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Liu LX, Liao ZK, Dong BQ, Jiang S, Lei TC. Tranexamic Acid Ameliorates Skin Hyperpigmentation by Downregulating Endothelin-1 Expression in Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Ann Dermatol 2024; 36:151-162. [PMID: 38816976 PMCID: PMC11148312 DOI: 10.5021/ad.23.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although reports suggest that tranexamic acid (TXA) has clinical benefits for melasma patients by oral, intralesional and topical treatment, the optimal route of TXA therapy and the underlying mechanism involved remain poorly defined. OBJECTIVE To compare the skin lightening effect between oral TXA and topical TXA and to dissect the molecular mechanisms using ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced hyperpigmentation mouse model, ex vivo cultured human skin explant, and cultured melanocytes (MCs) and endothelial cells. METHODS Melanin content and cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31)-positive cell numbers were measured in tail skins from UVB-irradiated mice treated by intragastral or topical TXA using immunofluorescent and Fontana-Masson staining. The conditioned medium (CM) was harvested from human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with or without 3 mM TXA and was used to treat MCs for 48 hours. mRNA and protein levels of tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor were measured using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting assays. HMB45- and CD31-positive cell numbers as well as melanin content were also examined in ex vivo cultured human skin explants. RESULTS The hyperpigmented phenotype were significantly mitigated in UVB-irradiated tail skin plus intragastral TXA-treated mice compared with mice treated with UVB only or with UVB plus topical TXA. CD31-positive cell numbers correlated with the anti-melanogenic activity of TXA therapy. The data from cultured cells and skin tissues showed that suppression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in vascular endothelial cells by TXA reduced melanogenesis and MC proliferation. CONCLUSION Oral TXA outperforms topical TXA treatment in skin lightening, which contributes to suppression of ET-1 in dermal microvascular endothelial cells by TXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Xia Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Kai Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing-Qi Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tie-Chi Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Sevilla A, Grichnik J. Therapeutic modulation of KIT ligand in melanocytic disorders with implications for mast cell diseases. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15091. [PMID: 38711220 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
KIT ligand and its associated receptor KIT serve as a master regulatory system for both melanocytes and mast cells controlling survival, migration, proliferation and activation. Blockade of this pathway results in cell depletion, while overactivation leads to mastocytosis or melanoma. Expression defects are associated with pigmentary and mast cell disorders. KIT ligand regulation is complex but efficient targeting of this system would be of significant benefit to those suffering from melanocytic or mast cell disorders. Herein, we review the known associations of this pathway with cutaneous diseases and the regulators of this system both in skin and in the more well-studied germ cell system. Exogenous agents modulating this pathway will also be presented. Ultimately, we will review potential therapeutic opportunities to help our patients with melanocytic and mast cell disease processes potentially including vitiligo, hair greying, melasma, urticaria, mastocytosis and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Department of Dermatology, New York Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lakeland Regional Health, Lakeland, Florida, USA
| | - James Grichnik
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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3
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Bertrand JU, Petit V, Aktary Z, de la Grange P, Elkoshi N, Sohier P, Delmas V, Levy C, Larue L. Loss of Dicer in Newborn Melanocytes Leads to Premature Hair Graying and Changes in Integrin Expression. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:601-611. [PMID: 37739336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Premature hair graying occurs owing to the depletion of melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicle, which can be accelerated by stress caused by genetic or environmental factors. However, the connection between stress and melanocyte stem cell loss is not fully understood. MicroRNAs are molecules that control gene expression by regulating mRNA stability and translation and are produced by the enzyme Dicer, which is repressed under stress. In this study, using 2 mouse genetic models and human and mouse cell lines, we found that the inactivation of Dicer in melanocytes leads to misplacement of these cells within the hair follicle, resulting in a lack of melanin transfer to keratinocytes in the growing hair and the exhaustion of the melanocyte stem cell pool. We also show that miR-92b, which regulates ItgaV mRNA and protein levels, plays a role in altering melanocyte migration. Overall, our findings suggest that the Dicer-miR92b-ItgaV pathway serves as a major signaling pathway linking stress to premature hair greying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette U Bertrand
- INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Orsay, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 3347, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Valérie Petit
- INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Orsay, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 3347, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Zackie Aktary
- INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Orsay, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 3347, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Nadav Elkoshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Pierre Sohier
- INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Orsay, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 3347, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Véronique Delmas
- INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Orsay, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 3347, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Carmit Levy
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lionel Larue
- INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Orsay, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 3347, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
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4
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Kanai SM, Clouthier DE. Endothelin signaling in development. Development 2023; 150:dev201786. [PMID: 38078652 PMCID: PMC10753589 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of endothelin 1 (EDN1) in 1988, the role of endothelin ligands and their receptors in the regulation of blood pressure in normal and disease states has been extensively studied. However, endothelin signaling also plays crucial roles in the development of neural crest cell-derived tissues. Mechanisms of endothelin action during neural crest cell maturation have been deciphered using a variety of in vivo and in vitro approaches, with these studies elucidating the basis of human syndromes involving developmental differences resulting from altered endothelin signaling. In this Review, we describe the endothelin pathway and its functions during the development of neural crest-derived tissues. We also summarize how dysregulated endothelin signaling causes developmental differences and how this knowledge may lead to potential treatments for individuals with gene variants in the endothelin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M. Kanai
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David E. Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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5
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Galbraith JD, Hayward A. The influence of transposable elements on animal colouration. Trends Genet 2023:S0168-9525(23)00091-4. [PMID: 37183153 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences present within host genomes. TEs can contribute to the evolution of host traits, since transposition is mutagenic and TEs often contain host regulatory and protein coding sequences. We review cases where TEs influence animal colouration, reporting major patterns and outstanding questions. TE-induced colouration phenotypes typically arise via introduction of novel regulatory sequences and splice sites, affecting pigment cell development or pigment synthesis. We discuss if particular TE types may be more frequently involved in the evolution of colour variation in animals, given that examples involving long terminal repeat (LTR) elements appear to dominate. Currently, examples of TE-induced colouration phenotypes in animals mainly concern model and domesticated insect and mammal species. However, several influential recent examples, coupled with increases in genome sequencing, suggest cases reported from wild species will increase considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Galbraith
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Alexander Hayward
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, melanoma has led the field in new cancer treatments, with impressive gains in on-treatment survival but more modest improvements in overall survival. Melanoma presents heterogeneity and transcriptional plasticity that recapitulates distinct melanocyte developmental states and phenotypes, allowing it to adapt to and eventually escape even the most advanced treatments. Despite remarkable advances in our understanding of melanoma biology and genetics, the melanoma cell of origin is still fiercely debated because both melanocyte stem cells and mature melanocytes can be transformed. Animal models and high-throughput single-cell sequencing approaches have opened new opportunities to address this question. Here, we discuss the melanocytic journey from the neural crest, where they emerge as melanoblasts, to the fully mature pigmented melanocytes resident in several tissues. We describe a new understanding of melanocyte biology and the different melanocyte subpopulations and microenvironments they inhabit, and how this provides unique insights into melanoma initiation and progression. We highlight recent findings on melanoma heterogeneity and transcriptional plasticity and their implications for exciting new research areas and treatment opportunities. The lessons from melanocyte biology reveal how cells that are present to protect us from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation reach back to their origins to become a potentially deadly cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Centeno
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Valeria Pavet
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, UK.
- Oncodrug Ltd, Alderly Park, Macclesfield, UK.
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Wilkinson EL, Brennan LC, Harrison OJ, Crane‐Smith Z, Gautier P, Keighren MA, Budd P, Swaminathan K, Machesky LM, Allinson SL, Jackson IJ, Mort RL. Genetically engineered multicistronic allele of Pmel yielding highly specific CreERT2-mediated recombination in the melanocyte lineage. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023; 36:71-77. [PMID: 36412082 PMCID: PMC10107733 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic approaches that allow lineage tracing are essential to our future understanding of melanocytes and melanoma. To date, the approaches used to label melanocytes in mice have relied on random integration of transgenes driven by the promoters of the Tyrosinase and Dopachrome tautomerase genes, knock-in to the Dopachrome tautomerase locus or knock-in to the Mlana locus in a bacterial artificial chromosome. These strategies result in expression in other tissues such as telencephalon and other cell types such as nerves. Here we used homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells to generate a targeted multicistronic allele of the Pmel locus that drives melanocyte-specific expression of CreERT2, nuclear localised H2B-Cerulean and membrane localised marcks-mKate2 allowing live imaging of melanocytes and activation of other conditional alleles. We combined this allele with R26R-EYFP mice allowing induction of EYFP expression on administration of tamoxifen or its metabolite 4-OHT. The fluorescent proteins H2B-Cerulean and marcks-mKate2 label the cell nucleus and plasma membrane respectively allowing live imaging and FACS isolation of melanoblasts and melanocytes as well as serving to provide an internal control allowing estimation of recombination efficiency after administration of tamoxifen. We demonstrate the utility of the transgene in embryonic and adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Wilkinson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and MedicineLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - Louise C. Brennan
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and MedicineLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - Olivia J. Harrison
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General HospitalUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Zoe Crane‐Smith
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General HospitalUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Philippe Gautier
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General HospitalUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Margaret A. Keighren
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General HospitalUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Peter Budd
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General HospitalUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Karthic Swaminathan
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of BradfordBradfordUK
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, and Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Sarah L. Allinson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and MedicineLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | - Ian J. Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General HospitalUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Roslin InstituteUniversity of EdinburghRoslinUK
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and MedicineLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
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8
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Knight JRP, Proud CG, Mallucci G, von der Haar T, Smales CM, Willis AE, Sansom OJ. Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 2 Kinase Activity Is Required for the Phenotypes of the Rpl24 Bst Mouse. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3346-3348.e1. [PMID: 35850210 PMCID: PMC9708116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John R P Knight
- Beatson Institute, Cancer Research UK, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Giovanna Mallucci
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Mark Smales
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute, Cancer Research UK, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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9
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Yao YZ, Liao ZK, Jiang S, Dong BQ, Luo LF, Miao F, Lei TC. Uncoupling melanogenesis from proliferation in epidermal melanocytes responding to stimulation with psoriasis-related proinflammatory cytokines. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 108:98-108. [PMID: 36577564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have addressed the impact of the psoriasis-related proinflammatory cytokines on the proliferation and melanogenesis of melanocytes (MCs) in lesional psoriatic skin. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of TNFα, IL17A, and IL8 on the proliferation and melanin synthesis of MCs. METHODS Skin specimens were biopsied from patients with psoriasis vulgaris at the active stage, or from the tail skin of Dct-LacZ mice with imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasiform dermatitis. Cultured keratinocytes (KCs), MCs, and human skin explants were used in this study. The numbers of MCs were measured via β-galactosidase staining, EdU incorporation and HMB45 immunohistochemical staining. The expression of human β-defensin 3 (hBD3) in KCs was silenced by siRNA, the conditioned medium (CM) from siRNA-transfected KCs was used to treat MCs, then followed by αMSH stimulation. The melanogenesis-related genes were examined by using qRT-PCR and western blotting. RESULTS The increased number of MCs and decreased melanin content were highly relevant to the enhanced expression of IL8 and BD3 both in human psoriatic skin and in IMQ-treated mouse tail skin. IL8 expression in KCs and CXCR2 expression in MCs was significantly increased by IL17A and TNFα, the αMSH-induced upregulations of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase in MCs were abrogated by the CM from hBD3-unsilenced KCs, but not from hBD3-silenced KCs. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the roles of IL8-CXCR2 activation in promoting MC proliferation and of BD3 upregulation in reducing melanogenesis. These findings have been implicated in the underlying mechanism that active psoriasis prefers hypopigmentation despite chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhu Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Kai Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing-Qi Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Fei Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Miao
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tie-Chi Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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10
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Shen Q, Zhou J, Li J, Zhao X, Zheng L, Bao H, Wu C. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes for Stripe Pattern Feather Color of Rhode Island Red Chicks. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091511. [PMID: 36140679 PMCID: PMC9498448 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feather colors of chickens are not only characteristics of breeds but also as phenotypic markers in chicken breeding. Pure-bred Rhode Island Red (RIR) chicks have a stripe pattern and a non-stripe pattern on the back. The stripe pattern of RIR is generally shown as four longitudinal black stripes on the back and is more likely to appear in females. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify candidate genes controlling the stripe pattern of RIR chicks, and then, based on physical location and biological functions, quantitative RT-PCR analysis was used to validate the differential expression of candidate genes between stripe pattern and non-stripe pattern back skin tissue. The GWAS showed that a major signal contains 768 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 87 significant small insertions-deletions (INDELs) spanning 41.78 to 43.05 Mb (~1.27 Mb) on GGA1, corresponding to 16 genes associated with stripe pattern phenotype. Among these 16 genes, KITLG and TMTC3 could be considered candidate genes as they showed different expressions between back skin tissues of stripe pattern and non-stripe pattern chicks in value (p = 0.062) and the significant level (p < 0.05), respectively. This study provided novel insight into the mechanisms underlying feather pigmentation and stripe formation in RIR chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmiao Shen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jieke Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Dawu Breeding Company, Baoding 072550, China
| | - Lijie Zheng
- Dawu Breeding Company, Baoding 072550, China
| | - Haigang Bao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Changxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Koren E, Feldman A, Yusupova M, Kadosh A, Sedov E, Ankawa R, Yosefzon Y, Nasser W, Gerstberger S, Kimel LB, Priselac N, Brown S, Sharma S, Gorenc T, Shalom-Feuerstein R, Steller H, Shemesh T, Fuchs Y. Thy1 marks a distinct population of slow-cycling stem cells in the mouse epidermis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4628. [PMID: 35941116 PMCID: PMC9360001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of distinct stem cells that maintain the interfollicular epidermis is highly debated. Here, we report a population of keratinocytes, marked by Thy1, in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis. We find that epidermal cells expressing differential levels of Thy1 display distinct transcriptional signatures. Thy1+ keratinocytes do not express T cell markers, express a unique transcriptional profile, cycle significantly slower than basal epidermal progenitors and display significant expansion potential in vitro. Multicolor lineage tracing analyses and mathematical modeling reveal that Thy1+ basal keratinocytes do not compete neutrally alike interfollicular progenitors and contribute long-term to both epidermal replenishment and wound repair. Importantly, ablation of Thy1+ cells strongly impairs these processes, thus indicating the non-redundant function of Thy1+ stem cells in the epidermis. Collectively, these results reveal a distinct stem cell population that plays a critical role in epidermal homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle Koren
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alona Feldman
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marianna Yusupova
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avihay Kadosh
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Egor Sedov
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Roi Ankawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yahav Yosefzon
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Waseem Nasser
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Liam B Kimel
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noa Priselac
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Samara Brown
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Sam Sharma
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Travis Gorenc
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Ruby Shalom-Feuerstein
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hermann Steller
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Tom Shemesh
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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12
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Using comparative genomics to detect mutations regulating plumage variations in graylag (A. anser) and swan geese (A. cygnoides). Gene 2022; 834:146612. [PMID: 35618220 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although graylag geese (A. anser) showed similar plumages of white, grey, and white with grey patches compared to those in swan geese (A. cygnoides), it was believed the substantial molecular mechanism for plumage variations were different. To date, studies on genes responsible for diverse plumages among graylag geese were limited and causal mutations remain unknown. In this study, genomes from 57 individuals belonging to six breeds showing different plumages were sequenced at ∼10X depth. Firstly, the allele frequency differences (AFD) of variants on the scaffold394 (NW_013185915.1) between grey and white goose breeds (A. anser) was calculated and a genomic region between 768,290-779,889 bp was detected to carry candidate variants associated with plumages, including one SNP (g. 775,151G > T, ∼18.6 kb upstream of EDNRB2) found to be fixed in white geese. This region was overlapped with the one detected by the haplotype-based sweep analysis, in which significant signals defined a candidate region of 736,610-820,622 bp on the same scaffold. Results from the transcriptomic data showed that expression levels of EDNRB2 and many other melanogenesis-related genes were significantly decreased among white geese compared to that in grey geese, especially at late embryonic stages (>E15). Modifications at transcriptional levels might result in abnormal melanocyte developments and thus the white plumages when they grow up. In addition, a frameshift mutation (C > -) in exon4 of MLANA gene on scaffold176 (NW_013185876.1) was suggested as the causal mutation for sex-linked dilution phenotype in graylag geese although this requires more demonstration experiments. Together with observed white plumages caused by EDNRB2 mutations in coding regions among swan geese and chicken, our study provided new examples to study the parallel evolution.
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13
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Wang L, Yang L, Yang S, Jia Z, Cai J, Rong L, Wu X, Fan L, Gong Y, Li S. Identification of genes associated with feather color in Liancheng white duck using F ST analysis. Anim Genet 2022; 53:518-521. [PMID: 35670225 DOI: 10.1111/age.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liancheng white duck has two phenotypic traits: white feather and black beak-black foot, but the genes controlling these phenotypic traits are unknown. The objective of this study is to identify various candidate genes related to the plumage of Liancheng white duck. This study used F2 population construction generated between white Kaiya duck and Liancheng white duck and FST analysis between the dominant and recessive loci associated with the Liancheng white duck white feather in order to identify specific gene regions. As per the feather color statistics of the F2 population, it is estimated that there are about three or four genes controlling the white feather of Liancheng white ducks, and the FST results showed that four significant signals were found on chromosomes 4, 12, 13, and 21. Further annotation of these regions led to the identification of five genes involved in the melanin pathway, namely, KIT, CLOCK, MITF, CEBPA, and DOK5. Among them, CEBPA and DOK5 might be affecting the white feather traits of Liancheng white duck by regulating the melanin production and its transfer to the feather. The results provide insightful understanding into the genetic mechanisms of white feather in Liancheng white duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liubin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sendong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zijia Jia
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinping Cai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Rong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingzhi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanchang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - ShiJun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Han X, Chang L, Qiu Z, Lin M, Wang Y, Liu D, Diao Q, Zhong JL, Xu DW. Micro-injury Induces Hair Regeneration and Vitiligo Repigmentation Through Wnt/β-catenin Pathway. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:111-118. [PMID: 35044224 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrinsic injury can evoke intrinsic stimulation and subsequently initiate the physiological repair process. This study aims to investigate whether clinically acceptable micro-injury could be employed to create local stimuli to induce hair regeneration and vitiligo repigmentation. A novel device was designed and manufactured to precisely control the micro-injury parameters. Then the most appropriate extent of micro-injury without over-damaging the skin was evaluated. Finally, the effects of micro-injury on hair regeneration and vitiligo repigmentation were examined by macroscopical observation, histological staining, gene and protein expression analysis. We discover that proper micro-injury effectively induces hair regeneration by activating the hair follicle stem cell proliferation and migration downwards to the hair matrix, finally shifting the hair follicle stage from telogen into anagen. On vitiligo model mice, micro-injury also induces the hair follicle melanocyte stem cells to migrate upwards to the interfollicular epidermis, activating and giving rise to melanocytes to repopulate the vitiligo lesion. Mechanistic analysis indicates that the canonical Wnt/-catenin pathway plays a key role in the micro-injury-induced repair process. The present study demonstrates that micro-injury has great potential in inducing hair regeneration and vitiligo repigmentation, laid a foundation to develop a micro-injury-based treatment method in alopecia and vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Han
- Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China;
| | - Li Chang
- Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China;
| | - Zhijin Qiu
- Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China;
| | - Mao Lin
- Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China;
| | - Yuyi Wang
- Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China;
| | - Deming Liu
- Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China;
| | - Qingchun Diao
- Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China;
| | | | - David Wei Xu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, 117933, Department of Dermatology, No. 40 Daomenkou St., District Yuzhong, Chongqing, Chongqing, China, 400011;
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15
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Méndez-Maldonado K, Velasco I, Aybar MJ. The crucial role of model systems in understanding the complexity of cell signaling in human neurocristopathies. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1537. [PMID: 35023327 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are useful to study the molecular, cellular, and morphogenetic mechanisms underlying normal and pathological development. Cell-based study models have emerged as an alternative approach to study many aspects of human embryonic development and disease. The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent, and migratory embryonic cell population that generates a diverse group of cell types that arises during vertebrate development. The abnormal formation or development of the NC results in neurocristopathies (NCPs), which are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological alterations. The impaired molecular mechanisms that give rise to these multiphenotypic diseases are not entirely clear yet. This fact, added to the high incidence of these disorders in the newborn population, has led to the development of systematic approaches for their understanding. In this article, we have systematically reviewed the ways in which experimentation with different animal and cell model systems has improved our knowledge of NCPs, and how these advances might contribute to the development of better diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the treatment of these pathologies. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Congenital Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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16
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Colombo S, Petit V, Wagner RY, Champeval D, Yajima I, Gesbert F, Aktary Z, Davidson I, Delmas V, Larue L. Stabilization of β-catenin promotes melanocyte specification at the expense of the Schwann cell lineage. Development 2021; 149:274086. [PMID: 34878101 PMCID: PMC8917410 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway governs a multitude of developmental processes in various cell lineages, including the melanocyte lineage. Indeed, β-catenin regulates transcription of Mitf-M, the master regulator of this lineage. The first wave of melanocytes to colonize the skin is directly derived from neural crest cells, whereas the second wave of melanocytes is derived from Schwann cell precursors (SCPs). We investigated the influence of β-catenin in the development of melanocytes of the first and second waves by generating mice expressing a constitutively active form of β-catenin in cells expressing tyrosinase. Constitutive activation of β-catenin did not affect the development of truncal melanoblasts but led to marked hyperpigmentation of the paws. By activating β-catenin at various stages of development (E8.5-E11.5), we showed that the activation of β-catenin in bipotent SCPs favored melanoblast specification at the expense of Schwann cells in the limbs within a specific temporal window. Furthermore, in vitro hyperactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is required for melanocyte development, induces activation of Mitf-M, in turn repressing FoxD3 expression. In conclusion, β-catenin overexpression promotes SCP cell fate decisions towards the melanocyte lineage. Summary: Activation of β-catenin in bipotent Schwann cell precursors during a specific developmental window induces Mitf and represses FoxD3 to promote melanoblast cell fate at the expense of Schwann cells in limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Colombo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.,Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Valérie Petit
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.,Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Roselyne Y Wagner
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.,Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Delphine Champeval
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.,Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Ichiro Yajima
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.,Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Franck Gesbert
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.,Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Zackie Aktary
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.,Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UNISTRA, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cedex. Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, France
| | - Véronique Delmas
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.,Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.,Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.,Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, France
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17
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Pro-pigmentary action of 5-fluorouracil through the stimulated secretion of CXCL12 by dermal fibroblasts. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2475-2482. [PMID: 34507320 PMCID: PMC8654429 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is growing evidence that 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) combined with therapeutic trauma can effectively induce skin repigmentation in vitiligo patients who are unresponsive to conventional treatments. Previous studies have mainly focused on identifying the antimitotic activity of 5-FU for the treatment of skin cancer, but few studies have investigated its extra-genotoxic actions favoring melanocyte recruitment. Methods: We utilized the full thickness excisional skin wound model in Dct-LacZ transgenic mice to dynamically assess the migration of melanocytes in the margins of wounds treated with or without 5-FU. The in-situ expression of CXCL12 was examined in the wound beds using immunofluorescence staining. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses were performed to detect the expression levels of CXCL12 mRNA and protein in primary mouse dermal fibroblasts treated with or without 5-FU. Transwell assays and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-phalloidin staining were used to observe cell migration and filamentous actin (F-actin) changes of melan-a murine melanocytes. Results: Whole mount and cryosection X-gal staining showed that the cell numbers of LacZ-positive melanocytes were much higher in the margins of dorsal and tail skin wounds treated with 5-FU compared with the controls. Meanwhile, CXCL12 immunostaining was significantly increased in the dermal compartment of wounds treated with 5-FU (control vs. 5-FU, 22.47 ± 8.85 vs. 44.69 ± 5.97, P < 0.05). Moreover, 5-FU significantly upregulated the expression levels of CXCL12 mRNA (control vs. 5-FU, 1.00 ± 0.08 vs. 1.54 ± 0.06, P < 0.05) and protein (control vs. 5-FU, 1.00 ± 0.06 vs. 2.93 ± 0.10, P < 0.05) in cultured fibroblasts. Inhibition of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis suppressed melanocyte migration in vitro using a CXCL12 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or a CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100). Conclusion: 5-FU possesses a pro-pigmentary activity through activation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis to drive the chemotactic migration of melanocytes.
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18
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Crane-Smith Z, Schoenebeck J, Graham KA, Devenney PS, Rose L, Ditzell M, Anderson E, Thomson JI, Klenin N, Kurrasch DM, Lettice LA, Hill RE. A Highly Conserved Shh Enhancer Coordinates Hypothalamic and Craniofacial Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:595744. [PMID: 33869166 PMCID: PMC8047142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.595744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancers that are conserved deep in evolutionary time regulate characteristics held in common across taxonomic classes. Here, deletion of the highly conserved Shh enhancer SBE2 (Shh brain enhancer 2) in mouse markedly reduced Shh expression within the embryonic brain specifically in the rostral diencephalon; however, no abnormal anatomical phenotype was observed. Secondary enhancer activity was subsequently identified which likely mediates low levels of expression. In contrast, when crossing the SBE2 deletion with the Shh null allele, brain and craniofacial development were disrupted; thus, linking SBE2 regulated Shh expression to multiple defects and further enabling the study of the effects of differing levels of Shh on embryogenesis. Development of the hypothalamus, derived from the rostral diencephalon, was disrupted along both the anterior-posterior (AP) and the dorsal-ventral (DV) axes. Expression of DV patterning genes and subsequent neuronal population induction were particularly sensitive to Shh expression levels, demonstrating a novel morphogenic context for Shh. The role of SBE2, which is highlighted by DV gene expression, is to step-up expression of Shh above the minimal activity of the second enhancer, ensuring the necessary levels of Shh in a regional-specific manner. We also show that low Shh levels in the diencephalon disrupted neighbouring craniofacial development, including mediolateral patterning of the bones along the cranial floor and viscerocranium. Thus, SBE2 contributes to hypothalamic morphogenesis and ensures there is coordination with the formation of the adjacent midline cranial bones that subsequently protect the neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Crane-Smith
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Schoenebeck
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School for Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katy A Graham
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Devenney
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Rose
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Ditzell
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eve Anderson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph I Thomson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Klenin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Deborah M Kurrasch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Laura A Lettice
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E Hill
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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Tandukar B, Kalapurakal E, Hornyak TJ. B6-Dct-H2BGFP bitransgenic mice: A standardized mouse model for in vivo characterization of melanocyte development and stem cell differentiation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:905-917. [PMID: 33544968 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) are key components of the hair follicle (HF) stem cell system that regenerate differentiated melanocytes during successive HF cycles. To facilitate continued research on melanocyte development and differentiation and McSCs, we backcrossed inducible Dct-H2BGFP mice into the C57BL/6J background (B6-Dct-H2BGFP). We compared the expression pattern of B6-Dct-H2BGFP to that of Dct-H2BGFP mice on a mixed genetic background reported previously. To characterize B6-Dct-H2BGFP mice, we confirmed not only the expression of GFP in all melanocyte lineage cells, but also doxycycline regulation of GFP expression. Furthermore, ex vivo culture of the McSC subsets isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) showed the propensity of bulge/CD34+ McSCs to differentiate with expression of non-melanocytic, neural crest lineage markers including glia (Gfap and CNPase, 73 ± 1% and 77 ± 2%, respectively), neurons (Tuj1 26 ± 5%), and smooth muscle (α-Sma, 31 ± 9%). In contrast, CD34-/secondary hair germ (SHG) McSCs differentiated into pigmented melanocytes, with higher expression of melanogenic markers Tyr (71 ± 1%), Tyrp1 (68 ± 4%), and Mitf (75 ± 7%). These results establish the utility of B6-Dct-H2BGFP bitransgenic mice for future in vivo studies of melanocytes requiring a defined genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Tandukar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanual Kalapurakal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Hornyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Papalazarou V, Swaminathan K, Jaber-Hijazi F, Spence H, Lahmann I, Nixon C, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Arnold HH, Rottner K, Machesky LM. The Arp2/3 complex is crucial for colonisation of the mouse skin by melanoblasts. Development 2020; 147:dev194555. [PMID: 33028610 PMCID: PMC7687863 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex is essential for the assembly of branched filamentous actin, but its role in physiology and development is surprisingly little understood. Melanoblasts deriving from the neural crest migrate along the developing embryo and traverse the dermis to reach the epidermis, colonising the skin and eventually homing within the hair follicles. We have previously established that Rac1 and Cdc42 direct melanoblast migration in vivo We hypothesised that the Arp2/3 complex might be the main downstream effector of these small GTPases. Arp3 depletion in the melanocyte lineage results in severe pigmentation defects in dorsal and ventral regions of the mouse skin. Arp3 null melanoblasts demonstrate proliferation and migration defects and fail to elongate as their wild-type counterparts. Conditional deletion of Arp3 in primary melanocytes causes improper proliferation, spreading, migration and adhesion to extracellular matrix. Collectively, our results suggest that the Arp2/3 complex is absolutely indispensable in the melanocyte lineage in mouse development, and indicate a significant role in developmental processes that require tight regulation of actin-mediated motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Papalazarou
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Karthic Swaminathan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Farah Jaber-Hijazi
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Heather Spence
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ines Lahmann
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Colin Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Hans-Henning Arnold
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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21
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Haage A, Wagner K, Deng W, Venkatesh B, Mitchell C, Goodwin K, Bogutz A, Lefebvre L, Van Raamsdonk CD, Tanentzapf G. Precise coordination of cell-ECM adhesion is essential for efficient melanoblast migration during development. Development 2020; 147:dev.184234. [PMID: 32580934 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoblasts disperse throughout the skin and populate hair follicles through long-range cell migration. During migration, cells undergo cycles of coordinated attachment and detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Embryonic migration processes that require cell-ECM attachment are dependent on the integrin family of adhesion receptors. Precise regulation of integrin-mediated adhesion is important for many developmental migration events. However, the mechanisms that regulate integrin-mediated adhesion in vivo in melanoblasts are not well understood. Here, we show that autoinhibitory regulation of the integrin-associated adapter protein talin coordinates cell-ECM adhesion during melanoblast migration in vivo Specifically, an autoinhibition-defective talin mutant strengthens and stabilizes integrin-based adhesions in melanocytes, which impinges on their ability to migrate. Mice with defective talin autoinhibition exhibit delays in melanoblast migration and pigmentation defects. Our results show that coordinated integrin-mediated cell-ECM attachment is essential for melanoblast migration and that talin autoinhibition is an important mechanism for fine-tuning cell-ECM adhesion during cell migration in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Haage
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 N Columbia Rd, Grand Forks, ND 58202, ND, USA
| | - Kelsey Wagner
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wenjun Deng
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bhavya Venkatesh
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Caitlin Mitchell
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katharine Goodwin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Aaron Bogutz
- Department of Medical Genetics, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Louis Lefebvre
- Department of Medical Genetics, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Catherine D Van Raamsdonk
- Department of Medical Genetics, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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22
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Aybar MJ. The role of teratogens in neural crest development. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:584-632. [PMID: 31926062 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC), discovered by Wilhelm His 150 years ago, gives rise to a multipotent migratory embryonic cell population that generates a remarkably diverse and important array of cell types during the development of the vertebrate embryo. These cells originate in the neural plate border (NPB), which is the ectoderm between the neural plate and the epidermis. They give rise to the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others. Neurocristopathies are a class of congenital diseases resulting from the abnormal induction, specification, migration, differentiation or death of NC cells (NCCs) during embryonic development and have an important medical and societal impact. In general, congenital defects affect an appreciable percentage of newborns worldwide. Some of these defects are caused by teratogens, which are agents that negatively impact the formation of tissues and organs during development. In this review, we will discuss the teratogens linked to the development of many birth defects, with a strong focus on those that specifically affect the development of the NC, thereby producing neurocristopathies. Although increasing attention is being paid to the effect of teratogens on embryonic development in general, there is a strong need to critically evaluate the specific role of these agents in NC development. Therefore, increased understanding of the role of these factors in NC development will contribute to the planning of strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of human neurocristopathies, whose etiology was previously not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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23
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Urtatiz O, Cook C, Huang JLY, Yeh I, Van Raamsdonk CD. GNAQ Q209L expression initiated in multipotent neural crest cells drives aggressive melanoma of the central nervous system. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 33:96-111. [PMID: 31680437 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary leptomeningeal melanocytic neoplasms represent a spectrum of rare tumors originating from melanocytes of the leptomeninges, which are the inner two membranes that protect the central nervous system. Like other non-epithelial melanocytic lesions, they bear frequent oncogenic mutations in the heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits, GNAQ or GNA11. In this study, we used Plp1-creERT to force the expression of oncogenic GNAQQ209L in the multipotent neural crest cells of the ventro-medial developmental pathway, beginning prior to melanocyte cell differentiation. We found that this produces leptomeningeal melanocytic neoplasms, including cranial melanocytomas, spinal melanocytomas, and spinal melanomas, in addition to blue nevus-like lesions in the dermis. GNAQQ209L drove different phenotypes depending upon when during embryogenesis (E9.5, E10.5, or E11.5) it was induced by tamoxifen and which Cre driver (Plp1-creERT, Tyr-creERT2 , or Mitf-cre) was used. Given these differences, we propose that melanocytes go through temporary phases where they become sensitive to the oncogenic effects of GNAQQ209L . R26-fs-GNAQQ209L ; Plp1-creERT mice will be useful for defining biomarkers for potentially aggressive leptomeningeal melanocytomas and for developing new therapeutics for advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Urtatiz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Courtney Cook
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jenny L-Y Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catherine D Van Raamsdonk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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24
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Miyake S, Irikura D, Yamasaki T. Detection of Mast Cells Expressing c-Kit Using Antibody Covalently Bound to Gelatin Elongated from Surface of Immunosensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:811-813. [PMID: 30930352 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19n012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An immunosensor based on surface plasmon resonance was applied to detect mast cells expressing c-Kit. Sufficient detection of the mast cells was achieved by covalent immobilization of gelatin firstly on the sensor surface and followed by covalent binding of the anti-c-Kit antibody to lysine residues in the gelatin molecules through bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate (BS3) treatment. By using BS3, which is a homo-bifunctional reagent, the lysine residues of the anti-c-Kit antibody easily bound to the lysine residues of the gelatin in the physiological condition. The lower limit of detection was 104 cells/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Miyake
- Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University.,Research & Development Division, Horiba, Ltd
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25
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Michael HT, Graff-Cherry C, Chin S, Rauck C, Habtemichael AD, Bunda P, Smith T, Campos MM, Bharti K, Arnheiter H, Merlino G, Day CP. Partial Rescue of Ocular Pigment Cells and Structure by Inducible Ectopic Expression of Mitf-M in MITF-Deficient Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:6067-6073. [PMID: 30590377 PMCID: PMC6314104 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Complete deficiency of microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) in Mitfmi-vga9/mi-vga9 mice is associated with microphthalmia, retinal dysplasia, and albinism. We investigated the ability of dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) promoter-mediated inducible ectopic expression of Mitf-M to rescue these phenotypic abnormalities. Methods A new mouse line was created with doxycycline-inducible ectopic Mitf-M expression on an Mitf-deficient Mitfmi-vga9 background (DMV mouse). Adult DMV mice were phenotypically characterized and tissues were collected for histology, immunohistochemistry, and evaluation of Mitf, pigmentary genes, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) gene expression. Results Ectopic Mitf-M expression was specifically induced in the eyes, but was not detected in the skin of DMV mice. Inducible expression of Mitf-M partially rescued the microphthalmia, RPE structure, and pigmentation as well as a subset of the choroidal and iris melanocytes but not cutaneous melanocytes. RPE function and vision were not restored in the DMV mice. Conclusions Ectopic expression of Mitf-M during development of Mitf-deficient mice is capable of partially rescuing ocular and retinal structures and uveal melanocytes. These findings provide novel information about the roles of Mitf isoforms in the development of mouse eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen T Michael
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Cari Graff-Cherry
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, National Frederick Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Insitutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States
| | - Sung Chin
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, National Frederick Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Insitutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States
| | - Corinne Rauck
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Amelework D Habtemichael
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Patricia Bunda
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Tunde Smith
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Maria M Campos
- Histopathology Core Facility, National Eye Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Kapil Bharti
- Unit on Ocular and Stem Cell Translational Research, National Eye Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Heinz Arnheiter
- Scientist Emeritus, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Chi-Ping Day
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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26
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Vandamme N, Berx G. From neural crest cells to melanocytes: cellular plasticity during development and beyond. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1919-1934. [PMID: 30830237 PMCID: PMC11105195 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we review melanocyte development and how the embryonic melanoblast, although specified to become a melanocyte, is prone to cellular plasticity and is not fully committed to the melanocyte lineage. Even fully differentiated and pigment-producing melanocytes do not always have a stable phenotype. The gradual lineage restriction of neural crest cells toward the melanocyte lineage is determined by both cell-intrinsic and extracellular signals in which differentiation and pathfinding ability reciprocally influence each other. These signals are leveraged by subtle differences in timing and axial positioning. The most extensively studied migration route is the dorsolateral path between the dermomyotome and the prospective epidermis, restricted to melanoblasts. In addition, the embryonic origin of the skin dermis through which neural crest derivatives migrate may also affect the segregation between melanogenic and neurogenic cells in embryos. It is widely accepted that, irrespective of the model organism studied, the immediate precursor of both melanoblast and neurogenic populations is a glial-melanogenic bipotent progenitor. Upon exposure to different conditions, melanoblasts may differentiate into other neural crest-derived lineages such as neuronal cells and vice versa. Key factors that regulate melanoblast migration and patterning will regulate melanocyte homeostasis during different stages of hair cycling in postnatal hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vandamme
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- DAMBI, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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27
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Joshi SS, Tandukar B, Pan L, Huang JM, Livak F, Smith BJ, Hodges T, Mahurkar AA, Hornyak TJ. CD34 defines melanocyte stem cell subpopulations with distinct regenerative properties. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008034. [PMID: 31017901 PMCID: PMC6481766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) are the undifferentiated melanocytic cells of the mammalian hair follicle (HF) responsible for recurrent generation of a large number of differentiated melanocytes during each HF cycle. HF McSCs reside in both the CD34+ bulge/lower permanent portion (LPP) and the CD34- secondary hair germ (SHG) regions of the HF during telogen. Using Dct-H2BGFP mice, we separate bulge/LPP and SHG McSCs using FACS with GFP and anti-CD34 to show that these two subsets of McSCs are functionally distinct. Genome-wide expression profiling results support the distinct nature of these populations, with CD34- McSCs exhibiting higher expression of melanocyte differentiation genes and with CD34+ McSCs demonstrating a profile more consistent with a neural crest stem cell. In culture and in vivo, CD34- McSCs regenerate pigmentation more efficiently whereas CD34+ McSCs selectively exhibit the ability to myelinate neurons. CD34+ McSCs, and their counterparts in human skin, may be useful for myelinating neurons in vivo, leading to new therapeutic opportunities for demyelinating diseases and traumatic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S. Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bishal Tandukar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Smith
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Theresa Hodges
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anup A. Mahurkar
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hornyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Hosaka C, Kunisada M, Koyanagi-Aoi M, Masaki T, Takemori C, Taniguchi-Ikeda M, Aoi T, Nishigori C. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived melanocyte precursor cells undergoing differentiation into melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:623-633. [PMID: 30843370 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offers a novel approach for conversion of human primary fibroblasts into melanocytes. During attempts to explore various protocols for differentiation of iPSCs into melanocytes, we found a distinct and self-renewing cell lineage that could differentiate into melanocytes, named as melanocyte precursor cells (MPCs). The MPCs exhibited a morphology distinctive from that of melanocytes, in lacking either the melanosomal structure or the melanocyte-specific marker genes MITF, TYR, and SOX10. In addition, gene expression studies in the MPCs showed high-level expression of WNT5A, ROR2, which are non-canonical WNT pathway markers, and its related receptor TGFβR2. In contrast, MPC differentiation into melanocytes was achieved by activating the canonical WNT pathway using the GSK3β inhibitor. Our data demonstrated the distinct characteristic of MPCs' ability to differentiate into melanocytes, and the underlying mechanism of interfacing between canonical WNT signaling pathway and non-canonical WNT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Hosaka
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makoto Kunisada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michiyo Koyanagi-Aoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Center for Human Resource Development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Taro Masaki
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takemori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Aoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Center for Human Resource Development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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29
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Miyake S, Irikura D, Yamasaki T. Specific Detection of c-Kit Expressed on Human Cell Surface by Immunosensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:223-225. [PMID: 30745512 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18n022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An immunosensor based on surface plasmon resonance was developed for detection of c-Kit expressed on a cell surface. The combination of the antibody solution modified with gelatin before immobilization to the sensor chip and its blocking with gelatin drastically decreased the nonspecific reaction. The condition may be useful for the detection of various cells by using antibody against cell surface marker including the c-Kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Miyake
- Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University.,Research & Development Division, Horiba, Ltd
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30
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Tharmarajah G, Eckhard U, Jain F, Marino G, Prudova A, Urtatiz O, Fuchs H, de Angelis MH, Overall CM, Van Raamsdonk CD. Melanocyte development in the mouse tail epidermis requires the Adamts9 metalloproteinase. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 31:693-707. [PMID: 29781574 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mouse tail has an important role in the study of melanogenesis, because mouse tail skin can be used to model human skin pigmentation. To better understand the development of melanocytes in the mouse tail, we cloned two dominant ENU-generated mutations of the Adamts9 gene, Und3 and Und4, which cause an unpigmented ring of epidermis in the middle of the tail, but do not alter pigmentation in the rest of the mouse. Adamts9 encodes a widely expressed zinc metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 repeats with few known substrates. Melanocytes are lost in the Adamts9 mutant tail epidermis at a relatively late stage of development, around E18.5. Studies of our Adamts9 conditional allele suggest that there is a melanocyte cell-autonomous requirement for Adamts9. In addition, we used a proteomics approach, TAILS N-terminomics, to identify new Adamts9 candidate substrates in the extracellular matrix of the skin. The tail phenotype of Adamts9 mutants is strikingly similar to the unpigmented trunk belt in Adamts20 mutants, which suggests a particular requirement for Adamts family activity at certain positions along the anterior-posterior axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Tharmarajah
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fagun Jain
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Giada Marino
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Prudova
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Oscar Urtatiz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin H de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science, Weihenstephan Technische Universitat, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine D Van Raamsdonk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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31
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Fane ME, Chhabra Y, Smith AG, Sturm RA. BRN2, a POUerful driver of melanoma phenotype switching and metastasis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 32:9-24. [PMID: 29781575 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The POU domain family of transcription factors play a central role in embryogenesis and are highly expressed in neural crest cells and the developing brain. BRN2 is a class III POU domain protein that is a key mediator of neuroendocrine and melanocytic development and differentiation. While BRN2 is a central regulator in numerous developmental programs, it has also emerged as a major player in the biology of tumourigenesis. In melanoma, BRN2 has been implicated as one of the master regulators of the acquisition of invasive behaviour within the phenotype switching model of progression. As a mediator of melanoma cell phenotype switching, it coordinates the transition to a dedifferentiated, slow cycling and highly motile cell type. Its inverse expression relationship with MITF is believed to mediate tumour progression and metastasis within this model. Recent evidence has now outlined a potential epigenetic switching mechanism in melanoma cells driven by BRN2 expression that induces melanoma cell invasion. We summarize the role of BRN2 in tumour cell dissemination and metastasis in melanoma, while also examining it as a potential metastatic regulator in other tumour models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Fane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yash Chhabra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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32
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Spatiotemporal Labeling of Melanocytes in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051469. [PMID: 29762513 PMCID: PMC5983676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are pigment producing cells in the skin that give rise to cutaneous malignant melanoma, which is a highly aggressive and the deadliest form of skin cancer. Studying melanocytes in vivo is often difficult due to their small proportion in the skin and the lack of specific cell surface markers. Several genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have been created to specifically label the melanocyte compartment. These models give both spatial and temporal control over the expression of a cellular ‘beacon’ that has an added benefit of inducible expression that can be activated on demand. Two powerful models that are discussed in this review include the melanocyte-specific, tetracycline-inducible green fluorescent protein expression system (iDct-GFP), and the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) model that allows for the monitoring of the cell-cycle. These two systems are powerful tools in studying melanocyte and melanoma biology. We discuss their current uses and how they could be employed to help answer unresolved questions in the fields of melanocyte and melanoma biology.
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Joshi SS, Tandukar B, Castaneda M, Jiang S, Diwakar G, Hertzano RP, Hornyak TJ. Characterization of a new, inducible transgenic mouse model with GFP expression in melanocytes and their precursors. Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 27:76-84. [PMID: 29061525 PMCID: PMC5835204 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes are neural crest-derived cells that are responsible for mammalian hair follicle (HF) pigmentation. The Dct-LacZ transgenic mouse is extensively used to study melanocyte biology but lacks conditionally-inducible labelling and fluorescent labelling, enabling specific, viable isolation of melanocytes using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Here, we have generated a Tet-off bitransgenic mouse model, Dct-H2BGFP, containing Dct-tTA and TRE-H2BGFP transgenes. Characterization of Dct-H2BGFP mice confirmed a pattern of Dct-H2BGFP expression in melanoblasts, melanocyte stem cells (McSCs), and terminally differentiated melanocytes similar to the expression pattern of previously published mouse models Dct-LacZ and iDct-GFP. GFP expression is regulated by doxycycline. GFP is shown to co-localize with melanocyte label-retaining cells (LRCs) identified through BrdU retention. The GFP-expressing cells identified in vivo in the bulge and the secondary hair germ of telogen HFs of Dct-H2BGFP mice express the melanocyte and melanocyte stem cell markers Dct and Kit. Using Dct-H2BGFP mice, we separated GFP-expressing cells from the telogen HF based on FACS and showed that GFP-expressing cells express high levels of Kit and Dct, and lower levels of HF epithelial keratin genes. We also show that GFP-expressing cells express high levels of the melanocyte differentiation genes Tyr, Tyrp1, and Pmel17, further substantiating their identity within the melanocyte lineage. Thus, Dct-H2BGFP mice are not only useful for the in vivo identification of melanocytic cells, but also for isolating them viably and studying their molecular and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S. Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bishal Tandukar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maira Castaneda
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shunlin Jiang
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ganesh Diwakar
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronna P. Hertzano
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas J. Hornyak
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Corresponding author: Thomas J. Hornyak, Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System and Departments of Dermatology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene St., Room 308A, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 U.S.A.,
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Aoki H, Hara A, Kunisada T. Induced haploinsufficiency of Kit receptor tyrosine kinase impairs brain development. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94385. [PMID: 28978807 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kit receptor tyrosine kinase is highly expressed in the developing mammalian brain, yet little is known about its contribution to neural cell development and function. Here we introduced a brain-specific conditional Kit loss-of-function mutation in mice and observed severe hypoplasia of the central nervous system. This was accompanied by an increase in apoptotic cell death in the early embryonic brain and the gradual loss of the self-renewal capacity of neuronal stem/precursor cells. A single copy of the brain-specific conditional Kit loss-of-function allele resulted in the observed phenotype, including impaired in vitro differentiation of neural cells from Kit-haploinsufficient embryonic stem (ES) cells. Our findings demonstrate that Kit signaling is required for the early development of neural cells. This potentially novel Kit-haploinsufficient lethal phenotype may represent an embryonic lethal phenomenon previously unobserved because of its dominantly acting nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Aoki
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development and
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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35
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Vermeren M, Lyraki R, Wani S, Airik R, Albagha O, Mort R, Hildebrandt F, Hurd T. Osteoclast stimulation factor 1 (Ostf1) KNOCKOUT increases trabecular bone mass in mice. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:498-514. [PMID: 28936620 PMCID: PMC5680368 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclast stimulation factor 1 (OSTF1) is an SH3-domain containing protein that was initially identified as a factor involved in the indirect activation of osteoclasts. It has been linked to spinal muscular atrophy in humans through its interaction with SMN1, and is one of six genes deleted in a human developmental microdeletion syndrome. To investigate the function of OSTF1, we generated an Ostf1 knockout mouse model, with exons 3 and 4 of Ostf1 replaced by a LacZ orf. Extensive X-Gal staining was performed to examine the developmental and adult expression pattern, followed by phenotyping. We show widespread expression of the gene in the vasculature of most organs and in a number of cell types in adult and embryonic mouse tissues. Furthermore, whilst SHIRPA testing revealed no behavioural defects, we demonstrate increased trabecular mass in the long bones, confirming a role for OSTF1 in bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Vermeren
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.,MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rodanthi Lyraki
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sachin Wani
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Rannar Airik
- Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Omar Albagha
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders 561, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Toby Hurd
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK. .,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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36
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Pérez-Guijarro E, Day CP, Merlino G, Zaidi MR. Genetically engineered mouse models of melanoma. Cancer 2017; 123:2089-2103. [PMID: 28543694 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a complex disease that exhibits highly heterogeneous etiological, histopathological, and genetic features, as well as therapeutic responses. Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models provide powerful tools to unravel the molecular mechanisms critical for melanoma development and drug resistance. Here, we expound briefly the basis of the mouse modeling design, the available technology for genetic engineering, and the aspects influencing the use of GEMs to model melanoma. Furthermore, we describe in detail the currently available GEM models of melanoma. Cancer 2017;123:2089-103. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pérez-Guijarro
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chi-Ping Day
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - M Raza Zaidi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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37
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Dorard C, Estrada C, Barbotin C, Larcher M, Garancher A, Leloup J, Beermann F, Baccarini M, Pouponnot C, Larue L, Eychène A, Druillennec S. RAF proteins exert both specific and compensatory functions during tumour progression of NRAS-driven melanoma. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15262. [PMID: 28497782 PMCID: PMC5437303 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NRAS and its effector BRAF are frequently mutated in melanoma. Paradoxically, CRAF but not BRAF was shown to be critical for various RAS-driven cancers, raising the question of the role of RAF proteins in NRAS-induced melanoma. Here, using conditional ablation of Raf genes in NRAS-induced mouse melanoma models, we investigate their contribution in tumour progression, from the onset of benign tumours to malignant tumour maintenance. We show that BRAF expression is required for ERK activation and nevi development, demonstrating a critical role in the early stages of NRAS-driven melanoma. After melanoma formation, single Braf or Craf ablation is not sufficient to block tumour growth, showing redundant functions for RAF kinases. Finally, proliferation of resistant cells emerging in the absence of BRAF and CRAF remains dependent on ARAF-mediated ERK activation. These results reveal specific and compensatory functions for BRAF and CRAF and highlight an addiction to RAF signalling in NRAS-driven melanoma. The melanoma-driver mutations in NRAS and BRAF are mutually exclusive but the contribution of RAF signalling downstream of NRAS remains to be clarified. Here, using mouse models, the authors show specific roles of each member of the RAF family at different stages of melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Dorard
- Institut Curie, Orsay F-91405, France.,INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,CNRS UMR 3347, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay F-91405, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Charlène Estrada
- Institut Curie, Orsay F-91405, France.,INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,CNRS UMR 3347, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay F-91405, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Céline Barbotin
- Institut Curie, Orsay F-91405, France.,INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,CNRS UMR 3347, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay F-91405, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Magalie Larcher
- Institut Curie, Orsay F-91405, France.,INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,CNRS UMR 3347, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay F-91405, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Alexandra Garancher
- Institut Curie, Orsay F-91405, France.,INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,CNRS UMR 3347, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Jessy Leloup
- Institut Curie, Orsay F-91405, France.,INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,CNRS UMR 3347, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay F-91405, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Friedrich Beermann
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Baccarini
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Celio Pouponnot
- Institut Curie, Orsay F-91405, France.,INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,CNRS UMR 3347, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Orsay F-91405, France.,INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,CNRS UMR 3347, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay F-91405, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Alain Eychène
- Institut Curie, Orsay F-91405, France.,INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,CNRS UMR 3347, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay F-91405, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Orsay F-91405, France
| | - Sabine Druillennec
- Institut Curie, Orsay F-91405, France.,INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,CNRS UMR 3347, Centre Universitaire, Orsay F-91405, France.,Université Paris Sud-11, Orsay F-91405, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Orsay F-91405, France
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38
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Bertrand JU, Petit V, Hacker E, Berlin I, Hayward NK, Pouteaux M, Sage E, Whiteman DC, Larue L. UVB represses melanocyte cell migration and acts through β-catenin. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:875-882. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette U. Bertrand
- Institut Curie; PSL Research University; INSERM U1021; Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes; Orsay France
- Univ Paris-Sud; Univ Paris-Saclay; CNRS UMR 3347; Orsay France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Orsay France
| | - Valérie Petit
- Institut Curie; PSL Research University; INSERM U1021; Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes; Orsay France
- Univ Paris-Sud; Univ Paris-Saclay; CNRS UMR 3347; Orsay France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Orsay France
| | - Elke Hacker
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Irina Berlin
- Institut Curie; PSL Research University; INSERM U1021; Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes; Orsay France
- Univ Paris-Sud; Univ Paris-Saclay; CNRS UMR 3347; Orsay France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Orsay France
| | | | - Marie Pouteaux
- Institut Curie; PSL Research University; INSERM U1021; Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes; Orsay France
- Univ Paris-Sud; Univ Paris-Saclay; CNRS UMR 3347; Orsay France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Orsay France
| | - Evelyne Sage
- Institut Curie; PSL Research University; INSERM U1021; Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes; Orsay France
- Univ Paris-Sud; Univ Paris-Saclay; CNRS UMR 3347; Orsay France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Orsay France
| | | | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie; PSL Research University; INSERM U1021; Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes; Orsay France
- Univ Paris-Sud; Univ Paris-Saclay; CNRS UMR 3347; Orsay France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Orsay France
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Paracrine Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4 Inhibits Melanocytes Differentiation in Hair Follicle. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2857478. [PMID: 28337220 PMCID: PMC5350338 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2857478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays crucial role in regulating melanocyte stem cells/melanocyte differentiation in the hair follicle. However, how the Wnt signaling is balanced to be overactivated to control follicular melanocytes behavior remains unknown. Here, by using immunofluorescence staining, we showed that secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (sFRP4) is preferentially expressed in the skin epidermal cells rather than in melanocytes. By overexpression of sFRP4 in skin cells in vivo and in vitro, we found that sFRP4 attenuates activation of Wnt signaling, resulting in decrease of melanocytes differentiation in the regenerating hair follicle. Our findings unveiled a new regulator that involves modulating melanocytes differentiation through a paracrine mechanism in hair follicle, supplying a hope for potential therapeutic application to treat skin pigmentation disorders.
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Identification of a small molecule that downregulates MITF expression and mediates antimelanoma activity in vitro. Melanoma Res 2017; 26:117-24. [PMID: 26684062 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a type of cancer arising from the melanocytes, which are the cells that make up the pigment melanin and are derived from the neural crest. There is no particularly effective therapy once the disease is metastatic, highlighting the need for discovery of novel potent agents. In this investigation, we adopted a zebrafish embryonic pigmentation model to identify antimelanoma agents by screening an in-house small molecule library. With this assay, we found that a small molecule compound, SKLB226, blocked zebrafish pigmentation and pigment cell migration. Mechanism of action studies showed that SKLB226 downregulated MITF mRNA level in both zebrafish embryos and mammalian melanoma cells. Further studies showed that it could efficiently suppress the viability and migration of mammalian melanoma cells. In summary, SKLB226 can be used as a chemical tool to study melanocyte development as well as an antimelanoma lead compound that should be subjected to further structural optimization.
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41
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Yuriguchi M, Aoki H, Taguchi N, Kunisada T. Pigmentation of regenerated hairs after wounding. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 84:80-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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42
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Li X, Miao X, Wang H, Xu Z, Li B. The tissue dependent interactions between p53 and Bcl-2 in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35699-709. [PMID: 26452131 PMCID: PMC4742135 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To further investigate the role of p53 in apoptosis in vivo and the interaction between p53 and Bcl-2 in the regulation of cellular apoptosis in vivo, we depleted p53 in Bcl-2-null mice. We found that the interaction between p53 and Bcl-2 are tissue dependent. Specifically, loss of p53 in Bcl-2−/− mice inhibits apoptotic induction in spleen and subsequently inhibits the Bcl-2-null-induced spleen atrophy. Furthermore, p53 deficiency overcomes loss of melanocyte stem cell (MSC)-induced apoptosis and subsequently prevents hair graying in Bcl-2- null mice. In addition, p53 deletion partly inhibits apoptosis in hair follicle keratinocytes, leading to the alleviation of hair growth delay in Bcl-2-null mice. However, p53 absence in Bcl-2-null mice cannot restore other defects in Bcl-2-null mice, including retardation of growth, short ears and polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200437
| | - Xiao Miao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China, 201203
| | - Hongshen Wang
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China, 201203
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200437
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Abbaspour Babaei M, Kamalidehghan B, Saleem M, Huri HZ, Ahmadipour F. Receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Kit) inhibitors: a potential therapeutic target in cancer cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:2443-59. [PMID: 27536065 PMCID: PMC4975146 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
c-Kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is involved in intracellular signaling, and the mutated form of c-Kit plays a crucial role in occurrence of some cancers. The function of c-Kit has led to the concept that inhibiting c-Kit kinase activity can be a target for cancer therapy. The promising results of inhibition of c-Kit for treatment of cancers have been observed in some cancers such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor, acute myeloid leukemia, melanoma, and other tumors, and these results have encouraged attempts toward improvement of using c-Kit as a capable target for cancer therapy. This paper presents the findings of previous studies regarding c-Kit as a receptor tyrosine kinase and an oncogene, as well as its gene targets and signaling pathways in normal and cancer cells. The c-Kit gene location, protein structure, and the role of c-Kit in normal cell have been discussed. Comprehending the molecular mechanism underlying c-Kit-mediated tumorogenesis is consequently essential and may lead to the identification of future novel drug targets. The potential mechanisms by which c-Kit induces cellular transformation have been described. This study aims to elucidate the function of c-Kit for future cancer therapy. In addition, it has c-Kit inhibitor drug properties and their functions have been listed in tables and demonstrated in schematic pictures. This review also has collected previous studies that targeted c-Kit as a novel strategy for cancer therapy. This paper further emphasizes the advantages of this approach, as well as the limitations that must be addressed in the future. Finally, although c-Kit is an attractive target for cancer therapy, based on the outcomes of treatment of patients with c-Kit inhibitors, it is unlikely that Kit inhibitors alone can lead to cure. It seems that c-Kit mutations alone are not sufficient for tumorogenesis, but do play a crucial role in cancer occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behnam Kamalidehghan
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrak-e Pajoohesh; Medical Genetics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Urology; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota; Section of Molecular Therapeutics & Cancer Health Disparity, The Hormel Institute, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Clinical Investigation Centre, University Malaya Medical Centre, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadipour
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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44
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Petit V, Larue L. Any route for melanoblasts to colonize the skin! Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:669-73. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Petit
- Institut Curie; INSERM U1021; Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes; PSL Research University; Orsay France
- CNRS UMR 3347; University of Paris-Sud; University of Paris-Saclay; Orsay France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Orsay France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie; INSERM U1021; Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes; PSL Research University; Orsay France
- CNRS UMR 3347; University of Paris-Sud; University of Paris-Saclay; Orsay France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer; Orsay France
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45
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Guo H, Xing Y, Liu Y, Luo Y, Deng F, Yang T, Yang K, Li Y. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activates melanocyte stem cells in vitro and in vivo. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 83:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ferguson B, Kunisada T, Aoki H, Handoko HY, Walker GJ. Hair follicle melanocyte precursors are awoken by ultraviolet radiation via a cell extrinsic mechanism. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:1179-89. [PMID: 25966309 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00098j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells (MCSCs) in the upper portion of the hair follicle periodically supply melanocytes (MCs) that migrate downward into the hair bulb during anagen, the growth phase of the hair cycle. However MCs can also migrate upwards. We previously observed an increase in epidermal MC density in the mouse epidermis after a single ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure in neonatal, but not adult mice. To better understand MCSC activation by UVR we methodically studied the response of MCs to narrow band UVB (since UVA does not invoke this response) exposure in neonatal mice, and in adults at different stages of the hair cycle. We found that a single exposure of adult mice did not induce activation of MCSCs, in any stage of the hair cycle. When adult mice MCSCs were isolated in telogen, multiple UVB exposures resulted in their activation and production of daughter cells, which migrated upwards to the epidermis. Importantly, the MCSCs produced new progeny without themselves having incurred DNA damage after UVB exposure. This, together with examination of MC localisation in the skin of mice overexpressing stem cell factor in their keratinocytes, leads us to conclude that MCSC activation by UVB is driven via paracrine production of either SCF and/or other keratinocyte cytokines. We re-examined the increase in epidermal MC density in neonatal mouse skin. This effect was much more profound after only a single exposure than that of even multiple exposures to adult skin, and we show that in this setting also, the epidermal MCs mostly derive from activation of MC precursors in the upper hair follicle, and most likely via a cell extrinsic mechanism. Hence, although adaptive changes in the skin induced by repetitive UVB exposures are necessary in adult mice, in both the adult and neonatal context the division and migration upwards of follicular MCSCs is the major mode by which epidermal MC numbers increase after UVR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Ferguson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Qld, Australia.
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Takeda K, Hozumi H, Ohba K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S. Regional Fluctuation in the Functional Consequence of LINE-1 Insertion in the Mitf Gene: The Black Spotting Phenotype Arisen from the Mitfmi-bw Mouse Lacking Melanocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150228. [PMID: 26930598 PMCID: PMC4773177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) is a key regulator for differentiation of melanoblasts, precursors to melanocytes. The mouse homozygous for the black-eyed white (Mitfmi-bw) allele is characterized by the white-coat color and deafness with black eyes due to the lack of melanocytes. The Mitfmi-bw allele carries LINE-1, a retrotransposable element, which results in the Mitf deficiency. Here, we have established the black spotting mouse that was spontaneously arisen from the homozygous Mitfmi-bw mouse lacking melanocytes. The black spotting mouse shows multiple black patches on the white coat, with age-related graying. Importantly, each black patch also contains hair follicles lacking melanocytes, whereas the white-coat area completely lacks melanocytes. RT-PCR analyses of the pigmented patches confirmed that the LINE-1 insertion is retained in the Mitf gene of the black spotting mouse, thereby excluding the possibility of the somatic reversion of the Mitfmi-bw allele. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the staining intensity for beta-catenin was noticeably lower in hair follicles lacking melanocytes of the homozygous Mitfmi-bw mouse and the black spotting mouse, compared to the control mouse. In contrast, the staining intensity for beta-catenin and cyclin D1 was higher in keratinocytes of the black spotting mouse, compared to keratinocytes of the control mouse and the Mitfmi-bw mouse. Moreover, the keratinocyte layer appears thicker in the Mitfmi-bw mouse, with the overexpression of Ki-67, a marker for cell proliferation. We also show that the presumptive black spots are formed by embryonic day 15.5. Thus, the black spotting mouse provides the unique model to explore the molecular basis for the survival and death of developing melanoblasts and melanocyte stem cells in the epidermis. These results indicate that follicular melanocytes are responsible for maintaining the epidermal homeostasis; namely, the present study has provided evidence for the link between melanocyte development and the epidermal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Takeda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980–8575, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hozumi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980–8575, Japan
| | - Koji Ohba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980–8575, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526–0829, Japan
| | - Shigeki Shibahara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980–8575, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Reconciling diverse mammalian pigmentation patterns with a fundamental mathematical model. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10288. [PMID: 26732977 PMCID: PMC4729835 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bands of colour extending laterally from the dorsal to ventral trunk are a common feature of mouse chimeras. These stripes were originally taken as evidence of the directed dorsoventral migration of melanoblasts (the embryonic precursors of melanocytes) as they colonize the developing skin. Depigmented ‘belly spots' in mice with mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase Kit are thought to represent a failure of this colonization, either due to impaired migration or proliferation. Tracing of single melanoblast clones, however, has revealed a diffuse distribution with high levels of axial mixing—hard to reconcile with directed migration. Here we construct an agent-based stochastic model calibrated by experimental measurements to investigate the formation of diffuse clones, chimeric stripes and belly spots. Our observations indicate that melanoblast colonization likely proceeds through a process of undirected migration, proliferation and tissue expansion, and that reduced proliferation is the cause of the belly spots in Kit mutants. How embryonic melanoblast behaviour influences adult pigmentation patterns and causes patterning defects is unclear. Here, Mort et al. construct a stochastic model parameterised experimentally to show that melanoblast migration is undirected and that reduced proliferation causes patterning defects.
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Koludrovic D, Laurette P, Strub T, Keime C, Le Coz M, Coassolo S, Mengus G, Larue L, Davidson I. Chromatin-Remodelling Complex NURF Is Essential for Differentiation of Adult Melanocyte Stem Cells. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005555. [PMID: 26440048 PMCID: PMC4595011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MIcrophthalmia-associated Transcription Factor (MITF) regulates melanocyte and melanoma physiology. We show that MITF associates the NURF chromatin-remodelling factor in melanoma cells. ShRNA-mediated silencing of the NURF subunit BPTF revealed its essential role in several melanoma cell lines and in untransformed melanocytes in vitro. Comparative RNA-seq shows that MITF and BPTF co-regulate overlapping gene expression programs in cell lines in vitro. Somatic and specific inactivation of Bptf in developing murine melanoblasts in vivo shows that Bptf regulates their proliferation, migration and morphology. Once born, Bptf-mutant mice display premature greying where the second post-natal coat is white. This second coat is normally pigmented by differentiated melanocytes derived from the adult melanocyte stem cell (MSC) population that is stimulated to proliferate and differentiate at anagen. An MSC population is established and maintained throughout the life of the Bptf-mutant mice, but these MSCs are abnormal and at anagen, give rise to reduced numbers of transient amplifying cells (TACs) that do not express melanocyte markers and fail to differentiate into mature melanin producing melanocytes. MSCs display a transcriptionally repressed chromatin state and Bptf is essential for reactivation of the melanocyte gene expression program at anagen, the subsequent normal proliferation of TACs and their differentiation into mature melanocytes. The melanocytes pigmenting the coat of adult mice derive from the melanocyte stem cell population residing in the permanent bulge area of the hair follicle. At each angen phase, melanocyte stem cells are stimulated to generate proliferative transient amplifying cells that migrate to the bulb of the follicle where they differentiate into mature melanin producing melanocytes, a processes involving MIcrophthalmia-associated Transcription Factor (MITF) the master regulator of the melanocyte lineage. We show that MITF associates with the NURF chromatin-remodelling factor in melanoma cells. NURF acts downstream of MITF in melanocytes and melanoma cells co-regulating gene expression in vitro. In vivo, mice lacking the NURF subunit Bptf in the melanocyte lineage show premature greying as they are unable to generate mature melanocytes from the adult stem cell population. We find that the melanocyte stem cells from these animals are abnormal and that once they are stimulated at anagen, Bptf is required to ensure the expression of melanocyte markers and their differentiation into mature adult melanocytes. Chromatin remodelling by NURF therefore appears to be essential for the transition of the transcriptionally quiescent stem cell to the differentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Koludrovic
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
- Beaston Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Laurette
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Strub
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Céline Keime
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Madeleine Le Coz
- Institut Curie CNRS UMR3347, INSERM U1021, Bat 110, Orsay, France
| | - Sebastien Coassolo
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Gabrielle Mengus
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie CNRS UMR3347, INSERM U1021, Bat 110, Orsay, France
- Equipes labélisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay and Strasbourg, France
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, France
- Equipes labélisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay and Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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Endou M, Aoki H, Kobayashi T, Kunisada T. Prevention of hair graying by factors that promote the growth and differentiation of melanocytes. J Dermatol 2015; 41:716-23. [PMID: 25099157 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal melanocyte precursors migrate into developing hair follicles to form the melanocyte stem cell system required to supply pigmented melanocytes necessary for hair pigmentation in repetitive hair cycles. Hair graying is caused by irreversible defects in the self-renewal and/or development of follicular melanocyte stem cells in the hair follicles. To investigate the mechanism(s) of hair graying during the normal aging process, we established a hair graying model in mice by repeatedly plucking or shaving trunk hairs. We repeatedly plucked or shaved trunk hairs to induce and accelerate the hair graying and counted the gray hairs. By using this functional model of hair graying in mice, we assessed the effects of genes known to affect melanocyte development, such as Kitl, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and endotheline 3 (ET3). After increasing the total numbers of cumulative hair cycles by plucking or shaving, we observed a significant increase in the gray hair of C57BL/6 mice. Kitl expression in the skin was the most effective for preventing hair graying and a significant effect was also confirmed for HGF and ET3 expression. The repeated hair plucking or shaving led to hair graying without any genetic lesion. Kitl is a more effective factor for prevention of hair graying than HGF or ET3. Our simple model of hair graying may provide a basic tool for screening the molecules or reagents preventing the progression of hair graying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Endou
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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