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Valorenzos AV, Nielsen KA, Kaiser K, Helligsø P, Ellebæk MB, Dorfelt A, Petersen SR, Pedersen AK, Nielsen MF. Short-term outcomes and inflammatory stress response following laparoscopy or robotic-assisted transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TAPP): study protocol for a prospective, randomized trial (ROLAIS). Trials 2024; 25:529. [PMID: 39118135 PMCID: PMC11308711 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inguinal hernia repair is a frequently performed surgical procedure, with laparoscopic repair emerging as the preferred approach due to its lower complication rate and faster recovery compared to open repair. Mesh-based tension-free repair is the gold standard for both methods. In recent years, robotic hernia repair has been introduced as an alternative to laparoscopic repair, offering advantages such as decreased postoperative pain and improved ergonomics. This study aims to compare the short- and long-term outcomes, including the surgical stress response, postoperative complications, quality of life, and sexual function, between robotic-assisted transabdominal preperitoneal (rTAPP) and laparoscopic TAPP inguinal hernia repairs. METHODS This randomized controlled trial will involve 150 patients from the Surgical Department of the University Hospital of Southern Denmark, randomized to undergo either rTAPP or laparoscopic TAPP. Surgical stress will be quantified by measuring C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokine levels. Secondary outcomes include complication rates, quality of life, sexual function, and operative times. Data analysis will adhere to the intention-to-treat principle and will be conducted once all patient data are collected, with outcomes assessed at various postoperative intervals. DISCUSSION This study holds significance in evaluating the potential advantages of robotic-assisted surgery in the context of inguinal hernia repairs. It is hypothesized that rTAPP will result in a lower surgical stress response and potentially lower the risk of postoperative complications compared to conventional laparoscopic TAPP. The implications of this research could influence future surgical practices and guidelines, with a focus on patient recovery and healthcare costs. The findings of this study will contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding the utilization of robotic systems in surgery, potentially advocating for their broader implementation if the benefits are substantiated. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05839587. Retrospectively registered on 28 February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Valsamidis Valorenzos
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark.
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark.
| | - Kristian Als Nielsen
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kaiser
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark
| | - Per Helligsø
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark
| | - Mark Bremholm Ellebæk
- Research Unit of Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Allan Dorfelt
- Department of General Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sofie Ronja Petersen
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kristian Pedersen
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark
| | - Michael Festersen Nielsen
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Aabenraa, Denmark
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Guner A, Kim HI. Biomarkers for Evaluating the Inflammation Status in Patients with Cancer. J Gastric Cancer 2019; 19:254-277. [PMID: 31598370 PMCID: PMC6769371 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2019.19.e29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation can be a causative factor for carcinogenesis or can result from a consequence of cancer progression. Moreover, cancer therapeutic interventions can also induce an inflammatory response. Various inflammatory parameters are used to assess the inflammatory status during cancer treatment. It is important to select the most optimal biomarker among these parameters. Additionally, suitable biomarkers must be examined if there are no known parameters. We briefly reviewed the published literature for the use of inflammatory parameters in the treatment of patients with cancer. Most studies on inflammation evaluated the correlation between host characteristics, effect of interventions, and clinical outcomes. Additionally, the levels of C-reactive protein, albumin, lymphocytes, and platelets were the most commonly used laboratory parameters, either independently or in combination with other laboratory parameters and clinical characteristics. Furthermore, the immune parameters are classically examined using flow cytometry, immunohistochemical staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. However, gene expression profiling can aid in assessing the overall peri-interventional immune status. The checklists of guidelines, such as STAndards for Reporting of Diagnostic accuracy and REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies should be considered when designing studies to investigate the inflammatory parameters. Finally, the data should be interpreted after adjusting for clinically important variables, such as age and cancer stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Guner
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Institute of Medical Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hyoung-Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea.,Gastric Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Hospital; Seoul, Korea
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Kalakoti P, Sciubba DM, Pugely AJ, McGirt MJ, Sharma K, Patra DP, Phan K, Madhavan K, Menger RP, Notarianni C, Guthikonda B, Nanda A, Sun H. Impact of Psychiatric Comorbidities on Short-Term Outcomes Following Intervention for Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:1363-1371. [PMID: 29481379 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, observational cohort study. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of psychiatric diseases on short-term outcomes in patients undergoing fusion surgery for lumbar degenerative disc disease (LDDD). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Limited literature exists on the prevalence and impact of psychiatric comorbidities on outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for LDDD. METHODS Adult patients (>18 yr) registered in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2002-2011) and undergoing an elective spine fusion for LDDD that met inclusion criteria formed the study population. Defined primary outcome measures were discharge disposition, length of stay, hospitalization cost, and short-term postsurgical complications (neurological, respiratory, cardiac, gastrointestinal, wound complication and infections, venous thromboembolism, and acute renal failure). Multivariable regression techniques were used to explore the association of psychiatric comorbidities on short-term outcomes by adjusting for patient demographics, clinical, and hospital characteristics. RESULTS Of the 126,044 adult patients undergoing fusion surgery for LDDD (mean age: 54.91 yr, 58% female) approximately 18% had a psychiatric disease. Multivariable regression analysis revealed patients with psychiatric disease undergoing fusion surgery have higher likelihood for unfavorable discharge (odds ratio [OR] 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35-1.47; P < 0.001), length of stay (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.02-1.04; P < 0001), postsurgery neurologic complications (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.13-1.37; P < 0.001), venous thromboembolic events (OR 1.38 95% CI 1.26-1.52; P < 0.001), and acute renal failure (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.01-1.37; P = 0.040). Patients with psychiatric disease were also associated to have higher hospitalization cost (6.3% higher; 95% CI: 5.6%-7.1%; P < 0.001) compared to those without it. CONCLUSION Our study quantifies the estimates for presence of concomitant psychiatric comorbid conditions on short outcomes in patients undergoing fusions for LDDD. The data provide supporting evidence for adequate preoperative planning and postsurgical care including consultation for mental health for favorable outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Kalakoti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Daniel M Sciubba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew J Pugely
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Matthew J McGirt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Carolina Neurosurgery and Spine Associates, Charlotte, NC
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Devi P Patra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Kevin Phan
- NeuroSpine Surgery Research Group (NSURG), Sydney, Australia
| | - Karthik Madhavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL
| | - Richard P Menger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Christina Notarianni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Bharat Guthikonda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Anil Nanda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
| | - Hai Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA
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Tuomainen I, Pakarinen M, Aalto T, Sinikallio S, Kröger H, Viinamäki H, Airaksinen O. Depression is associated with the long-term outcome of lumbar spinal stenosis surgery: a 10-year follow-up study. Spine J 2018; 18:458-463. [PMID: 28822826 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.08.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Depression is associated with greater postoperative disability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). No previous studies have reported the association in a 10-year follow-up. PURPOSE To evaluate the association between preoperative and postoperative depressive symptoms and the surgical outcome among patients with LSS in a 10-year follow-up. In addition, we examined the effects of the depressive burden on the surgical outcome. DESIGN A prospective observational follow-up study. PATIENT SAMPLE A total of 102 patients with LSS underwent decompressive surgery, and 72 of the original sample participated in the 10-year follow-up study. OUTCOME MEASURES Self-report measures: the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS). METHODS Data were collected using a questionnaire that was administered seven times during the study period. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI). The depressive burden was calculated by summing the preoperative and all follow-up BDI scores. Statistical analysis included cross-sectional group comparisons and linear mixed models. The authors report no conflicts of interest related to this work. RESULTS The high depressive burden group had a poorer outcome for pain, disability, and the walking distance at the 10-year follow-up. In linear mixed models, a higher preoperative BDI score associated with higher disability. Furthermore, higher postoperative BDI scores and the depressive burden were associated with higher disability and pain in the 10-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Patients with LSS with even slightly elevated depressive symptoms have an increased risk of postoperative pain and disability in a 10-year follow-up. To improve the surgical outcome among these patients, screening for depression both preoperatively and during the rehabilitation following surgery is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iina Tuomainen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kuopio University Hospital, Building 6, 1st floor, PL 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland.
| | - Maarit Pakarinen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Building 5, 7th floor, PO Box 1777, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Aalto
- Medical Center Ikioma, Porrassalmenkatu 21, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Sanna Sinikallio
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Heikki Kröger
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Kuopio University Hospital and Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit (KMRU), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heimo Viinamäki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Building 5, 7th floor, PO Box 1777, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olavi Airaksinen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kuopio University Hospital, Building 6, 1st floor, PL 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
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Leighton SP, Nerurkar L, Krishnadas R, Johnman C, Graham GJ, Cavanagh J. Chemokines in depression in health and in inflammatory illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:48-58. [PMID: 29133955 PMCID: PMC5754468 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory illness is associated with depression. Preclinical work has shown that chemokines are linked with peripheral-central crosstalk and may be important in mediating depressive behaviours. We sought to establish what evidence exists that differences in blood or cerebrospinal fluid chemokine concentration discriminate between individuals with depression and those without. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched Embase, PsycINFO and Medline databases. We included participants with physical illness for subgroup analysis, and excluded participants with comorbid psychiatric diagnoses. Seventy-three studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. Individuals with depression had higher levels of blood CXCL4 and CXCL7 and lower levels of blood CCL4. Sensitivity analysis of studies with only physically healthy participants identified higher blood levels of CCL2, CCL3, CCL11, CXCL7 and CXCL8 and lower blood levels of CCL4. All other chemokines examined did not reveal significant differences (blood CCL5, CCL7, CXCL9, CXCL10 and cerebrospinal fluid CXCL8 and CXCL10). Analysis of the clinical utility of the effect size of plasma CXCL8 in healthy individuals found a negative predictive value 93.5%, given the population prevalence of depression of 10%. Overall, our meta-analysis finds evidence linking abnormalities of blood chemokines with depression in humans. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the possibility of classifying individuals with depression based on their inflammatory biomarker profile. Future research should explore putative mechanisms underlying this association, attempt to replicate existing findings in larger populations and aim to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Leighton
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Nerurkar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Krishnadas
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Johnman
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - G J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Cavanagh
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Pakarinen M, Vanhanen S, Sinikallio S, Aalto T, Lehto SM, Airaksinen O, Viinamäki H. Depressive burden is associated with a poorer surgical outcome among lumbar spinal stenosis patients: a 5-year follow-up study. Spine J 2014; 14:2392-6. [PMID: 24486473 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2014.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT In lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), conservative treatment is usually the first choice of treatment. If conservative treatment fails, surgery is indicated. Psychological factors such as depression and anxiety are known to affect the outcome of surgery. Previous studies on depression and surgery outcome using long follow-up times are scarce. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of depressive symptoms on the surgical outcome during a 5-year follow-up among patients with LSS. STUDY DESIGN A prospective observational study. PATIENT SAMPLE Patient sample included 102 LSS patients who needed surgical treatment. OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome of surgery was evaluated with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analog scale pain assessment, and self-reported walking capacity. METHODS The patients completed a set of questionnaires preoperatively and 3 and 6 months, as well as 1, 2, and 5 years after the surgery. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory. The depressive burden was estimated by summing all individual Beck Depression Inventory scores. Statistical analyses included cross-sectional group comparisons and linear regression analyses. No conflicts of interest. RESULTS On 5-year follow-up, a high depressive burden associated with a poorer outcome of surgery when assessed with the ODI. In linear regression analysis, a high depressive burden associated with higher ODI score. CONCLUSIONS Even slightly elevated long-term depressive symptoms in LSS patients are associated with an increased risk of a poorer functional ability after decompressive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Pakarinen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Susanna Vanhanen
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Sanna Sinikallio
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Aalto
- Kyyhkylä Rehabilitation Center, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Soili M Lehto
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olavi Airaksinen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heimo Viinamäki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Zong Y, Xue Y, Zhao Y, Ding H, He D, Li Z, Tang Y, Wang Y. Depression contributed an unsatisfactory surgery outcome among the posterior decompression of the cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients: a prospective clinical study. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1373-9. [PMID: 24643580 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Posterior decompression surgery was performed on 610 patients (mean age 62 years) with clinically and radiologically defined cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) at Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, between October 2007 and October 2011. After 2-year follow-up, we had a full data sets from 396 patients with normal mood or continued depression during the whole process to be compared. Depression was assessed with the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory. Physical functioning and pain were assessed with the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) scoring system, neck disability index (NDI), and visual analog scale (VAS). There were statistically significant differences from baseline to 2-year follow-up between normal mood (n = 258) and continuous depression (n = 138) groups in mJOA score (6.76 ± 3.12 vs. 1.42 ± 0.56, respectively; p < 0.01), VAS (23.85 ± 20.79 vs. 16.08 ± 19.76, respectively; p < 0.01), and NDI (21.11 ± 11.36 vs. 7.31 ± 2.18; p < 0.05). The adverse consequences of depression are supported by previous findings that patients with depression suffer more unsatisfactory surgery outcome than the patients with normal mood. We emphasize that patients with continuous depression show poorer improvement after posterior decompression in CSM patients with respect to symptom severity, pain intensity, and the disability score than patients without depression at any stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zong
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
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Sotelo JL, Musselman D, Nemeroff C. The biology of depression in cancer and the relationship between depression and cancer progression. Int Rev Psychiatry 2014; 26:16-30. [PMID: 24716498 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2013.875891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of depressive symptoms in patients with cancer exceeds that observed in the general population and depression is associated with a poorer prognosis in cancer patients. The increased prevalence is not solely explained by the psychosocial stress associated with the diagnosis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, which induce sickness behaviour with symptoms overlapping those of clinical depression, are validated biomarkers of increased inflammation in patients with cancer. A growing literature reveals that chronic inflammatory processes associated with stress may also underlie depression symptoms in general, and in patients with cancer in particular. Therapeutic modalities, which are frequently poorly tolerated, are used in the treatment of cancer. These interventions are associated with inflammatory reactions, which may help to explain their toxicity. There is evidence that antidepressants can effectively treat symptoms of depression in cancer patients though the database is meager. Novel agents with anti-inflammatory properties may be effective alternatives for patients with treatment-resistant depression who exhibit evidence of increased inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Sotelo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Hospital , Miami, Florida
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Interrelationship of depression, stress and inflammation in cancer patients: a preliminary study. J Affect Disord 2012; 143:39-46. [PMID: 22854100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is common in cancer patients and detrimentally affects patients' quality of life. Both depression and stress are associated with raised inflammatory marker levels. This prospective study of cancer patients focuses on childhood trauma, recent life events and inflammatory marker levels as risk factors for high post-surgery depressive symptoms. METHODS Ninety cancer patients (56 head and neck, 34 colorectal) completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, pre-surgery and six, 12 and 24 weeks post-surgery. Recent life events and childhood trauma were assessed at six and 12 weeks respectively. Blood samples were taken pre- and one and six weeks post-surgery to measure C-reactive protein (CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. RESULTS Childhood trauma and recent life events were risk factors for higher depressive symptom levels. In colorectal cancer patients, baseline CRP levels were associated with depressive symptom levels at six (p=0.008) and 12 weeks (p=0.038). Baseline and six week Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFα) levels were significantly associated with higher depressive symptoms at later time points after adjusting for cancer-related variables. Childhood trauma was positively associated with TNFα and CRP levels in colorectal cancer patients. The associations between inflammatory markers and depressive symptoms were not significant after adjusting for childhood trauma. LIMITATIONS Small sample size. CONCLUSIONS Raised inflammatory mediator levels may be risk factors for depressive symptoms in colorectal cancer patients and thus worth considering as a potential therapeutic target. These pilot data support recent findings demonstrating long-term effects of childhood adversity on adult health.
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Gupta SC, Kim JH, Kannappan R, Reuter S, Dougherty PM, Aggarwal BB. Role of nuclear factor κB-mediated inflammatory pathways in cancer-related symptoms and their regulation by nutritional agents. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:658-71. [PMID: 21565893 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease characterized by dysregulation of multiple genes and is associated with symptoms such as cachexia, anorexia, fatigue, depression, neuropathic pain, anxiety, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders and delirium (acute confusion state) in medically ill patients. These symptoms are caused by either the cancer itself or the cancer treatment. During the past decade, increasing evidence has shown that the dysregulation of inflammatory pathways contributes to the expression of these symptoms. Cancer patients have been found to have higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6. The nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a major mediator of inflammatory pathways. Therefore, anti-inflammatory agents that can modulate the NF-κB activation and inflammatory pathways may have potential in improving cancer-related symptoms in patients. Because of their multitargeting properties, low cost, low toxicity and immediate availability, natural agents have gained considerable attention for prevention and treatment of cancer-related symptoms. How NF-κB and inflammatory pathways contribute to cancer-related symptoms is the focus of this review. We will also discuss how nutritional agents such as curcumin, genistein, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate and lycopene can modulate inflammatory pathways and thereby reduce cancer-related symptoms in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash C Gupta
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kadoi Y, Kawauchi C, Ide M, Kuroda M, Takahashi K, Saito S, Fujita N, Mizutani A. Preoperative depression is a risk factor for postoperative short-term and long-term cognitive dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Anesth 2010; 25:10-7. [PMID: 21161290 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-010-1072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify whether the presence of preoperative depression in patients with diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for postoperative cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. METHODS Data from 90 patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective CABG were analyzed. Hemodynamic data (arterial and jugular venous blood gas values) were measured during cardiopulmonary bypass. Preoperatively, all patients were given the 21-item Beck depression inventory to identify the presence of depression. In addition, all patients underwent a battery of neurological and neuropsychological tests the day before surgery, 7 days after surgery, and 6 months after surgery. RESULTS The rate of cognitive dysfunction was 50% at 7 days and 23% at 6 months after surgery. Age, hypertension, presence of depression, duration of SjvO(2) ≤ 50%, ascending aorta atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, and insulin therapy were independent predictors of short-term cognitive dysfunction, whereas HbA1c, diabetic retinopathy, insulin therapy, and presence of depression were independent predictors of long-term cognitive dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS We found that the presence of depression preoperatively is associated with short-term and long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kadoi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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Sinikallio S, Airaksinen O, Aalto T, Lehto SM, Kröger H, Viinamäki H. Coexistence of pain and depression predicts poor 2-year surgery outcome among lumbar spinal stenosis patients. Nord J Psychiatry 2010; 64:391-6. [PMID: 20504268 DOI: 10.3109/08039481003759193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbar spinal stenosis is a common cause of back and leg pain with the most severe cases treated surgically. Regarding the surgery outcome, the importance of early postoperative depression and pain is unknown. AIMS To examine whether the coexistence of pain and depressive symptoms on 3-month follow-up predicts the 2-year surgery outcome. METHODS 93 patients (mean age 62 years) with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis underwent decompressive surgery. They completed the same set of questionnaires, 3 months, 1 year and 2 years postoperatively. Depression was assessed with the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Physical functioning and pain were assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index, the Stucki Questionnaire, self-reported walking ability, the visual analogue scale (VAS) and pain drawing. Comparisons were made between groups according to the "misery" (i.e. the coexistence of elevated pain and depression on 3-month follow-up) status. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the factors independently associated with a poor surgery outcome on 2-year follow-up. RESULTS The patients in the misery group (n=24) showed greater symptom severity and greater disability than the patients in the non-misery group (n=69) at all follow-up stages. No clinical improvement was seen in the misery group during the follow-up. An independent association was observed between belonging to the misery group and 2-year disability, symptom severity and poor walking capacity. CONCLUSIONS Even moderately increased VAS and BDI scores, when presenting simultaneously on an individual patient level during the early postoperative period, imply a strong clinical burden and a risk factor for poor recovery. The assessment of pain and depressive symptoms is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Sinikallio
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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Sinikallio S, Lehto SM, Aalto T, Airaksinen O, Kröger H, Viinamäki H. Depressive symptoms during rehabilitation period predict poor outcome of lumbar spinal stenosis surgery: a two-year perspective. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:152. [PMID: 20604949 PMCID: PMC2913992 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has shown an association between preoperative depressive symptoms and a poorer surgery outcome in lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). It is not known whether depressive symptoms throughout the recovery period are relevant to the outcome of surgery in LSS. In this prospective clinical study the predictive value of preoperative and postoperative depressive symptoms with respect to the surgery outcome is reported. Methods 96 patients (mean age 62 years) with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis underwent decompressive surgery. They completed the same set of questionnaires preoperatively and 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years postoperatively. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory. Physical functioning and pain were assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index, the Stucki Questionnaire, self-reported walking ability and VAS rating. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the predictive value of preoperative and postoperative depressive symptoms regarding the surgery outcome. A "good" outcome was defined in two ways: first, by gaining a 30% improvement in relation to the preoperative disability and pain, and second, by having a score at or below the median value for disability and pain on 2-year follow-up. Results Having elevated depressive symptoms particularly on 3-month follow-up was predictive of a poorer surgery outcome regarding pain and disability: when the outcome was defined as less than 30% improvement from the baseline, the OR's (with 95% confidence intervals) were 2.94 (1.06-8.12), <0.05 for Oswestry and 3.33 (1.13-9.79), <0.05 for VAS. In median split approach the OR was 4.11 (1.27-13.32), <0.05 for Oswestry. Predictive associations also emerged between having depressive symptoms on 6-month and 1-year follow-ups and a poorer outcome regarding disability. The predictive value of elevated depressive symptoms particularly with respect to 2-yeard disability was evident whether the outcome was defined as a 30% improvement compared to the preoperative status or as belonging to the better scoring half of the study population on 2-year follow-up. Conclusions Preoperative and postoperative depressive symptoms may indicate those patients at greater risk of a poorer postoperative functional ability. For these patients, further clinical evaluation should be carried out, especially during postoperative stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Sinikallio
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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15
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A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:446-57. [PMID: 20015486 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3216] [Impact Index Per Article: 229.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression occurs in 4.4% to 20% of the general population. Studies suggest that major depression is accompanied by immune dysregulation and activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS). Our objective was to quantitatively summarize the data on concentrations of specific cytokines in patients diagnosed with a major depressive episode and controls. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis of studies measuring cytokine concentration in patients with major depression, with a database search of the English literature (to August 2009) and a manual search of references. RESULTS Twenty-four studies involving unstimulated measurements of cytokines in patients meeting DSM criteria for major depression were included in the meta-analysis; 13 for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, 9 for interleukin (IL)-1beta, 16 for IL-6, 5 for IL-4, 5 for IL-2, 4 for IL-8, 6 for IL-10, and 4 for interferon (IFN)-gamma. There were significantly higher concentrations of TNF-alpha (p < .00001), weighted mean difference (WMD) (95% confidence interval) 3.97 pg/mL (2.24 to 5.71), in depressed subjects compared with control subjects (438 depressed/350 nondepressed). Also, IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher (p < .00001) in depressed subjects compared with control subjects (492 depressed/400 nondepressed) with an overall WMD of 1.78 pg/mL (1.23 to 2.33). There were no significant differences among depressed and nondepressed subjects for the other cytokines studied. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis reports significantly higher concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects. While both positive and negative results have been reported in individual studies, this meta-analytic result strengthens evidence that depression is accompanied by activation of the IRS.
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16
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Vasileiou I, Xanthos T, Koudouna E, Perrea D, Klonaris C, Katsargyris A, Papadimitriou L. Propofol: A review of its non-anaesthetic effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 605:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the magnitude and direction of associations of depression with C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 in community and clinical samples. METHODS Systematic review of articles published between January 1967 and January 2008 in the PubMed and PsycINFO electronic databases was performed. Effect sizes were calculated as stat d and meta-analyzed, using random-effects models. RESULTS Each inflammatory marker was positively associated with depression; CRP, d = 0.15 (95% CI = 0.10, 0.21), p < .001; IL-6, d = 0.25 (95% CI = 0.18, 0.31), p < .001; IL-1, d = 0.35 (95% CI = 0.03, 0.67), p = .03; IL-1ra, d = 0.25 (95% CI = 0.04, 0.46), p = .02. Associations were strongest in clinically depressed patient samples--but were also significant in community-based samples--and when clinical interviews were used. Studies adjusting for body mass index (BMI) had smaller associations, albeit significant. Relationships were inconsistent with respect to age, medication, and sex. Depression was related to CRP and IL-6 among patients with cardiac disease or cancer. CONCLUSIONS Depression and CRP, IL-1, and IL-6 are positively associated in clinical and community samples and BMI is implicated as a mediating/moderating factor. Continuity in clinic- and community-based samples suggests there is a dose-response relationship between depression and these inflammatory markers, lending strength to the contention that the cardiac (or cancer) risk conferred by depression is not exclusive to patient populations. Available evidence is consistent with three causal pathways: depression to inflammation, inflammation to depression, and bidirectional relationships.
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Paddison JS, Booth RJ, Fuchs D, Hill AG. Peritoneal inflammation and fatigue experiences following colorectal surgery: a pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:446-54. [PMID: 18258374 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of post-surgical inflammation, as indicated by peritoneal cytokines and neopterin, was assessed on the duration and characteristics of post-surgical fatigue (PSF) experiences. BACKGROUND During the weeks following major colorectal surgery, many patients report experiencing substantial fatigue but the physiological factors contributing to this are not well understood. Because cytokines, particularly pro-inflammatory cytokines, have been found to be important in fatigue-related experiences in experimental systems, they may well be important mediators of PSF. METHODS In 27 patients following colorectal surgery, cytokines and neopterin (a relatively stable immune activation marker) were measured in 24-h peritoneal drain fluid and in serum 2, 5 and 14 days post-operatively. Patient fatigue was assessed using the Identity-Consequence Fatigue Scale questionnaire pre-operatively and 2, 5, 14, 30 and 60 days after surgery. RESULTS Using linear mixed model analysis controlling for age, gender and ASA score, the trajectory of fatigue experience during the first 2 months of surgical recovery was significantly related to intra-peritoneal concentrations of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha during the first 24h after surgery, while the trajectory of fatigue impacts was related only to IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentrations. Moreover, correlations between neopterin, and post-operative peritoneal (within 24h of surgery) and serum cytokine concentrations permitted neopterin to be used as a surrogate inflammation marker. Patients with elevated neopterin concentrations during the initial weeks following surgery reported significantly more severe and sustained PSF. CONCLUSIONS Locally occurring inflammatory responses may influence reports of fatigue following major surgery in a sustained manner, and, as a consequence, reducing inflammation may be effective in reducing PSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Paddison
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wu YW, Wen J, Zhao W, Zhang L, Song YH, Tan GL, Zhao L. Clinical values of systemic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:3321-3325. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i34.3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the clinical values of systemic detection for peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).
METHODS: Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to detect the expression of CD3, CD4, CD5, CD25, CD28 and CD38 in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 28 CHB patients and 22 healthy controls, and their correlations between the quantification of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA.
RESULTS: The levels of CD4+CD25+, CD8+HLADR+CD38+, CD3-CD19+, CD5-CD19+ and CD19+CD38+ lymphocytes in CHB patients with chronic hepatitis B were significantly higher than those in the controls (t = 2.37, 3.71, 4.10, 2.31, 2.17, P < 0.05), while the levels of CD3-CD8+, CD8+CD28- and CD3-CD(16+56)+ lymphocytes were lower than those in the controls (t = 3.14, 3.20, 2.51, P < 0.05). In the patients with high replication of HBV DNA (more than 109 copies/L), the numbers of CD3+CD8+, CD8+CD28+, CD4+CD45RA+CD62L+, CD8+CD45RA+CD62L+ and CD4+CD38+ cells were increased dramatically as compared with those in the patients with low HBV replication (t = 2.16, 2.42, 2.83, 3.01, 2.50, P < 0.01 or P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The activation of T and B lymphocytes is up-regulated in the peripheral blood of CHB patients, while the number of natural killer cells is decreased. Meanwhile, the levels of T lymphocytes are increased in patients with high HBV replication.
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Carpenter LL, Heninger GR, Malison RT, Tyrka AR, Price LH. Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin (IL)-6 in unipolar major depression. J Affect Disord 2004; 79:285-9. [PMID: 15023509 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2002] [Accepted: 12/16/2002] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that regulation of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 is abnormal in patients with major depression. This study was undertaken to determine whether IL-6 concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) differ between depressed patients and healthy control subjects. METHODS Lumbar puncture with a standardized procedure was performed on 18 drug-free patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for unipolar major depression and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. CSF was assayed for IL-6 using a quantitative 'sandwich' enzyme immunoassay technique. RESULTS Mean+/-S.D. CSF IL-6 levels did not differ between depressed (2.2+/-1.0 pg/ml) and healthy control (2.4+/-1.9 pg/ml) subjects. LIMITATIONS This study had adequate power (0.8) to detect a large (d=0.88) effect size at alpha = 0.05. Although sample sizes were comparable to or larger than those of previous CSF studies, it is possible that a less robust difference between depressed and healthy subjects was not detected. CONCLUSIONS These findings fail to support speculation that immune activation may be causally involved in the pathogenesis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Carpenter
- Mood Disorders Research Program, Butler Hospital, and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
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Brambilla F, Monteleone P, Maj M. Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in children with major depressive disorder or dysthymia. J Affect Disord 2004; 78:273-7. [PMID: 15013254 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2002] [Revised: 08/05/2002] [Accepted: 08/16/2002] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune function is altered in adult depressed patients. The aim of our study was to see whether or not cytokine secretion is impaired at a very young phase of development of depressive disorders, possibly being pathogenetically involved in their course. METHODS Basal plasma concentrations of interleukin-1beta (Il-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured radioimmunologically in 22 drug-free children-adolescents, 11 with recurrent major depressive disorders (MDD) and 11 with dysthymia (DYS), and in 11 psychophysically healthy age-sex matched controls. Depression was monitored using the Poznanski Rating Scale and Anxiety with the Reynold Rating Scale. RESULTS Il-1beta levels were not significantly different in MDD from controls and significantly higher than normal in DYS subjects. TNF-alpha levels were not significantly different in MDD patients from controls and significantly lower than normal in DYS patients. Cytokine concentrations were correlated with anxious and depressive symptomatology in MDD but not in DYS patients. CONCLUSIONS There is a cytokine pathology in depressive disorders of obscure etiopathogenetical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brambilla
- Clinica Psichiatrica dell'Università, SUN, Naples, Italy.
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Shakhar G, Ben-Eliyahu S. Potential prophylactic measures against postoperative immunosuppression: could they reduce recurrence rates in oncological patients? Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 10:972-92. [PMID: 14527919 DOI: 10.1245/aso.2003.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Removing the primary tumor is indispensable for eliminating the major pool of metastasizing cells, but the surgical procedure itself is suspected of promoting metastases. This adverse effect is attributed to several mechanisms acting in synergy, including mechanical release of tumor cells, enhanced angiogenesis, secretion of growth factors, and immunosuppression. Here we provide new insights into mechanisms of postoperative immunosuppression and assess the assumptions underlying the hypothesis that, by suppressing cell-mediated immunity (CMI), surgery may render the patient vulnerable to metastases that otherwise could have been controlled. METHODS An extensive review of relevant articles in English identified by using the MEDLINE database and cross-referencing. RESULTS Current literature suggests that (1) CMI can control minimal residual disease, especially if surgery is performed early; (2) major surgery transiently but markedly suppresses CMI through multiple mechanisms now better understood; (3) surgical stress promotes experimental metastasis through immunosuppression, but the clinical evidence remains indirect because of ethical limitations. CONCLUSIONS Minimizing postoperative immunosuppression seems feasible, may limit recurrence, and should be introduced into the broader array of considerations when planning oncological surgeries. In the short run, physicians could try to avoid immunosuppressive anesthetic approaches, inadvertent hypothermia, excessive blood transfusions, and untended postoperative pain. When feasible, minimally invasive surgery should be considered. In the long run, clinical trials should evaluate prophylactic measures, including perioperative immunostimulation and several antagonists to cytokines and hormones specified herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Shakhar
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Abstract
Considerable data demonstrate the high prevalence of symptoms of depression in patients with a wide variety of neoplastic disorders. Moreover, the dire consequences of these depressive symptoms in cancer patients have been well documented. Recent conceptual developments in the potential contributing mechanisms include increasing appreciation of the possibility that behavioral alterations in cancer patients may represent a "sickness syndrome" that results from activation of the inflammatory cytokine network. This sickness syndrome, which has been well documented in patients and laboratory animals exposed to inflammatory cytokines, includes symptoms that overlap with those seen in major depression. Conceptualizing these symptoms as components of cytokine-mediated sickness behavior has several important, and potentially novel, implications, including 1) an expansion of the neurobehavioral symptoms that are relevant to diagnosis and treatment; and 2) an increased appreciation of the potential diagnostic utility of peripheral markers of inflammation, as well as cytokine-related neurocircuitry alterations as defined by brain imaging. Treatment implications focus on the pathways by which inflammatory cytokines influence behavior, including therapeutic targets such as the inflammatory cytokines themselves, corticotropin-releasing hormone, and monoaminergic neurotransmitters and their precursors. Finally, recent data suggest that aggressive treatment strategies initiated before inflammation-inducing cancer treatments might prevent behavioral alterations, including depression, before they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Raison
- Mind-Body Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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