1
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Chopp LB, Zhu X, Gao Y, Nie J, Singh J, Kumar P, Young KZ, Patel S, Li C, Balmaceno-Criss M, Vacchio MS, Wang MM, Livak F, Merchant JL, Wang L, Kelly MC, Zhu J, Bosselut R. Zfp281 and Zfp148 control CD4 + T cell thymic development and T H2 functions. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadi9066. [PMID: 37948511 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi9066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
How CD4+ lineage gene expression is initiated in differentiating thymocytes remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the paralog transcription factors Zfp281 and Zfp148 control both this process and cytokine expression by T helper cell type 2 (TH2) effector cells. Genetic, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomic analyses showed that these factors promote the intrathymic CD4+ T cell differentiation of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II)-restricted thymocytes, including expression of the CD4+ lineage-committing factor Thpok. In peripheral T cells, Zfp281 and Zfp148 promoted chromatin opening at and expression of TH2 cytokine genes but not of the TH2 lineage-determining transcription factor Gata3. We found that Zfp281 interacts with Gata3 and is recruited to Gata3 genomic binding sites at loci encoding Thpok and TH2 cytokines. Thus, Zfp148 and Zfp281 collaborate with Gata3 to promote CD4+ T cell development and TH2 cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yayi Gao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jia Nie
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Parimal Kumar
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kelly Z Young
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shil Patel
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Caiyi Li
- Flow Cytometry Core, Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mariah Balmaceno-Criss
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melanie S Vacchio
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael M Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neurology Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Flow Cytometry Core, Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Lie Wang
- Institute of Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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2
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Wang D, Wu W, Callen E, Pavani R, Zolnerowich N, Kodali S, Zong D, Wong N, Noriega S, Nathan WJ, Matos-Rodrigues G, Chari R, Kruhlak MJ, Livak F, Ward M, Caldecott K, Di Stefano B, Nussenzweig A. Active DNA demethylation promotes cell fate specification and the DNA damage response. Science 2022; 378:983-989. [PMID: 36454826 PMCID: PMC10196940 DOI: 10.1126/science.add9838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Neurons harbor high levels of single-strand DNA breaks (SSBs) that are targeted to neuronal enhancers, but the source of this endogenous damage remains unclear. Using two systems of postmitotic lineage specification-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and transdifferentiated macrophages-we show that thymidine DNA glycosylase (TDG)-driven excision of methylcytosines oxidized with ten-eleven translocation enzymes (TET) is a source of SSBs. Although macrophage differentiation favors short-patch base excision repair to fill in single-nucleotide gaps, neurons also frequently use the long-patch subpathway. Disrupting this gap-filling process using anti-neoplastic cytosine analogs triggers a DNA damage response and neuronal cell death, which is dependent on TDG. Thus, TET-mediated active DNA demethylation promotes endogenous DNA damage, a process that normally safeguards cell identity but can also provoke neurotoxicity after anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongpeng Wang
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Elsa Callen
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raphael Pavani
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Zolnerowich
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Srikanth Kodali
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dali Zong
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Wong
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Santiago Noriega
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William J. Nathan
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Raj Chari
- Genome Modification Core, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Kruhlak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Ward
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer Brighton, UK
| | - Bruno Di Stefano
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - André Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Yaghi N, Watanabe M, Watowich M, Li A, Briceno N, Yaghi O, Livak F, Siddiqui S, Wolcott K, Zhang W, Zhang M, Song H, Davis D, Gilbert M. IMMU-40. KINETICS OF DEXAMETHASONE-INDUCED ALTERATIONS OF DIVERSE IMMUNE SUBSETS IN VIVO. Neuro Oncol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9660475 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac209.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Immune therapeutic strategies are ideal for exploiting glial tumor heterogeneity. A limitation to their implementation for intra-axial brain tumors has been corticosteroids. Steroid use is associated with worse progression-free and overall survival when combined with some immunotherapies. Dexamethasone remains first line treatment for vasogenic cerebral edema and a primary therapy for immune-related adverse events secondary to immunotherapies. While used for decades, steroid immunosuppressive effects remain insufficiently characterized. We examined the temporal effects of dexamethasone on an extensive repertoire of immune cell subtypes.
METHODS
Non-tumor bearing C57BL/6 mice were treated with a onetime dose of 1 mg/kg dexamethasone via gavage, and peripheral blood was sampled at timepoints spanning 1 hour to 7 days. Flow cytometry was performed in triplicate to determine absolute cell counts of circulating B cells, CD8+ T cells (naive/memory), CD4+ T cells (naive/memory/regulatory), NK cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils at each timepoint. We examined T cell function at multiple timepoints using an anti-CD3/CD28 bead stimulation assay.
RESULTS
At 1-hour post-treatment, cell counts across lymphoid subtypes increased. Neutrophils dramatically increased, while the remaining myeloid subtypes began to decrease. NK cells, similarly, were decreased in number. At 4-hours post-treatment all immune subtypes had their lowest circulating counts. There were corresponding increases in CD8+ and CD4+ T cell expansion and proliferation indices at 4-hours. By 24-hours post-treatment, all immune subtypes had recovered to or surpassed pre-treatment counts, except monocytes. By 7 days, the Tregs increased to 186% of pre-treatment counts, the highest of all subtypes, while eosinophils, monocytes, and NK cells never fully recovered to their pre-treatment baselines.
CONCLUSIONS
Understanding dexamethasone influence on circulating immune cells will inform optimal treatment timing for immunotherapies in brain tumor patients. We are further characterizing transcriptomic changes within immune cell subtypes following dexamethasone administration via population-level RNA sequencing over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Yaghi
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | | | - Matthew Watowich
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Center for Cancer Research (CCR), Neuro-Oncology Branch (NOB) , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Aiguo Li
- National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , USA
| | - Nicole Briceno
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Center for Cancer Research (CCR), Neuro-Oncology Branch (NOB) , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , USA
| | - Meili Zhang
- National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , USA
| | - Hua Song
- National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , USA
| | | | - Mark Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Kaur S, Livak F, Daaboul G, Anderson L, Roberts DD. Single vesicle analysis of CD47 association with integrins and tetraspanins on extracellular vesicles released by T lymphoblast and prostate carcinoma cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12265. [PMID: 36107309 PMCID: PMC9477112 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
CD47 regulates the trafficking of specific coding and noncoding RNAs into extracellular vesicles (EVs), and the RNA contents of CD47+ EVs differ from that of CD63+ EVs released by the same cells. Single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensing combined with immunofluorescent imaging was used to analyse the colocalization of tetraspanins, integrins, and CD47 on EVs produced by wild type and CD47-deficient Jurkat T lymphoblast and PC3 prostate carcinoma cell lines. On Jurkat cell-derived EVs, β1 and α4 integrin subunits colocalized predominantly with CD47 and CD81 but not with CD63 and CD9, conserving the known lateral interactions between these proteins in the plasma membrane. Although PC3 cell-derived EVs lacked detectable α4 integrin, specific association of CD81 with β1 and CD47 was preserved. Loss of CD47 expression in Jurkat cells significantly reduced β1 and α4 levels on EVs produced by these cells while elevating CD9+ , CD63+ , and CD81+ EVs. In contrast, loss of CD47 in PC3 cells decreased the abundance of CD63+ and CD81+ EVs. These data establish that CD47+ EVs are mostly distinct from EVs bearing the tetraspanins CD63 and CD9, but CD47 also indirectly regulates the abundance of EVs bearing these non-interacting tetraspanins via mechanisms that remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of PathologyCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Flow Cytometry Core, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | | | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of PathologyCenter for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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5
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Kaur S, Elkahloun AG, Petersen JD, Arakelyan A, Livak F, Singh SP, Margolis L, Zimmerberg J, Roberts DD. CD63 + and MHC Class I + Subsets of Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Wild-Type and CD47-Deficient Jurkat T Cells Have Divergent Functional Effects on Endothelial Cell Gene Expression. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1705. [PMID: 34829933 PMCID: PMC8615535 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells and endothelial cells engage in bidirectional communication that regulates angiogenesis and T cell transmigration. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication by the transfer of bioactive molecules including RNAs. EVs produced by a given cell type are heterogeneous in their RNA content, but it is unclear how specific EV surface markers relate to their functional effects on target cells. Our previous work established that Jurkat T cell EVs bearing CD63, MHC-I, or CD47 surface markers contain distinct noncoding RNA populations. The present study reveals that CD63+ and MHC-I+ EVs from CD47-deficient Jurkat T cells are enriched in small non-coding RNAs relative to EVs from wild-type Jurkat T cells. CD47-deficient Jurkat T cells secrete more CD63+ and MHC-I+ EVs, but MHC-I+ EVs are selectively taken up more by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Transcriptomics analysis of endothelial cells treated with CD63+ or MHC-I+ EVs showed surface marker- and CD47-dependent changes in gene expression in the target cells. Gene set enrichment analysis identified CD47-dependent, and surface marker-dependent effects of T cell EVs on VEGF and inflammatory signaling, cell cycle, and lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Thus, subsets of T cell EVs differentially regulate endothelial cell metabolism and inflammatory and angiogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abdel G. Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jennifer D. Petersen
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.D.P.); (J.Z.)
| | - Anush Arakelyan
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Flow Cytometry Core, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Satya P. Singh
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.A.); (L.M.)
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.D.P.); (J.Z.)
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Matson CA, Choi S, Livak F, Love PE, Singh NJ. CD5 regulates the heterogenous depot of NFκB available for T cell activation. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.25.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T cells bearing receptors to the same antigen often differ considerably in their ability to respond. We hypothesized that variations in intracellular signaling molecules in T cells may underlie these cell-to-cell heterogeneities. We found that the expression levels of PLCγ and IκBα, varied considerably between individual peripheral T cells. The ~1000-fold variation in IκBα levels, but that not of PLCγ, strictly correlated with surface levels of CD5. CD5 is typically used as a marker for T cell self-reactivity and differences in responses between CD5-high and -low cells is attributed to the self-awareness of the TCR. Our data suggested that CD5 directly regulates the NFκB pathway to modulate T cell responses. Accordingly, ablating CD5 using germline or conditional knock-out mice resulted in a significant reduction in IκBα. This regulation was independent of SHP-1 and casein kinase II and not evident in mRNA levels, suggesting a previously unknown post-translational mechanism. Overexpression of CD5 in TCR-deficient cells also increased basal IκBα levels indicating independence from TCR signaling. Intriguingly, cells with higher CD5 and IκBα expression maintained a proportionally greater amount of NFκBp65 in a cellular reservoir. This suggests that CD5-high T cells with a greater NFκB reservoir might allow for a more robust NFκB-dependent gene expression. Consistent with this postulate, we found that CD5-high thymocytes survived ex vivo better than CD5-low ones, but only when NFκB signaling was intact. These data suggest a key role for CD5 in the control of T cell heterogeneity, independent of the self-reactivity of a TCR itself.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ferenc Livak
- 3Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | | | - Nevil J Singh
- 1School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore
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7
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Chopp LB, Gopalan V, Ciucci T, Ruchinskas A, Rae Z, Lagarde M, Gao Y, Li C, Bosticardo M, Pala F, Livak F, Kelly MC, Hannenhalli S, Bosselut R. An Integrated Epigenomic and Transcriptomic Map of Mouse and Human αβ T Cell Development. Immunity 2020; 53:1182-1201.e8. [PMID: 33242395 PMCID: PMC8641659 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
αβ lineage T cells, most of which are CD4+ or CD8+ and recognize MHC I- or MHC II-presented antigens, are essential for immune responses and develop from CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. The absence of in vitro models and the heterogeneity of αβ thymocytes have hampered analyses of their intrathymic differentiation. Here, combining single-cell RNA and ATAC (chromatin accessibility) sequencing, we identified mouse and human αβ thymocyte developmental trajectories. We demonstrated asymmetric emergence of CD4+ and CD8+ lineages, matched differentiation programs of agonist-signaled cells to their MHC specificity, and identified correspondences between mouse and human transcriptomic and epigenomic patterns. Through computational analysis of single-cell data and binding sites for the CD4+-lineage transcription factor Thpok, we inferred transcriptional networks associated with CD4+- or CD8+-lineage differentiation, and with expression of Thpok or of the CD8+-lineage factor Runx3. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell differentiation and a foundation for mechanistic investigations of αβ T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vishaka Gopalan
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allison Ruchinskas
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Single Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Rae
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Single Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manon Lagarde
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yayi Gao
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caiyi Li
- Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francesca Pala
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Kelly
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Single Cell Analysis Facility, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sridhar Hannenhalli
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Shinoda K, Maman Y, Canela A, Schatz DG, Livak F, Nussenzweig A. Intra-Vκ Cluster Recombination Shapes the Ig Kappa Locus Repertoire. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4471-4481.e6. [PMID: 31875554 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During V(D)J recombination, RAG proteins introduce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at recombination signal sequences (RSSs) that contain either 12- or 23-nt spacer regions. Coordinated 12/23 cleavage predicts that DSBs at variable (V) gene segments should equal the level of breakage at joining (J) segments. Contrary to this, here we report abundant RAG-dependent DSBs at multiple Vκ gene segments independent of V-J rearrangement. We find that a large fraction of Vκ gene segments are flanked not only by a bone-fide 12 spacer but also an overlapping, 23-spacer flipped RSS. These compatible pairs of RSSs mediate recombination and deletion inside the Vκ cluster even in the complete absence of Jκ gene segments and support a V(D)J recombination center (RC) independent of the conventional Jκ-centered RC. We propose an improved model of Vκ-Jκ repertoire formation by incorporating these surprisingly frequent, evolutionarily conserved intra-Vκ cluster recombination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Shinoda
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaakov Maman
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Andres Canela
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research and Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - David G Schatz
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - André Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Joshi SS, Tandukar B, Pan L, Huang JM, Livak F, Smith BJ, Hodges T, Mahurkar AA, Hornyak TJ. CD34 defines melanocyte stem cell subpopulations with distinct regenerative properties. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008034. [PMID: 31017901 PMCID: PMC6481766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) are the undifferentiated melanocytic cells of the mammalian hair follicle (HF) responsible for recurrent generation of a large number of differentiated melanocytes during each HF cycle. HF McSCs reside in both the CD34+ bulge/lower permanent portion (LPP) and the CD34- secondary hair germ (SHG) regions of the HF during telogen. Using Dct-H2BGFP mice, we separate bulge/LPP and SHG McSCs using FACS with GFP and anti-CD34 to show that these two subsets of McSCs are functionally distinct. Genome-wide expression profiling results support the distinct nature of these populations, with CD34- McSCs exhibiting higher expression of melanocyte differentiation genes and with CD34+ McSCs demonstrating a profile more consistent with a neural crest stem cell. In culture and in vivo, CD34- McSCs regenerate pigmentation more efficiently whereas CD34+ McSCs selectively exhibit the ability to myelinate neurons. CD34+ McSCs, and their counterparts in human skin, may be useful for myelinating neurons in vivo, leading to new therapeutic opportunities for demyelinating diseases and traumatic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S. Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bishal Tandukar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Smith
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Theresa Hodges
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anup A. Mahurkar
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hornyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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He B, Deng T, Zhu I, Furusawa T, Zhang S, Tang W, Postnikov Y, Ambs S, Li CC, Livak F, Landsman D, Bustin M. Binding of HMGN proteins to cell specific enhancers stabilizes cell identity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5240. [PMID: 30532006 PMCID: PMC6286339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic nature of the chromatin epigenetic landscape plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of cell identity, yet the factors that affect the dynamics of the epigenome are not fully known. Here we find that the ubiquitous nucleosome binding proteins HMGN1 and HMGN2 preferentially colocalize with epigenetic marks of active chromatin, and with cell-type specific enhancers. Loss of HMGNs enhances the rate of OSKM induced reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and the ASCL1 induced conversion of fibroblast into neurons. During transcription factor induced reprogramming to pluripotency, loss of HMGNs accelerates the erasure of the MEF-specific epigenetic landscape and the establishment of an iPSCs-specific chromatin landscape, without affecting the pluripotency potential and the differentiation potential of the reprogrammed cells. Thus, HMGN proteins modulate the plasticity of the chromatin epigenetic landscape thereby stabilizing, rather than determining cell identity. HMGN1 and HMGN2 are ubiquitous nucleosome binding proteins. Here the authors provide evidence that HMGN proteins preferentially localize to chromatin regulatory sites to modulate the plasticity of the epigenetic landscape, proposing that HGMNs stabilize, rather than determine, cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tao Deng
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Iris Zhu
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Takashi Furusawa
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shaofei Zhang
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yuri Postnikov
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Caiyi Cherry Li
- Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David Landsman
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael Bustin
- Protein Section, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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11
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Zheng H, Pomyen Y, Hernandez MO, Li C, Livak F, Tang W, Dang H, Greten TF, Davis JL, Zhao Y, Mehta M, Levin Y, Shetty J, Tran B, Budhu A, Wang XW. Single-cell analysis reveals cancer stem cell heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018; 68:127-140. [PMID: 29315726 PMCID: PMC6033650 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Intratumor molecular heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma is partly attributed to the presence of hepatic cancer stem cells (CSCs). Different CSC populations defined by various cell surface markers may contain different oncogenic drivers, posing a challenge in defining molecularly targeted therapeutics. We combined transcriptomic and functional analyses of hepatocellular carcinoma cells at the single-cell level to assess the degree of CSC heterogeneity. We provide evidence that hepatic CSCs at the single-cell level are phenotypically, functionally, and transcriptomically heterogeneous. We found that different CSC subpopulations contain distinct molecular signatures. Interestingly, distinct genes within different CSC subpopulations are independently associated with hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis, suggesting that a diverse hepatic CSC transcriptome affects intratumor heterogeneity and tumor progression. CONCLUSION Our work provides unique perspectives into the biodiversity of CSC subpopulations, whose molecular heterogeneity further highlights their role in tumor heterogeneity, prognosis, and hepatic CSC therapy. (Hepatology 2018;68:127-140).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Zheng
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yotsawat Pomyen
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Maria Olga Hernandez
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Caiyi Li
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Wei Tang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Hien Dang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Tim F. Greten
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jeremy L. Davis
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Monika Mehta
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Yelena Levin
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Jyoti Shetty
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Bao Tran
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21701
| | - Anuradha Budhu
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,Correspondence: Xin Wei Wang, National Cancer Institute, 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 3044A, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; ; Phone: 240-760-6858; Fax: 240-541-4496
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12
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Zheng H, Pomyen Y, Hernandez M, Li C, Livak F, Greten T, Budhu A, Wang X. Abstract 936: Single cell analysis reveals cancer stem cell heterogeneities in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity represents a major obstacle to effective cancer treatment and personalized medicine. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is clinically and biologically heterogeneous, which is partly attributed to the presence of hepatic cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSC surface makers can have overlapping expression or exclusive expression of different subpopulations of hepatic CSCs, and these cells may contain different oncogenic changes. The existence of various CSC surface-marked subpopulations might pose a problem for CSC targeted therapeutics. Little is known about whether there are shared or distinct pathways in different subpopulations. Moreover, it remains unknown whether heterogeneity exists within certain subpopulations. Thus, we propose to profile the global transcriptome of surface-marked CSCs (EpCAM+, CD133+ and CD24+) at the single-cell level using index flow cytometric sorting and single-cell RNA sequencing technology.
We statistically compared mRNA transcriptomes of individual single cells of triple positive (EpCAM+/ CD133+ /CD24+) CSCs and triple negative (EpCAM-/ CD133- /CD24-) cells. Further, we compared the triple positive and the triple negative cells at the single cell level in terms of their self-renew capability in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Our results show that at the single cell level, the transcriptomic profiles show a high-degree of heterogeneity in HCC cell lines, meanwhile, there is a dramatic difference between triple positive and triple negative cells in their transcriptomic profiles. There is a high-degree of intra-tumor and inter-tumor heterogeneity observed in single cell transcriptomes of HCC patients’ samples. Triple positive CSC single cells show continuous rather than discrete stemness-related gene expression patterns. In parallel, the self-renewal capability of triple positive cells also exhibits heterogeneity, while triple negative cells show little self-renewal capability. Thus, our single cell analysis study reveals molecular and biological heterogeneity of cancer stem cells in HCC, which may provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of how CSCs contribute to tumor heterogeneity and underscore key pathways and novel targets for hepatic CSC therapy.
Citation Format: Hongping Zheng, Yotsawat Pomyen, Maria Hernandez, Caiyi Li, Ferenc Livak, Tim Greten, Anuradha Budhu, Xin Wang. Single cell analysis reveals cancer stem cell heterogeneities in hepatocellular carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 936. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-936
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13
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Trotta R, Silvestri G, Stramucci L, Ellis JJ, Yu J, Harb JJ, Neviani P, Marcucci G, Srutova K, Machova PK, Roy DC, Hokland P, Deininger M, Bhatia R, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Milojkovic D, Reid A, Apperley J, Livak F, Qi J, Baer MR, Perrotti D. Abstract 951: Role of the MSC-derived exosomal and endogenous JAK2-SET/PP2A-β-catenin-modulator miR-300 in leukemic stem/progenitor proliferation and survival in CML. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
MiR-300 is a microRNA predicted to target multiple components of the BCR-ABL1/JAK2/hnRNPA1/SET/PP2A/β-catenin pathway, which is essential for survival/self-renewal of leukemic progenitors and quiescent TKI-resistant Ph+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Nanostring arrays analysis of bone marrow (BM) cells from healthy individuals (n = 5) and CML patients (n = 10) showed gradual inhibition of miR-300 expression (CML-CPmiR-300>CML-BCmiR-300).
MiR-300 transduction in CMLCD34+ cells and BCR-ABL1+ cell lines decreased JAK2, β-catenin, hnRNPA1 and SET expression and increased PP2A activity. Targets were confirmed by miR-300 expression in BCR-ABL1+ cells expressing Flag-tagged miR-300-targets lacking or carrying a wild-type or mutated 3’UTR. Restored miR-300 expression in CMLCD34+ cells and/or BCR-ABL1+ cell lines impaired proliferation and clonogenic potential, markedly reduced LTC-ICs, and increased TKI sensitivity. Notably, miR-300 expression was inhibited by BCR-ABL1 in proliferating cells. Accordingly, imatinib restored miR-300 expression in CD34+ dividing progenitors and BCR-ABL1+ cell lines without altering miR-300 levels in quiescent (CFSEMAX) CMLCD34+ cells (n = 3), consistent with the BCR-ABL1 kinase-dependent activation of the Jak2/SET/PP2A/β-catenin pathway in CML progenitors but not quiescent Ph+ HSCs. Surprisingly, miR-300 levels were increased in CD34+CD38- compared to CD34+CD38+ CML cells, and >20-fold higher in CFSEMAX compared to dividing CMLCD34+ cells (n = 4).
To determine whether enhanced miR-300 expression in quiescent cells depends on cell autonomous events or is induced by the BM microenvironment, we exposed BCR-ABL+ cells to conditioned medium (CM) of HS-5 or hTERT mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). CM strongly decreased proliferation, induced imatinib but not FTY720 (PP2A activator) resistance, increased miR-300 levels, decreased BCR-ABL1 activity and Jak2 expression but not its activity, and did not alter β-catenin levels or PP2A activity. Interestingly, miR-300 was found in MSC-derived exosomes, and its expression increased in BCR-ABL1+ cells exposed to exosomes. Accordingly, proliferation of CML-BCCD34+and LAMA-84 cells was strongly reduced upon exposure to MSC-derived exosomes. These effects were abolished when we used CM from MSCs transduced with a miR-300 antagomir.
Altogether our results indicate that downregulation of miR-300 appears necessary for the activation of JAK2/SET/PP2A/β-catenin survival signals in CML progenitors. Conversely, increased miR-300 levels (endogenous and MSC-derived) seem to be required for HSC quiescence.
Citation Format: Rossana Trotta, Giovannino Silvestri, Lorenzo Stramucci, Justin J. Ellis, Justine Yu, Jason J. Harb, Paolo Neviani, Guido Marcucci, Klara Srutova, Polakova K. Machova, Denis-Claude Roy, Peter Hokland, Michael Deininger, Ravi Bhatia, Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini, Dragana Milojkovic, Alistair Reid, Jane Apperley, Ferenc Livak, Jianfei Qi, Maria R. Baer, Danilo Perrotti. Role of the MSC-derived exosomal and endogenous JAK2-SET/PP2A-β-catenin-modulator miR-300 in leukemic stem/progenitor proliferation and survival in CML. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 951.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Trotta
- 1University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | - Justine Yu
- 1University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Paolo Neviani
- 4Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ravi Bhatia
- 10University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | | | | | - Ferenc Livak
- 1University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jianfei Qi
- 1University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maria R. Baer
- 1University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Danilo Perrotti
- 1University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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14
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Dai B, Chen AY, Corkum CP, Peroutka RJ, Landon A, Houng S, Muniandy PA, Zhang Y, Lehrmann E, Mazan-Mamczarz K, Steinhardt J, Shlyak M, Chen QC, Becker KG, Livak F, Michalak TI, Talwani R, Gartenhaus RB. Hepatitis C virus upregulates B-cell receptor signaling: a novel mechanism for HCV-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Oncogene 2015; 35:2979-90. [PMID: 26434584 PMCID: PMC4821826 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is essential for the development of B cells and has a critical role in B-cell neoplasia. Increasing evidence indicates an association between chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and B-cell lymphoma, however, the mechanisms by which HCV causes B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder are still unclear. Herein, we demonstrate the expression of HCV viral proteins in B cells of HCV-infected patients and show that HCV upregulates BCR signaling in human primary B cells. HCV nonstructural protein NS3/4A interacts with CHK2 and downregulates its activity, modulating HuR posttranscriptional regulation of a network of target mRNAs associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Interestingly, the BCR signaling pathway was found to have the largest number of transcripts with increased association with HuR and was upregulated by NS3/4A. Our study reveals a previously unidentified role of NS3/4A in regulation of host BCR signaling during HCV infection, contributing to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying HCV-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dai
- Department of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Y Chen
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - C P Corkum
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - R J Peroutka
- Department of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Landon
- Department of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Houng
- Department of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P A Muniandy
- Department of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E Lehrmann
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K Mazan-Mamczarz
- Department of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Steinhardt
- Department of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Shlyak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Q C Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K G Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - F Livak
- Department of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T I Michalak
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - R Talwani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R B Gartenhaus
- Department of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Bowen S, Sun P, Livak F, Sharrow S, Hodes RJ. A novel T cell subset with trans-rearranged Vγ-Cβ TCRs shows Vβ expression is dispensable for lineage choice and MHC restriction. J Immunol 2013; 192:169-77. [PMID: 24307734 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
αβ T cells, which express the α-β TCR heterodimer, express CD4 or CD8 coreceptors on cells that are MHC class I or MHC class II dependent. In contrast, γδ T cells do not express CD4 or CD8 and develop independently of MHC interaction. The factors that determine αβ and γδ lineage choice are not fully understood, and the determinants of MHC restriction of TCR specificity have been controversial. In this study we have identified a naturally occurring population of T cells expressing Vγ-Cβ receptor chains on the cell surface, the products of genomic trans-rearrangement between the Vγ2 gene and a variety of Dβ or Jβ genes, in place of an intact TCRβ-chain and in association with TCRα. Identification of this population allowed an analysis of the role of TCR variable regions in determining T cell lineage choice and MHC restriction. We found that Vγ2(+)Cβ(+) cells are positive for either CD4 or CD8 and are selected in an MHC class II- or MHC class I-dependent manner, respectively, thus following the differentiation pathway of αβ and not γδ cells and demonstrating that Vβ V region sequences are not required for selection of an MHC-restricted repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bowen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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16
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Bowen S, Wangsa D, Ried T, Livak F, Hodes RJ. Concurrent V(D)J recombination and DNA end instability increase interchromosomal trans-rearrangements in ATM-deficient thymocytes. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:4535-48. [PMID: 23470994 PMCID: PMC3632137 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the CD4−CD8− (DN) stage of T-cell development, RAG-dependent DNA breaks and V(D)J recombination occur at three T-cell receptor (TCR) loci: TCRβ, TCRγ and TCRδ. During this stage, abnormal trans-rearrangements also take place between TCR loci, occurring at increased frequency in absence of the DNA damage response mediator ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). Here, we use this model of physiologic trans-rearrangement to study factors that predispose to rearrangement and the role of ATM in preventing chromosomal translocations. The frequency of DN thymocytes with DNA damage foci at multiple TCR loci simultaneously is increased 2- to 3-fold in the absence of ATM. However, trans-rearrangement is increased 10 000- to 100 000-fold, indicating that ATM function extends beyond timely resolution of DNA breaks. RAG-mediated synaptic complex formation occurs between recombination signal sequences with unequal 12 and 23 base spacer sequences (12/23 rule). TCR trans-rearrangements violate this rule, as we observed similar frequencies of 12/23 and aberrant 12/12 or 23/23 recombination products. This suggests that trans-rearrangements are not the result of trans-synaptic complex formation, but they are instead because of unstable cis synaptic complexes that form simultaneously at distinct TCR loci. Thus, ATM suppresses trans-rearrangement primarily through stabilization of DNA breaks at TCR loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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17
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Zhang B, Suer S, Livak F, Adediran S, Vemula A, Khan MA, Ning Y, Hussain A. Telomere and microtubule targeting in treatment-sensitive and treatment-resistant human prostate cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:310-21. [PMID: 22584221 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.076752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulating telomere dynamics may be a useful strategy for targeting prostate cancer cells, because they generally have short telomeres. Because a plateau has been reached in the development of taxane-based treatments for prostate cancer, this study was undertaken to evaluate the relative efficacy of targeting telomeres and microtubules in taxane-sensitive, taxane-resistant, androgen-sensitive, and androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells. Paclitaxel- and docetaxel-resistant DU145 cells were developed and their underlying adaptive responses were evaluated. Telomere dynamics and the effects of targeting telomeres with sodium meta-arsenite (KML001) (an agent undergoing early clinical trials), including combinations with paclitaxel and docetaxel, were evaluated in parental and drug-resistant cells. The studies were extended to androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells and androgen-insensitive LNCaP/C81 cells. Both P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-dependent and non-Pgp-dependent mechanisms of resistance were recruited within the same population of DU145 cells with selection for drug resistance. Wild-type DU145 cells have a small side population (SP) (0.4-1.2%). The SP fraction increased with increasing drug resistance, which was correlated with enhanced expression of Pgp but not breast cancer resistance protein. Telomere dynamics remained unchanged in taxane-resistant cells, which retained sensitivity to KML001. Furthermore, KML001 targeted SP and non-SP fractions, inducing DNA damage signaling in both fractions. KML001 induced telomere erosion, decreased telomerase gene expression, and was highly synergistic with the taxanes in wild-type and drug-resistant DU145 cells. This synergism extended to androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive LNCaP cells under basal and androgen-deprived conditions. These studies demonstrate that KML001 plus docetaxel and KML001 plus paclitaxel represent highly synergistic drug combinations that should be explored further in the different disease states of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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18
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Hathcock KS, Farrington L, Ivanova I, Livak F, Selimyan R, Sen R, Williams J, Tai X, Hodes RJ. The requirement for pre-TCR during thymic differentiation enforces a developmental pause that is essential for V-DJβ rearrangement. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20639. [PMID: 21673984 PMCID: PMC3108609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell development occurs in the thymus and is critically dependent on productive TCRβ rearrangement and pre-TCR expression in DN3 cells. The requirement for pre-TCR expression results in the arrest of thymocytes at the DN3 stage (β checkpoint), which is uniquely permissive for V-DJβ recombination; only cells expressing pre-TCR survive and develop beyond the DN3 stage. In addition, the requirement for TCRβ rearrangement and pre-TCR expression enforces suppression of TCRβ rearrangement on a second allele, allelic exclusion, thus ensuring that each T cell expresses only a single TCRβ product. However, it is not known whether pre-TCR expression is essential for allelic exclusion or alternatively if allelic exclusion is enforced by developmental changes that can occur in the absence of pre-TCR. We asked if thymocytes that were differentiated without pre-TCR expression, and therefore without pause at the β checkpoint, would suppress all V-DJβ rearrangement. We previously reported that premature CD28 signaling in murine CD4(-)CD8(-) (DN) thymocytes supports differentiation of CD4(+)CD8(+) (DP) cells in the absence of pre-TCR expression. The present study uses this model to define requirements for TCRβ rearrangement and allelic exclusion. We demonstrate that if cells exit the DN3 developmental stage before TCRβ rearrangement occurs, V-DJβ rearrangement never occurs, even in DP cells that are permissive for D-Jβ and TCRα rearrangement. These results demonstrate that pre-TCR expression is not essential for thymic differentiation to DP cells or for V-DJβ suppression. However, the requirement for pre-TCR signals and the exclusion of alternative stimuli such as CD28 enforce a developmental "pause" in early DN3 cells that is essential for productive TCRβ rearrangement to occur.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B7-2 Antigen/genetics
- B7-2 Antigen/metabolism
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Histones/chemistry
- Histones/metabolism
- Lysine
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Methylation
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Hathcock
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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19
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Olaru AV, Selaru FM, Mori Y, Vazquez C, David S, Paun B, Cheng Y, Jin Z, Yang J, Agarwal R, Abraham JM, Dassopoulos T, Harris M, Bayless TM, Kwon J, Harpaz N, Livak F, Meltzer SJ. Dynamic changes in the expression of MicroRNA-31 during inflammatory bowel disease-associated neoplastic transformation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:221-31. [PMID: 20848542 PMCID: PMC3006011 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Aberrant microRNA (miR) expression has been linked to carcinogenesis; however, no reports document a relationship between IBD-related neoplasia (IBDN) and altered miR expression. In the current study we sought to identify specific miR dysregulation along the normal-inflammation-cancer axis. METHODS miR microarrays and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect dysregulated miRs. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was employed to test for potential usefulness of miR-31 as a disease marker of IBDNs. In silico prediction analysis, Western blot, and luciferase activity measurement were employed for target identification. RESULTS Several dysregulated miRs were identified between chronically inflamed mucosae and dysplasia arising in IBD. MiR-31 expression increases in a stepwise fashion during progression from normal to IBD to IBDN and accurately discriminated IBDNs from normal or chronically inflamed tissues in IBD patients. Finally, we identified factor inhibiting hypoxia inducible factor 1 as a direct target of miR-31. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals specific miR dysregulation as chronic inflammation progresses to dysplasia. MiR-31 expression levels increase with disease progression and accurately discriminates between distinct pathological entities that coexist in IBD patients. The novel effect of miR-31 on regulating factor inhibiting hypoxia inducible factor 1 expression provides a new insight on the pathogenesis of IBDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru V. Olaru
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Florin M. Selaru
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Yuriko Mori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Christine Vazquez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Stefan David
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Bogdan Paun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Yulan Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Zhe Jin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Rachana Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - John M. Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | | | - Mary Harris
- The Institute for Digestive Health & Liver Disease at Mercy Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Theodore M. Bayless
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - John Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
| | - Noam Harpaz
- Division of Gastrointestinal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stephen J. Meltzer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287
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20
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Livak F, Hathcock K, Hodes R, Bowen S. Normal and Pathological Regulation of DNA Damage Response to T-cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement (36.61). The Journal of Immunology 2010. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.36.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR) is encoded by tandem arrays of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments that are somatically rearranged during thymic development. During this process the RAG recombinase introduces transient DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) which are repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Additionally, the DSBs are detected by components of the cellular DNA damage response (DDR) which bind to the chromatin within 1 megabase of the break forming foci. One component of DDR, Ataxia Telangiectasia mutated (ATM), plays a major role in activating downstream effectors involved in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. ATM-deficiency is characterized by reduced rearrangement at the TCR-α locus in CD4/CD8 double positive (DP) thymocytes, high frequency of thymic lymphomas carrying translocations at the TCR-α locus, and increased frequency of TCR-β/TCR-γ trans-rearrangements. Since TCR-β, γ and δ recombination occurs in CD4/CD8 double negative (DN) cells, we examined the effect of ATM deficiency on these rearrangements. We found that rearrangement is impaired at the TCR-β, γ and δ loci. We also demonstrate increased frequency of TCR-β/TCR-γ trans-rearrangements in ATM deficient cells. Such trans-rearrangements may be the result of concurrent recombination at multiple TCR loci in DN cells. We are currently testing this hypothesis using combined immunofluorescence detection of DDR foci and fluorescent in situ hybridization of TCR loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Livak
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD
| | - Karen Hathcock
- 2National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard Hodes
- 2National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Steven Bowen
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD
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21
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Benard G, Neutzner A, Peng G, Wang C, Livak F, Youle RJ, Karbowski M. IBRDC2, an IBR-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, is a regulatory factor for Bax and apoptosis activation. EMBO J 2010; 29:1458-71. [PMID: 20300062 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein from the Bcl-2 family, is central to apoptosis regulation. To suppress spontaneous apoptosis, Bax must be under stringent control that may include regulation of Bax conformation and expression levels. We report that IBRDC2, an IBR-type RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, regulates the levels of Bax and protects cells from unprompted Bax activation and cell death. Downregulation of IBRDC2 induces increased cellular levels and accumulation of the active form of Bax. The ubiquitination-dependent regulation of Bax stability is suppressed by IBRDC2 downregulation and stimulated by IBRDC2 overexpression in both healthy and apoptotic cells. Although mostly cytosolic in healthy cells, upon induction of apoptosis, IBRDC2 accumulates in mitochondrial domains enriched with Bax. Mitochondrial accumulation of IBRDC2 occurs in parallel with Bax activation and also depends on the expression levels of Bcl-xL. Furthermore, IBRDC2 physically interacts with activated Bax. By applying Bax mutants in HCT116 Bax(-/-) cells, combined with the use of active Bax-specific antibodies, we have established that both mitochondrial localization and apoptotic activation of Bax are required for IBRDC2 translocation to the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benard
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Difilippantonio S, Gapud E, Wong N, Huang CY, Mahowald G, Chen HT, Kruhlak MJ, Callen E, Livak F, Nussenzweig MC, Sleckman BP, Nussenzweig A. 53BP1 facilitates long-range DNA end-joining during V(D)J recombination. Nature 2008; 456:529-33. [PMID: 18931658 PMCID: PMC3596817 DOI: 10.1038/nature07476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
V(D)J recombination and class switch recombination employ overlapping but distinct non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways to repair DNA double strand break (DSB) intermediates. 53BP1 is a DNA damage response protein that is rapidly recruited to sites of chromosomal DSBs, where it appears to function in a subset of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, H2AX- and MDC1- dependent events1,2. A 53BP1 dependent end joining pathway has been described that is dispensable for V(D)J recombination but essential for class-switch recombination CSR3, 4. Here, we report a previously unrecognized defect in the joining phase of V(D)J recombination in 53BP1 deficient lymphocytes distinct from that found in classical NHEJ-, H2AX-, MDC1- and Atm-deficient mice. Absence of 53BP1 leads to impairment of distal V-DJ joining with extensive degradation of un-repaired coding ends and episomal signal joint reintegration at V(D)J junctions. This results in apoptosis, loss of T-cell receptor alpha locus integrity and lymphopenia. Further impairment of the apoptotic checkpoint causes propagation of lymphocytes bearing antigen receptor breaks. These data suggest a more general role for 53BP1 in maintaining genomic stability during long range joining of DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Difilippantonio
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1360, USA
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23
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Bowen SE, Difilippantonio MJ, Livak F. Timing of rearrangement of multiple T‐cell receptor loci in individual thymocyte precursors. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.2_supplement.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Bowen
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | | | - Ferenc Livak
- Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
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24
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Vacchio MS, Olaru A, Livak F, Hodes RJ. ATM deficiency impairs thymocyte maturation because of defective resolution of T cell receptor alpha locus coding end breaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:6323-8. [PMID: 17405860 PMCID: PMC1851038 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611222104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) protein plays a central role in sensing and responding to DNA double-strand breaks. Lymphoid cells are unique in undergoing physiologic double-strand breaks in the processes of Ig class switch recombination and T or B cell receptor V(D)J recombination, and a role for ATM in these processes has been suggested by clinical observations in ataxia telangiectasia patients as well as in engineered mice with mutations in the Atm gene. We demonstrate here a defect in thymocyte maturation in ATM-deficient mice that is associated with decreased efficiency in V-J rearrangement of the endogenous T cell receptor (TCR)alpha locus, accompanied by increased frequency of unresolved TCR Jalpha coding end breaks. We also demonstrate that a functionally rearranged TCRalphabeta transgene is sufficient to restore thymocyte maturation, whereas increased thymocyte survival by bcl-2 cannot improve TCRalpha recombination and T cell development. These data indicate a direct role for ATM in TCR gene recombination in vivo that is critical for surface TCR expression in CD4(+)CD8(+) cells and for efficient thymocyte selection. We propose a unified model for the two major clinical characteristics of ATM deficiency, defective T cell maturation and increased genomic instability, frequently affecting the TCRalpha locus. In the absence of ATM, delayed TCRalpha coding joint formation results both in a reduction of alphabeta TCR-expressing immature cells, leading to inefficient thymocyte selection, and in accumulation of unstable open chromosomal DNA breaks, predisposing to TCRalpha locus-associated chromosomal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S. Vacchio
- *Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Alexandru Olaru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Richard J. Hodes
- *Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 4B36, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail:
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25
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Ward IM, Reina-San-Martin B, Olaru A, Minn K, Tamada K, Lau JS, Cascalho M, Chen L, Nussenzweig A, Livak F, Nussenzweig MC, Chen J. 53BP1 is required for class switch recombination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 165:459-64. [PMID: 15159415 PMCID: PMC2172356 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200403021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
53BP1 participates early in the DNA damage response and is involved in cell cycle checkpoint control. Moreover, the phenotype of mice and cells deficient in 53BP1 suggests a defect in DNA repair (Ward et al., 2003b). Therefore, we asked whether or not 53BP1 would be required for the efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks. Our data indicate that homologous recombination by gene conversion does not depend on 53BP1. Moreover, 53BP1-deficient mice support normal V(D)J recombination, indicating that 53BP1 is not required for “classic” nonhomologous end joining. However, class switch recombination is severely impaired in the absence of 53BP1, suggesting that 53BP1 facilitates DNA end joining in a way that is not required or redundant for the efficient closing of RAG-induced strand breaks. These findings are similar to those observed in mice or cells deficient in the tumor suppressors ATM and H2AX, further suggesting that the functions of ATM, H2AX, and 53BP1 are closely linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Ward
- 1306 Guggenheim, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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26
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Tabrizifard S, Olaru A, Plotkin J, Fallahi-Sichani M, Livak F, Petrie HT. Analysis of transcription factor expression during discrete stages of postnatal thymocyte differentiation. J Immunol 2004; 173:1094-102. [PMID: 15240698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal T lymphocyte differentiation in the thymus is a multistage process involving serial waves of lineage specification, proliferative expansion, and survival/cell death decisions. Although these are believed to originate from signals derived from various thymic stromal cells, the ultimate consequence of these signals is to induce the transcriptional changes that are definitive of each step. To help to characterize this process, high density microarrays were used to analyze transcription factor gene expression in RNA derived from progenitors at each stage of T lymphopoietic differentiation, and the results were validated by a number of appropriate methods. We find a large number of transcription factors to be expressed in developing T lymphocytes, including many with known roles in the control of differentiation, proliferation, or cell survival/death decisions in other cell types. Some of these are expressed throughout the developmental process, whereas others change substantially at specific developmental transitions. The latter are particularly interesting, because stage-specific changes make it increasingly likely that the corresponding transcription factors may be involved in stage-specific processes. Overall, the data presented here represent a large resource for gene discovery and for confirmation of results obtained through other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahba Tabrizifard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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27
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Horvath TL, Diano S, Miyamoto S, Barry S, Gatti S, Alberati D, Livak F, Lombardi A, Moreno M, Goglia F, Mor G, Hamilton J, Kachinskas D, Horwitz B, Warden CH. Uncoupling proteins-2 and 3 influence obesity and inflammation in transgenic mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2003; 27:433-42. [PMID: 12664076 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that either uncoupling protein-2 UCP2 or UCP3 or both together influence obesity and inflammation in transgenic mice. DESIGN We generated 12 lines of transgenic mice for both human UCP2 and 3 using native promoters from a human bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone. The BAC expresses no genes other than UCP2 and 3. Mice used for experiments are N4 or higher of backcross to C57BL/6J (B6). Each experiment used transgenic mice and their nontransgenic littermates. RESULTS Northern blots confirmed expression on human UCP2 in adipose and spleen, while human UCP3 expression was detectable in gastrocnemius muscle. Western blots demonstrated a four-fold increase of UCP2 protein in spleens of Line 32 transgenic animals. Heterozygous mice of four lines showing expression of human UCP2 in spleen were examined for obesity phenotypes. There were no significant differences between Lines 1 and 32, but female transgenics of both lines had significantly smaller femoral fat depots than the control (littermate) mice (P=0.015 and 0.005, respectively). In addition, total fat of transgenic females was significantly less in Line 1 (P=0.05) and almost significantly different in Line 32 (P=0.06). Male Line 1 mice were leaner (P=0.04) while male Line 32 mice were almost significantly leaner (P=0.06). Heterozygous mice of Lines 35 and 44 showed no significant differences from the nontransgenic littermate controls. Effects of the UCP2/UCP3 transgene on obesity in Line 32 mice were confirmed by crossing transgenic mice with the B6.Cg-Ay agouti obese mice. B6.Cg-Ay carrying the UCP2/UCP3 transgene from Line 32 were significantly leaner than nontransgenic B6.Cg-Ay mice. Line 32 UCP2/UCP3 transgenics showed increased hypothalamic Neuropeptide (NPY) levels and food intake, with reduced spontaneous physical activity. Transgenic baseline interleukin4 (IL-4) and interleukin6 (IL-6) levels were low with lower or later increases after endotoxin injection compared to wild-type littermates. Endotoxin-induced fever was also diminished in transgenic male animals. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were significantly higher in both Line 1 and 32 transgenics (P=0.05 and 0.001, respectively) after they had been placed on a moderate fat-defined diet containing 32% of calories from fat for 5 weeks. CONCLUSION Moderate overexpression of UCP2 and 3 reduced fat mass and increased LDL cholesterol in two independent lines of transgenic mice. Thus, the reduced fat mass cannot be due to insertional mutagenesis since virtually identical fat pad weights and masses were observed with the two independent lines. Line 32 mice also have altered inflammation and mitochondrial function. We conclude that UCP2 and/or 3 have small but significant effects on obesity in mice, and that their mechanism of action may include alterations of metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Horvath
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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28
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Celeste A, Petersen S, Romanienko PJ, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Chen HT, Sedelnikova OA, Reina-San-Martin B, Coppola V, Meffre E, Difilippantonio MJ, Redon C, Pilch DR, Olaru A, Eckhaus M, Camerini-Otero RD, Tessarollo L, Livak F, Manova K, Bonner WM, Nussenzweig MC, Nussenzweig A. Genomic instability in mice lacking histone H2AX. Science 2002; 296:922-7. [PMID: 11934988 PMCID: PMC4721576 DOI: 10.1126/science.1069398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1006] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Higher order chromatin structure presents a barrier to the recognition and repair of DNA damage. Double-strand breaks (DSBs) induce histone H2AX phosphorylation, which is associated with the recruitment of repair factors to damaged DNA. To help clarify the physiological role of H2AX, we targeted H2AX in mice. Although H2AX is not essential for irradiation-induced cell-cycle checkpoints, H2AX-/- mice were radiation sensitive, growth retarded, and immune deficient, and mutant males were infertile. These pleiotropic phenotypes were associated with chromosomal instability, repair defects, and impaired recruitment of Nbs1, 53bp1, and Brca1, but not Rad51, to irradiation-induced foci. Thus, H2AX is critical for facilitating the assembly of specific DNA-repair complexes on damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Celeste
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Simone Petersen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter J. Romanienko
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Hua Tang Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Bernardo Reina-San-Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Eric Meffre
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Christophe Redon
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Duane R. Pilch
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandru Olaru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, BRB 13-01, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael Eckhaus
- Veterinary Resources Program, National Center for Research Resources, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R. Daniel Camerini-Otero
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, NIH, Frederick, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, BRB 13-01, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Katia Manova
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility and Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Andre Nussenzweig
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Abstract
Lymphocyte antigen receptors are not encoded by germline genes, but rather are produced by combinatorial joining between clusters of gene segments in somatic cells. Within a given cluster, gene segment usage during recombination is thought to be largely random, with biased representation in mature T lymphocytes resulting from protein-mediated selection of a subset of the total repertoire. Here we show that T cell receptor D beta and J beta gene segment usage is not random, but is patterned at the time of recombination. The hierarchy of gene segment usage is independent of gene segment proximity, but rather is influenced by the ability of the flanking recombination signal sequences (RSS) to bind the recombinase and/or to form a paired synaptic complex. Importantly, the relative frequency of gene segment usage established during recombination is very similar to that found after protein-mediated selection, suggesting that in addition to targeting recombinase activity, the RSS may have evolved to bias the naive repertoire in favor of useful gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Livak
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 08360, USA
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30
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Petrie HT, Tourigny M, Burtrum DB, Livak F. Precursor thymocyte proliferation and differentiation are controlled by signals unrelated to the pre-TCR. J Immunol 2000; 165:3094-8. [PMID: 10975821 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In-frame rearrangement of the TCR-beta locus and expression of the pre-TCR are compulsory for the production of CD4+8+ thymocytes from CD4-8- precursors. Signals delivered via the pre-TCR are thought to induce the differentiation process as well as the extensive proliferation that accompanies this transition. However, it is equally possible that pre-TCR expression is required for the success of this transition, but does not play a direct role in the inductive process. In the present manuscript we examine this possibility using a variety of normal and genetically modified mouse models. Our evidence shows that differentiation and mitogenesis can both occur independently of pre-TCR expression. However, these processes are absolutely dependent on the presence of normal thymic architecture and cellular composition. These findings are consistent with a checkpoint role for the pre-TCR in regulating the divergence of survival and cell death fates at the CD4-8- to CD4+8+ transition. Further, our data suggest that precursor thymocyte differentiation is induced by other, probably ubiquitous, mechanisms that require the presence of normal thymic cellularity, composition, and architecture.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitosis/genetics
- Mitosis/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Petrie
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and Joan and Sanford Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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31
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Abstract
In addition to the assembled coding regions of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor (TCR) genes, the V(D)J recombination reaction can in principle generate three types of by-products in normal developing lymphocytes: broken DNA molecules that terminate in a recombination signal sequence or a coding region (termed signal or coding end molecules, respectively) and DNA molecules containing fused recombination signal sequences (termed reciprocal products). Using a quantitative Southern blot analysis of the murine TCR alpha locus, we demonstrate that substantial amounts of signal end molecules and reciprocal products, but not coding end molecules, exist in thymocytes, while peripheral T cells contain substantial amounts of reciprocal products. At the 5' end of the J alpha locus, 20% of thymus DNA exists as signal end molecules. An additional 30 to 40% of the TCR alpha/delta locus exists as remarkably stable reciprocal products throughout T-cell development, with the consequence that the TCR C delta region is substantially retained in alpha beta committed T cells. The disappearance of the broken DNA molecules occurs in the same developmental transition as termination of expression of the recombination activating genes, RAG-1 and RAG-2. These findings raise important questions concerning the mechanism of V(D)J recombination and the maintenance of genome integrity during lymphoid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Livak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011, USA
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32
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Abstract
The antigen-specific receptors of T and B lymphocytes are generated by somatic recombination between noncontiguous gene segments encoding the variable portions of these molecules. The semirandom nature of this process, while desirable for the generation of diversity, has been thought to exact a high price in terms of sterile (out-of-frame) products. Historically, the majority of T lymphocytes generated in mammals were thought to be useless, either because they generated such sterile rearrangements or because the receptors generated did not appropriately recognize self-molecules (i.e., positive and negative selection). In the studies described here, we characterize the onset of T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chain gene rearrangements and quantitate their progression throughout T cell development. The results show that T cell production efficiency is enhanced through (a) rearrangement of TCR-beta chain genes early during T cell development, with selective expansion of those cells possessing in-frame rearrangements; (b) deletion of sterile rearrangements at the TCR-alpha chain locus through ordered (proximal to distal) sequential recombination; and (c) modification of nonselectable alpha/beta heterodimer specificities through generation and expression of new TCR-alpha chains. In addition, we demonstrate strict correlations between successful TCR-beta gene rearrangement, the onset of TCR-alpha gene rearrangement, rapid cell division, and programmed cell death, which together serve to maintain cell turnover and homeostasis during T cell development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Differentiation
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Homeostasis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Recombination, Genetic
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Petrie
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10021, USA
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33
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Abstract
Using a quantitative multiprobe Southern blot analysis, we demonstrate the surprising result that a significant proportion of alpha beta T cells and thymocytes retain T cell receptor delta locus sequences. A substantial portion of the retained delta locus is in a fully V-to-D-to-J rearranged configuration and 20% of these delta rearrangements are functional, significantly less than the 33% predicted for random gene rearrangements. Our observations are in conflict with the idea that alpha beta and gamma delta T cells derive from distinct precursors and suggest that commitment of a common precursor to the gamma delta lineage depends upon expression of a gamma delta T cell receptor. We propose that the intrathymic T cell lineage decision is determined by a competition between the production of functional gamma delta and beta-pre-T cell receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Livak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011, USA
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Petrie HT, Livak F, Schatz DG, Strasser A, Crispe IN, Shortman K. Multiple rearrangements in T cell receptor alpha chain genes maximize the production of useful thymocytes. J Exp Med 1993; 178:615-22. [PMID: 8393478 PMCID: PMC2191132 DOI: 10.1084/jem.178.2.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T lymphocytes each express surface T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chains of a single specificity. These are produced after random somatic rearrangements in TCR alpha and beta germline genes. Published model systems using mice expressing TCR alpha and/or beta chain transgenes have shown that allelic exclusion occurs conventionally for TCR-beta. TCR alpha chain expression, however, appears to be less strictly regulated, as endogenous TCR alpha chains are often found in association with transgenic TCR beta chains in TCR alpha/beta transgenic mice. This finding, coupled with the unique structure of the TCR alpha locus, has led to the suggestion that unlike TCR beta and immunoglobulin heavy chain genes, TCR alpha genes may make multiple rearrangements on each chromosome. In the current study, we demonstrate that the majority of TCR-, noncycling thymocytes spontaneously acquire surface expression of CD3/TCR. Further, we show that cultured immature thymocytes originally expressing specific TCR alpha and beta chains may lose surface expression of the original TCR alpha, but not beta chains. These data provide evidence that not only must multiple rearrangements occur, but that TCR alpha gene rearrangement continues even after surface expression of a TCR alpha/beta heterodimer, apparently until the recombination process is halted by positive selection, or the cell dies. Sequential rearrangement of TCR alpha chain genes facilitates enhanced production of useful thymocytes, by increasing the frequency of production of both in-frame rearrangements and positively selectable TCR alpha/beta heterodimers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Homeodomain Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Petrie
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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