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Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Frîncu RM, Capră L, Oancea F. Selenium Analysis and Speciation in Dietary Supplements Based on Next-Generation Selenium Ingredients. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1466. [PMID: 30304813 PMCID: PMC6213372 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is essential for humans and the deficit of Se requires supplementation. In addition to traditional forms such as Se salts, amino acids, or selenium-enriched yeast supplements, next-generation selenium supplements, with lower risk for excess supplementation, are emerging. These are based on selenium forms with lower toxicity, higher bioavailability, and controlled release, such as zerovalent selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and selenized polysaccharides (SPs). This article aims to focus on the existing analytical systems for the next-generation Se dietary supplement, providing, at the same time, an overview of the analytical methods available for the traditional forms. The next-generation dietary supplements are evaluated in comparison with the conventional/traditional ones, as well as the analysis and speciation methods that are suitable to reveal which Se forms and species are present in a dietary supplement. Knowledge gaps and further research potential in this field are highlighted. The review indicates that the methods of analysis of next-generation selenium supplements should include a step related to chemical species separation. Such a step would allow a proper characterization of the selenium forms/species, including molecular mass/dimension, and substantiates the marketing claims related to the main advantages of these new selenium ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Constantinescu-Aruxandei
- National Research & Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Rodica Mihaela Frîncu
- INCDCP-ICECHIM Calarasi Subsidiary, 7A Nicolae Titulescu St., 915300 Lehliu Gara, Romania.
| | - Luiza Capră
- National Research & Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Florin Oancea
- National Research & Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
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Tsai ML, Yen CC, Lu FJ, Ting HC, Chang HR. Environmentally relevant concentration of arsenic trioxide and humic acid promoted tumor progression of human cervical cancer cells: In vivo and in vitro studies. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1121-1132. [PMID: 25728215 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, treatment at higher concentrations of arsenic trioxide or co-exposure to arsenic trioxide and humic acid was found to be inhibited cell growth of cervical cancer cells (SiHa cells) by reactive oxygen species generation. However, treatment at lower concentrations slightly increased cell viability. Here, we investigate the enhancement of progression effects of environmentally relevant concentration of humic acid and arsenic trioxide in SiHa cell lines in vitro and in vivo by measuring cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and the carcinogenesis-related protein (MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF-A) expressions. SiHa cells treated with low concentrations of humic acid and arsenic trioxide alone or in co-exposure significantly increased reactive oxygen species, glutathione levels, cell proliferation, scratch wound-healing activities, migration abilities, and MMP-2 expression as compared to the untreated control. In vivo the tumor volume of either single drug (humic acid or arsenic trioxide) or combined drug-treated group was significantly larger than that of the control for an additional 45 days after tumor cell injection on the back of NOD/SCID mice. Levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF-A, also significantly increased compared to the control. Histopathologic effects of all tumor cells appeared round in cell shape with high mitosis, focal hyperkeratosis and epidermal hyperplasia in the skin, and some tumor growth in the muscle were observed. Our results may indicate that exposure to low concentrations of arsenic trioxide and humic acid is associated with the progression of cervical cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1121-1132, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ling Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Yen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Jou Lu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Ting
- Department of Early Childhood Educare, TransWorld University, Yun-lin, 640, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Rong Chang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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Humic Acid Increases Amyloid β-Induced Cytotoxicity by Induction of ER Stress in Human SK-N-MC Neuronal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10426-42. [PMID: 25961951 PMCID: PMC4463654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humic acid (HA) is a possible etiological factor associated with for several vascular diseases. It is known that vascular risk factors can directly increase the susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is a neurodegenerative disorder due to accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide in the brain. However, the role that HA contributes to Aβ-induced cytotoxicity has not been demonstrated. In the present study, we demonstrate that HA exhibits a synergistic effect enhancing Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in cultured human SK-N-MC neuronal cells. Furthermore, this deterioration was mediated through the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by stimulating PERK and eIF2α phosphorylation. We also observed HA and Aβ-induced cytotoxicity is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction caused by down-regulation of the Sirt1/PGC1α pathway, while in contrast, treating the cells with the ER stress inhibitor Salubrinal, or over-expression of Sirt1 significantly reduced loss of cell viability by HA and Aβ. Our findings suggest a new mechanism by which HA can deteriorate Aβ-induced cytotoxicity through modulation of ER stress, which may provide significant insights into the pathogenesis of AD co-occurring with vascular injury.
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Yang HL, Huang PJ, Chen SC, Cho HJ, Kumar KJS, Lu FJ, Chen CS, Chang CT, Hseu YC. Induction of macrophage cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis by humic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:741-750. [PMID: 25179584 DOI: 10.1002/em.21897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Humic acid (HA) in well water is associated with Blackfoot disease and various cancers. Previously, we reported that acute humic acid exposure (25-200 µg/mL for 24 hr) induces inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages. In this study, we observed that prolonged (72 hr) HA exposure (25-200 µg/mL) induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in cultured RAW264.7 cells. We also observed that exposing macrophages to HA arrests cells in the G2 /M phase of the cell cycle by reducing cyclin A/B1 , Cdc2, and Cdc25C levels. Treating macrophages with HA triggers a sequence of events characteristic of apoptotic cell death including loss of cell viability, morphological changes, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, sub-G1 accumulation. Molecular markers of apoptosis associated with mitochondrial dysfunction were similarly observed, including cytochrome c release, caspase-3 or caspase-9 activation, and Bcl-2/Bax dysregulation. In addition to the mitochondrial pathway, HA-induced apoptosis may also be mediated through the death receptor and ER stress pathways, as evidence by induction of Fas, caspase-8, caspase-4, and caspase-12 activity. HA also upregulates p53 expression and causes DNA damage as assessed by the comet assay. These findings yield new insight into the mechanisms by which HA exposure may trigger atherosclerosis through modulation of the macrophage-mediated immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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Humic acid in drinking well water induces inflammation through reactive oxygen species generation and activation of nuclear factor-κB/activator protein-1 signaling pathways: a possible role in atherosclerosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 274:249-62. [PMID: 24239652 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Humic acid (HA) has been implicated as one of the etiological factors in the peripheral vasculopathy of blackfoot disease (BFD) in Taiwan. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of BFD are not well defined. In this study, we used an in vitro and in vivo model, in which HA (25-200μg/mL) activated macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory molecules by activating their transcriptional factors. HA exposure induced NO and PGE2 production followed by induction of iNOS and COX-2 through NF-κB/AP-1 transactivation in macrophages. In addition, the production of TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly increased by HA. Moreover, HA-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression were down-regulated by the NF-κB and AP-1 inhibitors pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and Tanshinone, respectively. Furthermore, generations of ROS and nitrotyrosine, as well as activation of the AKT and MAPKs signaling cascades were observed after HA exposure. Specifically, HA-induced NF-κB activation was mediated by ROS and AKT, and that HA-induced AP-1 activation was mediated by JNK and ERK. Notably, HA-mediated AKT, JNK, and ERK activation was ROS-independent. The inflammatory potential of HA was correlated with increased expression of HO-1 and Nrf2. Furthermore, an in vivo study confirms that mice exposed to HA, the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. This report marks the first confirmation that environmental exposure of HA induces inflammation in macrophages, which may be one of the main causes of early atherogenesis in blackfoot disease.
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Removal of humic acid from water using adsorption coupled with electrochemical regeneration. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-013-0066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chen JK, Yeh CH, Wang LC, Liou TH, Shen CR, Liu CL. Chitosan, the marine functional food, is a potent adsorbent of humic acid. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2488-2498. [PMID: 22363235 PMCID: PMC3280574 DOI: 10.3390/md9122488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is prepared by the deacetylation of chitin, the second-most abundant biopolymer in nature, and has applicability in the removal of dyes, heavy metals and radioactive waste for pollution control. In weight-reduction remedies, chitosan is used to form hydrogels with lipids and to depress the intestinal absorption of lipids. In this study, an experimental method was implemented to simulate the effect of chitosan on the adsorption of humic acid in the gastrointestinal tract. The adsorption capacity of chitosan was measured by its adsorption isotherm and analyzed using the Langmuir equation. The results showed that 3.3 grams of humic acid was absorbed by 1 gram of chitosan. The adsorption capacity of chitosan was much greater than that of chitin, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose or activated charcoal. Cellulose and carboxymethyl-cellulose, a cellulose derivative with a negative charge, could not adsorb humic acid in the gastrointestinal tract. This result suggests that chitosan entraps humic acid because of its positive charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeen-Kuan Chen
- Environment and Biotechnology Department, Refining and Manufacturing Research Institute, CPC Corporation, Chia-Yi 60051, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Hsien Yeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan, (C.-H.Y.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Lian-Chen Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Tao-Yuan 24301, Taiwan;
| | - Tzong-Horng Liou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan, (C.-H.Y.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Chia-Rui Shen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan, (C.-H.Y.); (T.-H.L.)
- Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gung-Juan Road, Taishan, New Taipei 24301, Taiwan
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Hu CW, Yen CC, Huang YL, Pan CH, Lu FJ, Chao MR. Oxidatively damaged DNA induced by humic acid and arsenic in maternal and neonatal mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 79:93-99. [PMID: 20079519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We measured the levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), a useful biomarker of oxidative injury, in liver (or urine) of maternal mice and their offspring, that were treated with humic acid (HA) and arsenic (As) alone, or their combination during pregnancy. A highly sensitive and specific isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS method was used for 8-oxodGuo quantification. Total arsenic accumulated in the offspring was also measured using ICP-MS. This study demonstrated, for the first time in an animal model, that HA alone treatment led to a significant increase of 8-oxodGuo levels both in liver and urine of maternal mice. No enhanced effect was observed when HA was combined with As, compared with the As alone treatment. With regard to the associated offspring, elevated levels of 8-oxodGuo and total arsenic were observed in offspring only when mother mice were treated with As and its combination with HA, but not for the HA-treated alone. It was worthy to note that the offspring from maternal combined treatment with HA and As had a significantly lower 8-oxodGuo than those of maternal treatment with As alone. This could be explained by that part of As formed complexes with HA and these macromolecules of HA-As complexes may not readily cross the placenta to the fetus, as evidenced by the lower accumulated total As observed in the offspring livers. Overall, it seems that HA may be detrimental to the maternal mice, but in the meantime it can be beneficial to the offspring by reducing free As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Coskuner O, Allison TC. Dynamic and Structural Properties of Aqueous Arsenic Solutions. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:1187-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lorenc-Grabowska E, Gryglewicz G. Adsorption of lignite-derived humic acids on coal-based mesoporous activated carbons. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 284:416-23. [PMID: 15780277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption by a coal-based mesoporous activated carbon of humic acids (HAs) isolated from two Polish lignites was studied. For comparison, a commercial Aldrich humic acid was also included into this study. The differences in chemical structure and functional groups of HAs were determined by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy DRIFT. Two activated carbons used differed in terms of mesopore volume, mesopore size distribution, and chemical properties of the surface. The kinetics of adsorption of HAs have been discussed using three kinetic models, i.e., the first-order Lagergren model, the pseudo-second-order model, and the intraparticle diffusion model. It was found that the adsorption of HAs from alkaline solution on mesoporous activated carbon proceeds according to the pseudo-second-order model. The correlation coefficients were close to 1. The intraparticle diffusion of HA molecules within the carbon particle was identified to be the rate-limiting step. Comparing the two activated carbons, the carbon with a higher volume of pores with widths of 10-50 nm showed a greater removal efficiency of HA. An increase in the Freundlich adsorption capacity with decreasing carbon content of HA was observed. Among the HAs studied, S-HA shows characteristics indicating the highest contribution of small-size fraction. The S-HA was removed by both activated carbons to the highest extent. The effect of pH solution on the adsorption of HA was examined over the range pH 5.4-12.2. It was found that the extent of adsorption decreased with decreasing pH of the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Lorenc-Grabowska
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum and Coal, Wrocław University of Technology, ul. Gdańska 7/9, 50-344 Wrocław, Poland
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