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Lu Y, Yi L, Fu Z, Xie J, Cheng Q, Fu Z, Zou Z. Nonclassical crystallization of goethite nanorods in limpet teeth by self-assembly of silica-rich nanoparticles reveals structure-mechanical property relations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 669:64-74. [PMID: 38705113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The intricate organization of goethite nanorods within a silica-rich matrix makes limpet teeth the strongest known natural material. However, the mineralization pathway of goethite in organisms under ambient conditions remains elusive. Here, by investigating the multi-level structure of limpet teeth at different growth stages, it is revealed that the growth of goethite crystals proceeds by the attachment of amorphous nanoparticles, a nonclassical crystallization pathway widely observed during the formation of calcium-based biominerals. Importantly, these nanoparticles contain a high amount of silica, which is gradually expelled during the growth of goethite. Moreover, in mature teeth of limpet, the content of silica correlates with the size of goethite crystals, where smaller goethite crystals are densely packed in the leading part with higher content of silica. Correspondingly, the leading part exhibits higher hardness and elastic modulus. Thus, this study not only reveals the nonclassical crystallization pathway of goethite nanorods in limpet teeth, but also highlights the critical roles of silica in controlling the hierarchical structure and the mechanical properties of limpet teeth, thus providing inspirations for fabricating biomimetic materials with excellent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology Xiangyang Demonstration Zone, Xiangyang 441000, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Luyao Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zeyao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qunfeng Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology Xiangyang Demonstration Zone, Xiangyang 441000, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zou
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Wuhan University of Technology Xiangyang Demonstration Zone, Xiangyang 441000, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Krings W, Faust T, Kovalev A, Neiber MT, Glaubrecht M, Gorb S. In slow motion: radula motion pattern and forces exerted to the substrate in the land snail Cornu aspersum (Mollusca, Gastropoda) during feeding. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190222. [PMID: 31417728 PMCID: PMC6689628 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The radula is the anatomical structure used for feeding in most species of Mollusca. Previous studies have revealed that radulae can be adapted to the food or the substrate the food lies on, but the real, in vivo forces exerted by this organ on substrates and the stresses that are transmitted by the teeth are unknown. Here, we relate physical properties of the radular teeth of Cornu aspersum (Müller. 1774 Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. Volumen alterum. Heineck & Faber, Havniæ & Lipsiæ.), a large land snail, with experiments revealing their radula scratching force. The radula motion was recorded with high-speed video, and the contact area between tooth cusps and the substrate was calculated. Forces were measured in all directions; highest forces (106.91 mN) were exerted while scratching, second highest forces while pulling the radula upwards and pressing the food against its counter bearing, the jaw, because the main ingesta disaggregation takes place during those two processes. Nanoindentation revealed that the tooth hardness and elasticity in this species are comparable to wood. The teeth are softer than some of their ingesta, but since the small contact area of the tooth cusps (227 µm2) transmits high local pressure (4698.7 bar) on the ingesta surface, harder material can still be cut or pierced with abrasion. This method measuring the forces produced by the radula during feeding could be used in further experiments on gastropods for better understanding functions and adaptations of radulae to ingesta or substrate, and hence, gastropods speciation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencke Krings
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Taissa Faust
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kovalev
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marco Thomas Neiber
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Glaubrecht
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Wang Y, Liu C, Du J, Huang J, Zhang S, Zhang R. The Microstructure, Proteomics and Crystallization of the Limpet Teeth. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1800194. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Department of Biomaterials; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Potsdam 14476 Germany
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University; Jiaxing Zhejiang Province 314006 China
| | - Jinzhe Du
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jingliang Huang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Shuce Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G2G2 Canada
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University; Jiaxing Zhejiang Province 314006 China
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González PM, Puntarulo S. Fe, oxidative and nitrosative metabolism in the Antarctic limpet Nacella concinna. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 200:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Faivre D, Godec TU. From bacteria to mollusks: the principles underlying the biomineralization of iron oxide materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 54:4728-47. [PMID: 25851816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Various organisms possess a genetic program that enables the controlled formation of a mineral, a process termed biomineralization. The variety of biological material architectures is mind-boggling and arises from the ability of organisms to exert control over crystal nucleation and growth. The structure and composition of biominerals equip biomineralizing organisms with properties and functionalities that abiotically formed materials, made of the same mineral, usually lack. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms underlying biomineralization and morphogenesis is of interdisciplinary interest to extract design principles that will enable the biomimetic formation of functional materials with similar capabilities. Herein, we summarize what is known about iron oxides formed by bacteria and mollusks for their magnetic and mechanical properties. We describe the chemical and biological machineries that are involved in controlling mineral precipitation and organization and show how these organisms are able to form highly complex structures under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Faivre
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14424 Potsdam (Germany) http://www.mpikg.mpg.de/135282/MBMB.
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Faivre D, Godec TU. Bakterien und Weichtiere: Prinzipien der Biomineralisation von Eisenoxid-Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Xiong X, Feng Q, Chen L, Xie L, Zhang R. Cloning and characterization of an IKK homologue from pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:15-25. [PMID: 17568671 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
IkappaB kinase (IKK) play central roles in cell signaling by regulating nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, which is involved in inflammatory response, proliferation, development and bone homeostasis. We report here for the first time that an IKK homologue was cloned and functionally characterized in pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. The full-length cDNA consists of 2546bp with an ORF encoding a 737 amino acids protein. The putative pearl oyster IKK protein (Pf-IKK) possesses the characteristic organization of the mammalian IKK proteins, namely an amino-terminal kinase domain followed by a leucine zipper region and a carboxylterminal helix-loop-helix motif. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis indicated that Pf-IKK was ubiquitously expressed in pearl oyster. We also found that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) transiently stimulates IkappaBalpha degradation, but not expression levels of Pf-IKK. When transfected into NIH3T3 cells, Pf-IKK activated the expression of NF-kappaB-controlled reporter gene and induced NF-kappaB translocation, whereas the activation was greatly deduced by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). We also found that overexpression of Pf-IKK increased the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity significantly. Based on the results and the homology to the vertebrate NF-kappaB cascade, these studies help to highlight a potentially important regulatory pathway to the study of the related functions in mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunhao Xiong
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Sone ED, Weiner S, Addadi L. Biomineralization of limpet teeth: A cryo-TEM study of the organic matrix and the onset of mineral deposition. J Struct Biol 2007; 158:428-44. [PMID: 17306563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The continuously growing limpet radula contains teeth at various stages of maturity and thus provides an excellent opportunity for studying the processes and mechanisms of their mineralization. We report here on our structural investigations of the pre-formed chitin matrix and the initial deposition and growth of goethite (alpha-FeOOH) crystals within the matrix. By using cryo-techniques, in which unstained sections of the teeth are examined in a frozen-hydrated state in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), we were able to characterize the process without introducing artifacts normally associated with the staining, dehydration, and embedding required for conventional TEM. The unmineralized matrix consists of relatively well ordered, densely packed arrays of chitin fibers, with only a few nanometers between adjacent fibers. There are clearly no pre-formed compartments that control goethite crystal size and shape; rather, crystals must push aside or engulf the fibers as they grow. By examining teeth nearly row-by-row around the onset of mineralization, we were able to image the first-formed mineral within the chitin matrix. These linear deposits of goethite appear to nucleate on the chitin fibers, which thus control the orientation of the crystals. Crystal growth, on the other hand, is apparently not influenced by the matrix, in contrast to many other biomineralization systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli D Sone
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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