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells acquire essential characteristics for metastatic dissemination through the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is regulated by gene expression and chromatin remodeling changes. The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), catalyzes trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) to repress gene transcription. Here we report the functional roles of EZH2-catalyzed H3K27me3 during EMT in ovarian cancer (OC) cells. TGF-β-induced EMT in SKOV3 OC cells was associated with decreased levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3 (P<0.05). These effects were delayed (~72 h relative to EMT initiation) and coincided with increased (>15-fold) expression of EMT-associated transcription factors ZEB2 and SNAI2. EZH2 knockdown (using siRNA) or enzymatic inhibition (by GSK126) induced EMT-like changes in OC cells. The EMT regulator ZEB2 was upregulated in cells treated with either approach. Furthermore, TGF-β enhanced expression of ZEB2 in EZH2 siRNA- or GSK126-treated cells (P<0.01), suggesting that H3K27me3 plays a role in TGF-β-stimulated ZEB2 induction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that TGF-β treatment decreased binding of EZH2 and H3K27me3 to the ZEB2 promoter (P<0.05). In all, these results demonstrate that EZH2, by repressing ZEB2, is required for the maintenance of an epithelial phenotype in OC cells.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cuoco JA, Hoehmann CL, Hitscherich K, Zakhary SM, Leheste JR, Torres G. Linking Brain Arteriovenous Malformations With Anorectal Hemorrhoids: A Clinical and Anatomical Review. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1973-1980. [PMID: 28696502 PMCID: PMC5655777 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients who harbor brain arteriovenous malformations are at risk for intracranial hemorrhage. These malformations are often seen in inherited vascular diseases such as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. However, malformations within the brain also sporadically occur without a hereditary-coding component. Here, we review recent insights into the pathophysiology of arteriovenous malformations, in particular, certain signaling pathways that might underlie endothelial cell pathology. To better interpret the origins, determinants and consequences of brain arteriovenous malformations, we present a clinical case to illustrate the phenotypic landscape of the disease. We also propose that brain arteriovenous malformations might share certain signaling dimensions with those of anorectal hemorrhoids. This working hypothesis provides casual anchors from which to understand vascular diseases characterized by arteriovenous lesions with a hemorrhagic- or bleeding-risk component. Anat Rec, 2017. © The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists. Anat Rec, 300:1973-1980, 2017. © 2017 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Cuoco
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNew York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic MedicineOld WestburyNew York
| | - Christopher L. Hoehmann
- Department of AnatomyNew York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic MedicineOld WestburyNew York
| | - Kyle Hitscherich
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNew York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic MedicineOld WestburyNew York
| | - Sherry M. Zakhary
- Department of RadiologyBrookhaven Memorial Hospital Medical CenterPatchogueNew York
| | - Joerg R. Leheste
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNew York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic MedicineOld WestburyNew York
| | - German Torres
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNew York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic MedicineOld WestburyNew York
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gutgold N, Davidson B, Catane LJ, Holth A, Hellesylt E, Tropé CG, Dørum A, Reich R. TGFβ splicing and canonical pathway activation in high-grade serous carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2017; 470:665-678. [PMID: 28432432 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the expression and clinical role of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) pathway in high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), with focus on malignant effusions. TGFβ1-3 and TGFβRI-III mRNA expression by qRT-PCR was analyzed in 70 HGSC effusions and 55 solid specimens (28 ovarian, 27 abdominal metastases). Protein expression of Smad2 and Smad3 and their phosphorylated forms by Western blotting was analyzed in 73 specimens (42 effusions, 13 ovarian carcinomas, 18 solid metastases). Expression was analyzed for association with anatomic site and clinical parameters, including survival. TGFβRI and TGFβRII mRNA was overexpressed in effusions and solid metastases, particularly the former, compared to that in the ovarian tumors (p < 0.001 to p = 0.05), with anatomic site-dependent expression of splice variants. Conversely, Smad2, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 were overexpressed in solid specimens (ovarian and peritoneal) compared to those in effusions (p < 0.001 for all). In univariate survival analysis, higher TGFβRI variant 1 and TGFβRIII mRNA levels were associated with a trend for shorter overall survival in patients with post-chemotherapy effusions (p = 0.066 and p = 0.087, respectively), and the latter was an independent prognostic marker in Cox multivariate analysis (p = 0.041). Smad3 protein expression was associated with a trend for shorter overall survival in univariate survival analysis (p = 0.052). TGFβ receptor splice variant expression is anatomic site-dependent in HGSC. Elevated levels of TGFβ signaling pathway mRNAs are seen in metastatic HGSC, but are not accompanied by increased Smad expression and activation in HGSC effusions, evidence of failure to activate canonical TGFβ signaling. Assessment of the prognostic role of this pathway in HGSC effusions merits further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neriya Gutgold
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310, Oslo, Norway. .,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Liora Jacobs Catane
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arild Holth
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Hellesylt
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claes G Tropé
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Dørum
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reuven Reich
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel. .,David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy and the Adolf and Klara Brettler Center for Research in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kawanishi K. Diverse properties of the mesothelial cells in health and disease. Pleura Peritoneum 2016; 1:79-89. [PMID: 30911611 DOI: 10.1515/pp-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelial cells (MCs) form the superficial anatomic layer of serosal membranes, including pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, and the tunica of the reproductive organs. MCs produce a protective, non-adhesive barrier against physical and biochemical damages. MCs express a wide range of phenotypic markers, including vimentin and cytokeratins. MCs play key roles in fluid transport and inflammation, as reflected by the modulation of biochemical markers such as transporters, adhesion molecules, cytokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen species and their scavengers. MCs synthesize extracellular matrix related molecules, and the surface of MC microvilli secretes a highly hydrophilic protective barrier, "glycocalyx", consisting mainly of glycosaminoglycans. MCs maintain a balance between procoagulant and fibrinolytic activation by producing a whole range of regulators, can synthetize fibrin and therefore form adhesions. Synthesis and recognition of hyaluronan and sialic acids might be a new insight to explain immunoactive and immunoregulatory properties of MCs. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition of MCs may involve serosal repair and remodeling. MCs might also play a role in the development and remodeling of visceral adipose tissue. Taken together, MCs play important roles in health and disease in serosal cavities of the body. The mesothelium is not just a membrane and should be considered as an organ.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rafehi S, Ramos Valdes Y, Bertrand M, McGee J, Préfontaine M, Sugimoto A, DiMattia GE, Shepherd TG. TGFβ signaling regulates epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in ovarian cancer ascites-derived spheroids. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:147-59. [PMID: 26647384 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) serves as a key mechanism driving tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis in many carcinomas. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling is implicated in several steps during cancer pathogenesis and acts as a classical inducer of EMT. Since epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells have the potential to switch between epithelial and mesenchymal states during metastasis, we predicted that modulation of TGFβ signaling would significantly impact EMT and the malignant potential of EOC spheroid cells. Ovarian cancer patient ascites-derived cells naturally underwent an EMT response when aggregating into spheroids, and this was reversed upon spheroid re-attachment to a substratum. CDH1/E-cadherin expression was markedly reduced in spheroids compared with adherent cells, in concert with an up-regulation of several transcriptional repressors, i.e., SNAI1/Snail, TWIST1/2, and ZEB2. Treatment of EOC spheroids with the TGFβ type I receptor inhibitor, SB-431542, potently blocked the endogenous activation of EMT in spheroids. Furthermore, treatment of spheroids with SB-431542 upon re-attachment enhanced the epithelial phenotype of dispersing cells and significantly decreased cell motility and Transwell migration. Spheroid formation was significantly compromised by exposure to SB-431542 that correlated with a reduction in cell viability particularly in combination with carboplatin treatment. Thus, our findings are the first to demonstrate that intact TGFβ signaling is required to control EMT in EOC ascites-derived cell spheroids, and it promotes the malignant characteristics of these structures. As such, we show the therapeutic potential for targeted inhibition of this pathway in ovarian cancer patients with late-stage disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Rafehi
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yudith Ramos Valdes
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monique Bertrand
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University o
| | - Jacob McGee
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel Préfontaine
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akira Sugimoto
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University o
| | - Gabriel E DiMattia
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University o
| | - Trevor G Shepherd
- Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Translational Ovarian Cancer Research ProgramLondon Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of BiochemistrySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of OncologySchulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University o
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cardenas H, Vieth E, Lee J, Segar M, Liu Y, Nephew KP, Matei D. TGF-β induces global changes in DNA methylation during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ovarian cancer cells. Epigenetics 2014; 9:1461-72. [PMID: 25470663 PMCID: PMC4622747 DOI: 10.4161/15592294.2014.971608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step in the process of metastasis is the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We hypothesized that epigenetic mechanisms play a key role in EMT and to test this hypothesis we analyzed global and gene-specific changes in DNA methylation during TGF-β-induced EMT in ovarian cancer cells. Epigenetic profiling using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (HM450) revealed extensive (P < 0.01) methylation changes after TGF-β stimulation (468 and 390 CpG sites altered at 48 and 120 h post cytokine treatment, respectively). The majority of gene-specific TGF-β-induced methylation changes occurred in CpG islands located in or near promoters (193 and 494 genes hypermethylated at 48 and 120 h after TGF-β stimulation, respectively). Furthermore, methylation changes were sustained for the duration of TGF-β treatment and reversible after the cytokine removal. Pathway analysis of the hypermethylated loci identified functional networks strongly associated with EMT and cancer progression, including cellular movement, cell cycle, organ morphology, cellular development, and cell death and survival. Altered methylation and corresponding expression of specific genes during TGF-β-induced EMT included CDH1 (E-cadherin) and COL1A1 (collagen 1A1). Furthermore, TGF-β induced both expression and activity of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) -1, -3A, and -3B, and treatment with the DNMT inhibitor SGI-110 prevented TGF-β-induced EMT. These results demonstrate that dynamic changes in the DNA methylome are implicated in TGF-β-induced EMT and metastasis. We suggest that targeting DNMTs may inhibit this process by reversing the EMT genes silenced by DNA methylation in cancer.
Collapse
Key Words
- 15 DNMTI, DNMT inhibitor
- CGI, CpG island
- DNA methylation
- DNMT, DNA methyltransferase
- EMT
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- HMA, hypomethylating agent
- IPA, Ingenuity pathway analysis
- PCA, principal component analysis
- SGI-110
- TGF-b, transforming growth factor b
- TGF-β
- TSS, transcription start site
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- ovarian cancer
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Cardenas
- Department of Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Edyta Vieth
- Department of Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Jiyoon Lee
- Department of Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Mathew Segar
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics; Indianapolis, IN USA
- Indiana University; Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center; Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Kenneth P Nephew
- Indiana University; Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center; Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department; Indiana University; Bloomington, IN USA
- Medical Sciences Program; Indiana University School of Medicine; Bloomington, IN USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
- Indiana University; Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center; Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
- VA Roudebush Hospital; Indianapolis, IN USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis, IN USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin CY, Kift-Morgan A, Moser B, Topley N, Eberl M. Suppression of pro-inflammatory T-cell responses by human mesothelial cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:1743-50. [PMID: 23355626 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human γδ T cells reactive to the microbial metabolite (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP) contribute to acute inflammatory responses. We have previously shown that peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated infections with HMB-PP producing bacteria are characterized by locally elevated γδ T-cell frequencies and poorer clinical outcome compared with HMB-PP negative infections, implying that γδ T cells may be of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic value in acute disease. The regulation by local tissue cells of these potentially detrimental γδ T-cell responses remains to be investigated. METHODS Freshly isolated γδ or αβ T cells were cultured with primary mesothelial cells derived from omental tissue, or with mesothelial cell-conditioned medium. Stimulation of cytokine production and proliferation by peripheral T cells in response to HMB-PP or CD3/CD28 beads was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Resting mesothelial cells were potent suppressors of pro-inflammatory γδ T cells as well as CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells. The suppression of γδ T-cell responses was mediated through soluble factors released by primary mesothelial cells and could be counteracted by SB-431542, a selective inhibitor of TGF-β and activin signalling. Recombinant TGF-β1 but not activin-A mimicked the mesothelial cell-mediated suppression of γδ T-cell responses to HMB-PP. CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate an important regulatory function of mesothelial cells in the peritoneal cavity by dampening pro-inflammatory T-cell responses, which may help preserve the tissue integrity of the peritoneal membrane in the steady state and possibly during the resolution of acute inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Yu Lin
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ko SY, Barengo N, Ladanyi A, Lee JS, Marini F, Lengyel E, Naora H. HOXA9 promotes ovarian cancer growth by stimulating cancer-associated fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3603-17. [PMID: 22945634 DOI: 10.1172/jci62229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) often exhibit morphologic features of embryonic Müllerian duct-derived tissue lineages and colonize peritoneal surfaces that overlie connective and adipose tissues. However, the mechanisms that enable EOC cells to readily adapt to the peritoneal environment are poorly understood. In this study, we show that expression of HOXA9, a Müllerian-patterning gene, is strongly associated with poor outcomes in patients with EOC and in mouse xenograft models of EOC. Whereas HOXA9 promoted EOC growth in vivo, HOXA9 did not stimulate autonomous tumor cell growth in vitro. On the other hand, expression of HOXA9 in EOC cells induced normal peritoneal fibroblasts to express markers of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and to stimulate growth of EOC and endothelial cells. Similarly, expression of HOXA9 in EOC cells induced normal adipose- and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to acquire features of CAFs. These effects of HOXA9 were due in substantial part to its transcriptional activation of the gene encoding TGF-β2 that acted in a paracrine manner on peritoneal fibroblasts and MSCs to induce CXCL12, IL-6, and VEGF-A expression. These results indicate that HOXA9 expression in EOC cells promotes a microenvironment that is permissive for tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Yi Ko
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cao L, Shao M, Schilder J, Guise T, Mohammad KS, Matei D. Tissue transglutaminase links TGF-β, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and a stem cell phenotype in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2011; 31:2521-34. [PMID: 21963846 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2), an enzyme involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis is overexpressed in ovarian carcinomas, where it modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes metastasis. Its regulation in ovarian cancer (OC) remains unexplored. Here, we show that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, a cytokine involved in tumor dissemination is abundantly secreted in the OC microenvironment and induces TG2 expression and enzymatic activity. This is mediated at transcriptional level by SMADs and by TGF-β-activated kinase 1-mediated activation of the nuclear factor-κB complex. TGF-β-stimulated OC cells aggregate as spheroids, which enable peritoneal dissemination. We show that TGF-β-induced TG2 regulates EMT, formation of spheroids and OC metastasis. TG2 knock-down in OC cells decreases the number of cells harboring a cancer stem cell phenotype (CD44+/CD117+). Furthermore, CD44+/CD117+ cells isolated from human ovarian tumors express high levels of TG2. In summary, TGF-β-induced TG2 enhances ovarian tumor metastasis by inducing EMT and a cancer stem cell phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Cao
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Wnt signalling pathways have been shown to play key roles in both normal development and tumorigenesis. Progression of many human cancers is associated with defined mutations in Wnt pathway components that result in dysregulated β-catenin-mediated gene transcription. Although Wnt pathway mutations are rare in epithelial ovarian cancer (with the exception of the endometrioid histotype), accumulating evidence supports a role for Wnt signalling in ovarian tumorigenesis in the absence of genetic mutations. The present review summarizes evidence in support of activated Wnt signalling in ovarian tumours and discusses alternative mechanisms for Wnt pathway activation in the ovarian tumour microenvironment.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yamamura S, Matsumura N, Mandai M, Huang Z, Oura T, Baba T, Hamanishi J, Yamaguchi K, Kang HS, Okamoto T, Abiko K, Mori S, Murphy SK, Konishi I. The activated transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway in peritoneal metastases is a potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:20-8. [PMID: 21503873 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination including omental metastasis is the most frequent route of metastasis and an important prognostic factor in advanced ovarian cancer. We analyzed the publicly available microarray dataset (GSE2109) using binary regression and found that the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling pathway was activated in omental metastases as compared to primary sites of disease. Immunohistochemical analysis of TGF-beta receptor type 2 and phosphorylated SMAD2 indicated that both were upregulated in omental metastases as compared to primary disease sites. Treatment of the mouse ovarian cancer cell line HM-1 with recombinant TGF-β1 promoted invasiveness, cell motility and cell attachment while these were suppressed by treatment with A-83-01, an inhibitor of the TGF-β signaling pathway. Microarray analysis of HM-1 cells treated with TGF-β1 and/or A-83-01 revealed that A-83-01 efficiently inhibited transcriptional changes that are induced by TGF-β1. Using gene set enrichment analysis, we found that genes upregulated by TGF-β1 in HM-1 cells were also significantly upregulated in omental metastases compared to primary sites in the human ovarian cancer dataset, GSE2109 (false discovery rate (FDR) q = 0.086). Therapeutic effects of A-83-01 in a mouse model of peritoneal dissemination were examined. Intraperitoneal injection of A-83-01 (150 μg given three times weekly) significantly improved survival (p = 0.015). In summary, these results show that the activated TGF-β signaling pathway in peritoneal metastases is a potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Yamamura
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Effect of ovarian cancer ascites on cell migration and gene expression in an epithelial ovarian cancer in vitro model. Transl Oncol 2010; 3:230-8. [PMID: 20689764 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.10103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A third of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) present ascites. The cellular fraction of ascites often consists of EOC cells, lymphocytes, and mesothelial cells, whereas the acellular fraction contains cytokines and angiogenic factors. Clinically, the presence of ascites correlates with intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal tumor spread. We have used OV-90, a tumorigenic EOC cell line derived from the malignant ascites of a chemonaive ovarian cancer patient, as a model to assess the effect of ascites on migration potential using an in vitro wound-healing assay. A recent report of an invasion assay described the effect of ascites on the invasion potential of the OV-90 cell line. Ascites sampled from 31 ovarian cancer patients were tested and compared with either 5% fetal bovine serum or no serum for their nonstimulatory or stimulatory effect on the migration potential of the OV-90 cell line. A supervised analysis of data generated by the Affymetrix HG-U133A GeneChip identified differentially expressed genes from OV-90 cells exposed to ascites that had either a nonstimulatory or a stimulatory effect on migration. Ten genes (IRS2, CTSD, NRAS, MLXIP, HMGCR, LAMP1, ETS2, NID1, SMARCD1, and CD44) were upregulated in OV-90 cells exposed to ascites, allowing a nonstimulatory effect on cell migration. These findings were validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the gene expression of IRS2 and MLXIP each correlated with prognosis when their expression was assessed in an independent set of primary cultures established from ovarian ascites. This study revealed novel candidates that may play a role in ovarian cancer cell migration.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lane D, Goncharenko-Khaider N, Rancourt C, Piché A. Ovarian cancer ascites protects from TRAIL-induced cell death through alphavbeta5 integrin-mediated focal adhesion kinase and Akt activation. Oncogene 2010; 29:3519-31. [PMID: 20400979 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between ovarian cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment are not well characterized. We have earlier shown that ovarian cancer ascites induces Akt activation and protect tumor cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which ascites activates Akt. The ability of ovarian cancer ascites to activate Akt and inhibit TRAIL-induced cell death and caspase activity was decreased by heat inactivation, but was retained in ascites fractions >5 kDa. The survival promoting activity of ascites was not affected by inhibitors of growth factor receptor including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), VEGFR, FGFR, Her2/neu, and IGF-R1. However, this activity was inhibited by an alphavbeta5 integrin-blocking antibody, but not by blocking antibodies against alphavbeta3, beta1, or beta3 integrins. alphavbeta5 integrin-blocking antibodies also inhibited ascites-induced Akt phosphorylation and c-FLIPs up-regulation. Ovarian cancer ascites induced a rapid phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which closely correlated with the phosphorylation of Akt overtime. FAK phosphorylation was strongly inhibited by alphavbeta5 integrin-blocking antibodies. Depletion of FAK content by RNA interference was also associated with inhibition of ascites-mediated Akt activation and survival. These results suggest that ovarian cancer ascites induces FAK and Akt activation in an alphavbeta5 integrin-dependent pathway, which confers protection from TRAIL-induced cell death and caspase activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Lane
- Département de Microbiologie et Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Characterization of ovarian cancer ascites on cell invasion, proliferation, spheroid formation, and gene expression in an in vitro model of epithelial ovarian cancer. Neoplasia 2007; 9:820-9. [PMID: 17971902 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At least one third of all cases of epithelial ovarian cancer are associated with the production of ascites, although its effect on tumor cell microenvironment remains poorly understood. This study addresses the effect of the heterologous acellular fraction of ovarian cancer-derived ascites on a cell line (OV-90) derived from the chemotherapy-naïve ovarian cancer patient. Ascites were assayed for their effect on cell invasion, growth, and spheroid formation. When compared to either no serum or 5% serum, ascites fell into one of two categories: stimulatory or inhibitory. RNA from OV-90 cells exposed to selected ascites were arrayed on an Affymetrix HG-U133A GeneChip. A supervised analysis identified a number of differentially expressed genes and quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation based on OV-90 cells exposed to 54 independent ascites demonstrated that stimulatory ascites affected the expression of ISGF3G, TRIB1, MKP1, RGS4, PLEC1, and MOSPD1 genes. In addition, TRIB1 expression was shown to independently correlate with prognosis when its expression was ascertained in an independent set of primary cultures established from ovarian ascites. The data support the validity of the strategy to uncover molecular events that are associated with tumor cell behavior and highlight the impact of ascites on the cellular and molecular parameters of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kajiyama H, Shibata K, Terauchi M, Ino K, Nawa A, Kikkawa F. Involvement of SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 axis in the enhanced peritoneal metastasis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2007; 122:91-9. [PMID: 17893878 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) spreads by implantation of tumor cells onto the human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) lining the peritoneal cavity. The aim of this study was to determine whether the stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha)/CXCR4 axis is involved in the interaction of EOC cells with HPMCs in peritoneal metastasis. Clinically, we first evaluated CXCR4 expression in sections from 36 primary EOCs using immunohistochemistry. We next examined whether SDF-1alpha played roles in EOC progression, including in proliferation, cell motility, attachment to HPMCs, and the in vivo development of peritoneal metastasis through CXCR4. Of the 36 carcinomas, 16 cases (44.4%) were positive for CXCR4 immunoexpression. Positive CXCR4 expression significantly predicted poorer overall survival compared with negative expression (p = 0.0069). We found CXCR4 expression in both EOC cells and HPMCs. In contrast, the level of production of SDF-1alpha by HPMCs was higher than that by various EOC cells. Functionally, SDF-1alpha induced enhanced attachment between ES-2 cells and HPMCs or extracellular matrix components. The enhancement of adhesion potential by SDF-1alpha was inhibited by AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, and by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and p44/42 inhibitors. Furthermore, intraperitoneal treatment with AMD3100 resulted in reduced dissemination in nude mice inoculated with ES-2 cells. The present results suggest that there may be a link between the SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 axis and enhanced intraperitoneal dissemination of EOC and that CXCR4 may be a novel target for the treatment of EOC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/secondary
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/secondary
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- Benzylamines
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/secondary
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Chemokine CXCL12/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Coculture Techniques
- Cyclams
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/drug therapy
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/secondary
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Peritoneal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Peritoneal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Peritoneal Neoplasms/secondary
- Peritoneum/metabolism
- Peritoneum/pathology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kajiyama H, Shibata K, Ino K, Nawa A, Mizutani S, Kikkawa F. Possible involvement of SDF-1α/CXCR4-DPPIV axis in TGF-β1-induced enhancement of migratory potential in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 330:221-9. [PMID: 17846797 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) express a large amount of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) and that its expression is regulated by a variety of bioactive substances in malignant ascites from ovarian cancer patients. The aim of this study has been to examine the expression and role of the SDF-1alpha/CXCR4-DPPIV axis in HPMCs. We have demonstrated that the expression levels of DPPIV and E-cadherin in HPMCs decrease, following TGF-beta1-induced morphological change, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, we show that both SDF-1alpha (a chemokine and substrate for DPPIV) and its receptor, CXCR4, are expressed on HPMCs, and that their expression levels are upregulated by TGF-beta1 treatment, resulting in an increased migratory potential of HPMCs. Furthermore, the migratory potential of HPMCs is significantly enhanced in the presence of SDF-1alpha or DPPIV-specific inhibitor in the wound-healing assay. These results suggest that DPPIV and SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 play crucial roles in regulating the migratory potential of HPMCs, which may be involved in the re-epithelialization of denuded basement membrane at the site of peritoneal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang E, Ngalame Y, Panelli MC, Nguyen-Jackson H, Deavers M, Mueller P, Hu W, Savary CA, Kobayashi R, Freedman RS, Marincola FM. Peritoneal and Subperitoneal Stroma May Facilitate Regional Spread of Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.113.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is characterized by early peritoneal involvement ultimately contributing to morbidity and mortality. To study the role of the peritoneum in fostering tumor invasion, we analyzed differences between the transcriptional repertoires of peritoneal tissue lacking detectable cancer in patients with EOC versus benign gynecologic disease.
Experimental Design: Specimens were collected at laparotomy from patients with benign disease (b) or malignant (m) ovarian pathology and comprised primary ovarian tumors, paired bilateral specimens from adjacent peritoneum and attached stroma (PE), subjacent stroma (ST), peritoneal washes, ascites, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Specimens were immediately frozen. RNA was amplified by in vitro transcription and cohybridized with reference RNA to a custom-made 17.5k cDNA microarray.
Results: Principal component analysis and unsupervised clustering did not segregate specimens from patients with benign or malignant pathology. Class comparison identified differences between benign and malignant PE and ST specimens deemed significant by permutation test (P = 0.027 and 0.012, respectively). A two-tailed Student's t test identified 402 (bPE versus mPE) and 663 (mST versus bST) genes differentially expressed at a significance level of P2 ≤ 0.005 when all available paired samples from each patient were analyzed. The same comparison using one sample per patient reduced the pool of differentially expressed genes but retained permutation test significance for bST versus mST (P = 0.031) and borderline significance for bPE versus mPE (P = 0.056) differences.
Conclusions: The presence of EOC may foster peritoneal implantation and growth of cancer cells by inducing factors that may represent molecular targets for disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- 1Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Departments of
| | - Yvonne Ngalame
- 1Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Departments of
| | - Monica C. Panelli
- 1Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Departments of
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryuji Kobayashi
- 6Molecular Pathology, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Francesco M. Marincola
- 1Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and Departments of
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The mesothelium is composed of an extensive monolayer of specialized cells (mesothelial cells) that line the body's serous cavities and internal organs. Traditionally, this layer was thought to be a simple tissue with the sole function of providing a slippery, non-adhesive and protective surface to facilitate intracoelomic movement. However, with the gradual accumulation of information about serosal tissues over the years, the mesothelium is now recognized as a dynamic cellular membrane with many important functions. These include transport and movement of fluid and particulate matter across the serosal cavities, leucocyte migration in response to inflammatory mediators, synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins to aid in serosal repair, release of factors to promote both the deposition and clearance of fibrin, and antigen presentation. Furthermore, the secretion of molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans and lubricants, not only protects tissues from abrasion, but also from infection and possibly tumour dissemination. Mesothelium is also unlike other epithelial-like surfaces because healing appears diffusely across the denuded surface, whereas in true epithelia, healing occurs solely at the wound edges as sheets of cells. Although controversial, recent studies have begun to shed light on the mechanisms involved in mesothelial regeneration. In the present review, the current understanding of the structure and function of the mesothelium and the biology of mesothelial cells is discussed, together with recent insights into the mechanisms regulating its repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Mutsaers
- Asthma and Allergy Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dunfield LD, Dwyer EJC, Nachtigal MW. TGF beta-induced Smad signaling remains intact in primary human ovarian cancer cells. Endocrinology 2002; 143:1174-81. [PMID: 11897669 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.4.8733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions in TGF beta signaling have been implicated in various human cancers, including ovarian cancer. Our goal was to determine whether ovarian cancer cells isolated from patient ascites fluid were growth inhibited by TGF beta 1 treatment and further characterize the expression and activity profile of TGF beta/Smad signaling components in human ovarian cancer cells. We found that 9 of 10 primary cultures of ovarian cancer cells (OC2-10) were growth inhibited by 16 pM TGF beta 1. One primary ovarian cancer sample (OC1) and the established ovarian cancer cell lines CaOV3 and SkOV3 continued to grow in the presence of TGF beta 1. All cells expressed components of the TGF beta/Smad signaling pathway including TGF beta 1, T beta RI, T beta RII, Smad2, -3, -4, and Smad anchor for receptor activation. Although OC1, CaOV3, and SkOV3 are not growth inhibited by TGF beta 1, they can transmit the TGF beta 1 signal to turn on a transfected TGF beta/Smad reporter gene, p3TP.lux. In addition, all cells up-regulate the endogenous TGF beta target genes Smad7 and PAI-1. p15(Ink4B) mRNA is also up-regulated with TGF beta 1 treatment in OC2-9, whereas the p15(Ink4B) gene has been deleted in OC1, CaOV3, and SkOV3 cells. Homozygous deletion of p15(Ink4B) may account for TGF beta resistance in some populations of ovarian cancer cells. Our data demonstrate that the TGF beta/Smad signaling pathway remains functional in human ovarian cancer cells and suggest that if abnormalities exist in the cellular response of TGF beta signals, they must lie downstream of the Smad proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley D Dunfield
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4H7
| | | | | |
Collapse
|