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Chang LY, Shan J, Hou XX, Li DJ, Wang XQ. Synergy between Th1 and Th2 responses during endometriosis: A review of current understanding. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 158:103975. [PMID: 37331087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2023.103975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is widely perceived as an estrogen-dependent chronic disorder with infertility and pelvic pain. Although the etiology of endometriosis has remained elusive, many studies have proclaimed the relevance of immune system disorders with endometriosis. With the discovery that the dysregulation of multiple biological functions in endometriosis is caused by the aberrant differentiation of T helper cells, a shift towards Th2 immune response may account for the disease progression. This review attempts to present mechanisms of cytokines, chemokines, signal pathways, transcription factors and some other factors related with the derivation of Th1/Th2 immune response involved in the development of endometriosis. The current understanding of treatment approaches and potential therapeutic targets will also be outlined with brief discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Chang
- Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jing Shan
- Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xin-Xin Hou
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Da-Jin Li
- Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Xiao-Qiu Wang
- Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, China.
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2
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Brede KM, Schmid J, Steinmetz OM, Panzer U, Klinge S, Mittrücker HW. Neutralization of IL-6 inhibits formation of autoreactive TH17 cells but does not prevent loss of renal function in experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Immunol Lett 2021; 236:51-60. [PMID: 34015360 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis (anti-GBM GN), antibodies and T cells directed against the Goodpasture antigen, the non-collagenous domain of the α3-chain of type IV collagen (α3(IV)NC1), provoke renal inflammation resulting in rapidly progressing crescentic GN. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, and IL-6 blockade is successfully used for treatment of diseases associated with acute and chronic inflammation. However, the role of IL-6 in anti-GBM GN is unclear. Here, we use the mouse model of experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis (EAG) to study the role of IL-6 in anti-GBM GN. DBA/1J mice were immunized with α3(IV)NC1 and developed fatal crescentic GN. Treatment of mice with neutralizing anti-IL-6 antibodies impaired the generation of α3(VI)NC1-specific TH1 and TH17 cells. However, despite lasting reduction of the TH17 cell response, antibody treatment did not prevent crescentic GN. Antibody treatment was also ineffective in a therapeutic setting with pre-existing autoantibodies and T cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that although the blockade of IL-6 impairs the development of autoimmunity against α3(VI)NC1, this treatment does not ameliorate crescentic GN both in a preemptive and a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen-Maria Brede
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Schmid
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver M Steinmetz
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Panzer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klinge
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Department for Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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3
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Lücke K, Yan I, Krohn S, Volmari A, Klinge S, Schmid J, Schumacher V, Steinmetz OM, Rose-John S, Mittrücker HW. Control of Listeria monocytogenes infection requires classical IL-6 signaling in myeloid cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203395. [PMID: 30169526 PMCID: PMC6118394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-6 is required for the response of mice against Listeria monocytogenes. Control of infection depends on classical IL-6 signaling via membrane IL-6Rα, but IL-6 target cells and protective mechanisms remain unclear. We used mice with IL-6Rα-deficiency in T cells (Il6rafl/fl×CD4cre) or myeloid cells (Il6rafl/fl×LysMcre) to define the role of these cells in IL-6-mediated protection. Abrogation of IL-6Rα in T cells did not interfere with bacteria control and induction of TH1 and CD8+ T-cell responses. IL-6Rα-deficiency in myeloid cells caused significant defects in listeria control. This defect was not associated with reduced recruitment of granulocytes and inflammatory monocytes, and both cell populations were activated and not impaired in cytokine production. However, IL-6Rα-deficient inflammatory monocytes displayed diminished expression of IL-4Rα and of CD38, a protein required for phagocytosis and innate control of listeria. In vitro studies revealed that IL-4 and IL-6 cooperated in induction of CD38. In listeria-infected mice, phagocytic activity of inflammatory monocytes correlated with CD38 expression levels on cells and inflammatory monocytes of Il6rafl/fl×LysMcre mice were significantly impaired in phagocytosis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that inhibition of classical IL-6 signaling in myeloid cells causes alterations in differentiation and function of these cells, which subsequently prevent effective control of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Lücke
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Yan
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Krohn
- III. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Volmari
- I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klinge
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Schmid
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valéa Schumacher
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver M. Steinmetz
- III. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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4
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Heink S, Yogev N, Garbers C, Herwerth M, Aly L, Gasperi C, Husterer V, Croxford AL, Möller-Hackbarth K, Bartsch HS, Sotlar K, Krebs S, Regen T, Blum H, Hemmer B, Misgeld T, Wunderlich TF, Hidalgo J, Oukka M, Rose-John S, Schmidt-Supprian M, Waisman A, Korn T. Trans-presentation of IL-6 by dendritic cells is required for the priming of pathogenic T H17 cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 18:74-85. [PMID: 27893700 PMCID: PMC5164931 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cellular sources of interleukin-6 (IL-6) that are relevant for the differentiation of TH17 cells remain unclear. Here, we used a novel strategy of IL-6 conditional deletion of distinct IL-6-producing cell types to show that Sirpα+ dendritic cells (DC) were essential for the generation of pathogenic TH17 cells. During the process of cognate interaction, Sirpα+ DCs trans-presented IL-6 to T cells using their own IL-6Rα. While ambient IL-6 was sufficient to suppress the induction of the transcription factor Foxp3 in T cells, IL-6 trans-presentation by DC-bound IL-6Rα (here defined as IL-6 cluster signaling) was required to prevent premature induction of IFN-γ in T cells and to generate pathogenic TH17 cells in vivo. These findings will guide therapeutic approaches for TH17-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Heink
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nir Yogev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Marina Herwerth
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lilian Aly
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Gasperi
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Husterer
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew L Croxford
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Harald S Bartsch
- Institute of Pathology, Medical School, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Sotlar
- Institute of Pathology, Medical School, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Gene Centre, Lafuga, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Tommy Regen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Gene Centre, Lafuga, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Juan Hidalgo
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed Oukka
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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5
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Kim YM, Kim YS, Jeon SG, Kim YK. Immunopathogenesis of allergic asthma: more than the th2 hypothesis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2013; 5:189-96. [PMID: 23814671 PMCID: PMC3695232 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2013.5.4.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic obstructive airway disease that involves inflammation of the respiratory tract. Biological contaminants in indoor air can induce innate and adaptive immune responses and inflammation, resulting in asthma pathology. Epidemiologic surveys indicate that the prevalence of asthma is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. The prevalence of asthma in Korea has increased during the last several decades. This increase may be related to changes in housing styles, which result in increased levels of indoor biological contaminants, such as house dust mite-derived allergens and bacterial products such as endotoxin. Different types of inflammation are observed in those suffering from mild-to-moderate asthma compared to those experiencing severe asthma, involving markedly different patterns of inflammatory cells and mediators. As described in this review, these inflammatory profiles are largely determined by the involvement of different T helper cell subsets, which orchestrate the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells. It is becoming clear that T helper cells other than Th2 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma; specifically, both Th1 and Th17 cells are crucial for the development of neutrophilic inflammation in the airways, which is related to corticosteroid resistance. Development of therapeutics that suppress these immune and inflammatory cells may provide useful asthma treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Me Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
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6
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Quan Y, Jiang J, Dingledine R. EP2 receptor signaling pathways regulate classical activation of microglia. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9293-302. [PMID: 23404506 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.455816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of EP2 receptors by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes brain inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, but the pathways responsible are unclear. EP2 receptors couple to Gαs and increase cAMP, which associates with protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Epacs). Here, we studied EP2 function and its signaling pathways in rat microglia in their resting state or undergoing classical activation in vitro following treatment with low concentrations of lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ. Real time PCR showed that PGE2 had no effect on expression of CXCL10, TGF-β1, and IL-11 and exacerbated the rapid up-regulation of mRNAs encoding cyclooxygenase-2, inducible NOS, IL-6, and IL-1β but blunted the production of mRNAs encoding TNF-α, IL-10, CCL3, and CCL4. These effects were mimicked fully by the EP2 agonist butaprost but only weakly by the EP1/EP3 agonist 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 or the EP4 agonist CAY10598 and not at all by the EP3/EP1 agonist sulprostone and confirmed by protein measurements of cyclooxygenase-2, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. In resting microglia, butaprost induced cAMP formation and altered the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators, but protein expression was unchanged. The PKA inhibitor H89 had little or no effect on inflammatory mediators modulated by EP2, whereas the Epac activator 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate acetoxymethyl ester mimicked all butaprost effects. These results indicate that EP2 activation plays a complex immune regulatory role during classical activation of microglia and that Epac pathways are prominent in this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Quan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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7
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Patil JR, Jayaprakasha G, Murthy KC, Chetti MB, Patil BS. Characterization of Citrus aurantifolia bioactive compounds and their inhibition of human pancreatic cancer cells through apoptosis. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Plackett TP, Gamelli RL, Kovacs EJ. Gender-based differences in cytokine production after burn injury: a role of interleukin-6. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 210:73-8. [PMID: 20123335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender-specific differences have been found in the survival of patients after a burn injury. Using a murine model of burn injury, suppression of cell-mediated immunity occurs in a gender-specific manner. Immunosuppression correlated with elevated circulating interleukin-6. This study examines gender differences in cytokine production after injury and the role of interleukin-6. STUDY DESIGN A murine model of dorsal scald injury was used to examine differences in splenocyte production of interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and interferon-gamma in male versus female mice, and cytokine production in interleukin-6-deficient male mice. RESULTS At 24 hours after burn injury, there was substantially greater suppression of T-helper 1 cytokine production in male mice than in female mice. Interleukin-6-deficient male mice had improved cytokine production relative to wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Suppression of the cell-mediated immune response in male mice correlated with lower T-helper 1 cytokine production, compared with female mice. Additionally, immune response and cytokine production is improved by interleukin-6 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Plackett
- Department of General Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
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9
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Mori K, Yoshida K, Mihara M, Ohsugi Y, Nakagawa Y, Hoshikawa S, Ozaki H, Ito S. Effects of interleukin-6 blockade on the development of autoimmune thyroiditis in nonobese diabetic mice. Autoimmunity 2009; 42:228-34. [DOI: 10.1080/08916930802709141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Kamimura D, Ishihara K, Hirano T. IL-6 signal transduction and its physiological roles: the signal orchestration model. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 149:1-38. [PMID: 12687404 DOI: 10.1007/s10254-003-0012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that not only affects the immune system, but also acts in other biological systems and many physiological events in various organs. In a target cell, IL-6 can simultaneously generate functionally distinct or sometimes contradictory signals through its receptor complex, IL-6Ralpha and gp130. One good illustration is derived from the in vitro observations that IL-6 promotes the growth arrest and differentiation of M1 cells through gp130-mediated STAT3 activation, whereas the Y759/SHP-2-mediated cascade by gp130 stimulation has growth-enhancing effects. The final physiological output can be thought of as a consequence of the orchestration of the diverse signaling pathways generated by a given ligand. This concept, the signal orchestration model, may explain how IL-6 can elicit proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects, depending on the in vivo environmental circumstances. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying this issue is a challenging subject for future research. Intriguingly, recent in vivo studies indicated that the SHP-2-binding site- and YXXQ-mediated pathways through gp130 are not mutually exclusive but affect each other: a mutation at the SHP-2-binding site prolongs STAT3 activation, and a loss of STAT activation by gp130 truncation leads to sustained SHP-2/ERK MAPK phosphorylation. Although IL-6/gp130 signaling is a promising target for drug discovery for many human diseases, the interdependence of each signaling pathway may be an obstacle to the development of a nonpeptide orally active small molecule to inhibit one of these IL-6 signaling cascades, because it would disturb the signal orchestration. In mice, a consequence of the imbalanced signals causes unexpected results such as gastrointestinal disorders, autoimmune diseases, and/or chronic inflammatory proliferative diseases. However, lessons learned from IL-6 KO mice indicate that IL-6 is not essential for vital biological processes, but a significant impact on disease progression in many experimental models for human disorders. Thus, IL-6/gp130 signaling will become a more attractive therapeutic target for human inflammatory diseases when a better understanding of IL-6 signaling, including the identification of the conductor for gp130 signal transduction, is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kamimura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Lavigne MV, Castro M, Mateo N, Deluchi S, Atzori C, Piudo L, Calcagno M, Brero ML, Manghi M. Whole-cell Bordetella pertussis vaccine component modulates the mouse immune response to an unrelated soluble antigen. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:815-20. [PMID: 12270728 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several factors are involved in the selective activation of Th1 or Th2 cells, such as different physical characteristics of antigens and the type of antigen-presenting cells involved in the immune response, among others. To study the influence of a particulate antigen on Th1/Th2 cell differentiation during the immune response to another antigen, we analysed the immune response to tetanus toxoid (soluble antigen) in BALB/c mice immunized with one of the three following vaccines: tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (DT), or DT associated with whole-cell Bordetella pertussis or its soluble antigens (DTPw and DTPa, respectively). Similar total antibody levels were observed for all vaccines. DT vaccine showed a higher IgG1/IgG2a ratio than the similar values observed for DTPw and DTPa vaccines. DT- and DTPa-primed spleen cells showed a Th2 (IL-5) profile while a Th1/Th2 (IFN gamma, IL-5) profile was observed for DTPw. IL-6 was only produced by DTPw-primed cells. Besides, IL-12 levels induced by DTPw were three times higher than the ones induced by both DT and DTPa. Our findings indicate that whole-cell B. pertussis priming modifies the tetanus immune response from Th2 to Th1/Th2 type probably via inflammatory mechanisms. In addition, in the light of conflicting reports regarding the mechanisms of protection induced by DTP vaccines, we studied the pertussis immune response. Only DTPw immunization generated memory T cells capable of proliferating with B. pertussis as an in vitro stimulus. Results might indicate that these cells may not play a key role in protecting against B. pertussis when the host is vaccinated with DTPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Lavigne
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, (1113) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Gao W, Pereira MA. Interleukin-6 is required for parasite specific response and host resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32:167-70. [PMID: 11812493 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, results in elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum and infected tissues. However, it remains unknown whether IL-6 plays a role in host defence against T. cruzi. To determine whether IL-6 underlies disease progression, we followed the time course of T. cruzi-infected mice bearing IL-6 +/+ and minus sign/minus sign genotypes, respectively. We found that IL-6 minus sign/minus sign mice were more susceptible to T. cruzi infection as they exhibited about 3-fold higher parasitaemia and died earlier than wild-type animals. Unlike what might be expected, T. cruzi-infected IL-6 minus sign/minus sign mice did not show at peak infection a decrease in the secretion of IFN-gamma, a Th1 cytokine crucial for controlling the parasite. Instead, they exhibited a much reduced splenocyte recall response to T. cruzi antigens. Our results suggest that IL-6 mediates anti-parasite protective responses against T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Gao
- Parasitology Research Center, Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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