1
|
Helena GA, Watanabe T, Kato Y, Shiraki N, Kume S. Activation of cAMP (EPAC2) signaling pathway promotes hepatocyte attachment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12352. [PMID: 37524826 PMCID: PMC10390557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Human Hepatocyte (PHH) remains undefeated as the gold standard in hepatic studies. Despite its valuable properties, partial attachment loss due to the extraction process and cryopreservation remained the main hurdle in its application. We hypothesized that we could overcome the loss of PHH cell attachment through thawing protocol adjustment and medium composition. We reported a novel use of a medium designed for iPSC-derived hepatocytes, increasing PHH attachment on the collagen matrix. Delving further into the medium composition, we discovered that removing BSA and exposure to cAMP activators such as IBMX and Forskolin benefit PHH attachment. We found that activating EPAC2, the cAMP downstream effector, by S-220 significantly increased PHH attachment. We also found that EPAC2 activation induced bile canaliculi formation in iPS-derived hepatocytes. Combining these factors in studies involving PHH or iPS-hepatocyte culture provides promising means to improve cell attachment and maintenance of hepatic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Aprilia Helena
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Watanabe
- Life Science Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 21 Suzukawa, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1146, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shiraki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Shoen Kume
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
García IC, Villalba JS, Iovino D, Franchi C, Iori V, Pettinato G, Inversini D, Amico F, Ietto G. Liver Trauma: Until When We Have to Delay Surgery? A Review. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050694. [PMID: 35629360 PMCID: PMC9143295 DOI: 10.3390/life12050694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver involvement after abdominal blunt trauma must be expected, and in up to 30% of cases, spleen, kidney, and pancreas injuries may coexist. Whenever hemodynamics conditions do not contraindicate the overcoming of the ancient dogma according to which exploratory laparotomy should be performed after every major abdominal trauma, a CT scan has to clarify the liver lesions so as to determine the optimal management strategy. Except for complete vascular avulsion, no liver trauma grade precludes nonoperative management. Every attempt to treat the injured liver by avoiding a strong surgical approach may be considered. Each time, a nonoperative management (NOM) consisting of a basic “wait and see” attitude combined with systemic support and blood replacement are inadequate. Embolization should be considered to stop the bleeding. Percutaneous drainage of collections, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with papilla sphincterotomy or stent placement and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) may avoid, or at least delay, surgical reconstruction or resection until systemic and hepatic inflammatory remodeling are resolved. The pathophysiological principle sustaining these leanings is based on the opportunity to limit the further release of cell debris fragments acting as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and the following stress response associated with the consequent immune suppression after trauma. The main goal will be a faster recovery combined with limited cell death of the liver through the ischemic events that may directly follow the trauma, exacerbated by hemostatic procedures and surgery, in order to reduce the gross distortion of a regenerated liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Cañas García
- General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio of Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain;
| | - Julio Santoyo Villalba
- General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Virgen de Las Nieves of Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain;
| | - Domenico Iovino
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Settelaghi and University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.I.); (C.F.); (V.I.); (D.I.)
| | - Caterina Franchi
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Settelaghi and University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.I.); (C.F.); (V.I.); (D.I.)
| | - Valentina Iori
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Settelaghi and University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.I.); (C.F.); (V.I.); (D.I.)
| | - Giuseppe Pettinato
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Davide Inversini
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Settelaghi and University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.I.); (C.F.); (V.I.); (D.I.)
| | - Francesco Amico
- Trauma Service, Department of Surgery, University of Newcastle, Newcastle 2308, Australia;
| | - Giuseppe Ietto
- General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery Department, ASST-Settelaghi and University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (D.I.); (C.F.); (V.I.); (D.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-339-8758024
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jang M, Kleber A, Ruckelshausen T, Betzholz R, Manz A. Differentiation of the human liver progenitor cell line (HepaRG) on a microfluidic-based biochip. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:482-494. [PMID: 30746894 DOI: 10.1002/term.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HepaRG is a bipotent stem cell line that can be differentiated towards hepatocyte-like and biliary-like cells. The entire cultivation process requires 1 month and relies on the addition of 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the culture. Our motivation in this research is to differentiate HepaRG cells (progenitor cells and undifferentiated cells) towards hepatocyte-like cells by minimizing the cultivation time and without using DMSO treatment by instead using a microfluidic device combined with the following strategies: (a) comparison of extracellular matrices (matrigel and collagen I), (b) types of flow (one or both sides), and (c) effects of DMSO. Our results demonstrate that matrigel promotes the differentiation of progenitor cells towards hepatocytes and biliary-like cells. Moreover, the frequent formation of HepaRG cell clusters was observed by a supply of both sides of flow, and the cell viability and liver specific functions were influenced by DMSO. Finally, differentiated HepaRG progenitor cells cultured in a microfluidic device for 14 days without DMSO treatment yielded 70% of hepatocyte-like cells with a highly polarized organization that reacted to stimulation with IL-6 to produce C-reactive protein (CRP). This culture model has high potential for investigating cell differentiation and liver pathophysiology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jang
- Department of system engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Microfluidics group, KIST Europe, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Astrid Kleber
- Rhineland Palantinate Centre of Excellence for climate Change Impacts, Trippstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruckelshausen
- Dynamic Biomaterial group, INM - Leibniz-Institut für Neue Materialien GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Service and Support group, PicoQuant, Rudower Chaussee 29, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Betzholz
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Andreas Manz
- Department of system engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Microfluidics group, KIST Europe, Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mehta A, Comunale MA, Rawat S, Casciano JC, Lamontagne J, Herrera H, Ramanathan A, Betesh L, Wang M, Norton P, Steel LF, Bouchard MJ. Intrinsic hepatocyte dedifferentiation is accompanied by upregulation of mesenchymal markers, protein sialylation and core alpha 1,6 linked fucosylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27965. [PMID: 27328854 PMCID: PMC4916422 DOI: 10.1038/srep27965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in N-linked glycosylation have long been associated with cancer but for the most part, the reasons why have remained poorly understood. Here we show that increased core fucosylation is associated with de-differentiation of primary hepatocytes and with the appearance of markers indicative of a transition of cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal state. This increase in core fucosylation was associated with increased levels of two enzymes involved in α-1,6 linked fucosylation, GDP-mannose 4, 6-dehydratase (Gmds) and to a lesser extent fucosyltransferase 8 (Fut8). In addition, the activation of cancer-associated cellular signaling pathways in primary rat hepatocytes can increase core fucosylation and induce additional glycoform alterations on hepatocyte proteins. Specifically, we show that increased levels of protein sialylation and α-1,6-linked core fucosylation are observed following activation of the β-catenin pathway. Activation of the Akt signaling pathway or induction of hypoxia also results in increased levels of fucosylation and sialylation. We believe that this knowledge will help in the better understanding of the genetic factors associated with altered glycosylation and may allow for the development of more clinically relevant biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Mehta
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Mary Ann Comunale
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Siddhartha Rawat
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jessica C Casciano
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jason Lamontagne
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Harmin Herrera
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Aarti Ramanathan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Lucy Betesh
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Pamela Norton
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Laura F Steel
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Michael J Bouchard
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jellali R, Duval JL, Leclerc E. Analysis of the biocompatibility of perfluoropolyether dimethacrylate network using an organotypic method. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 65:295-302. [PMID: 27157755 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have investigated the potential of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) polymers for use in biomaterial applications, especially in cell culture and tissue engineering. PFPE substrates were synthesized by the photocuring of liquid PFPE urethane dimethacrylate. These surfaces were then modified by ECM protein coatings and microstructuration, to promote cell adhesion and migration. The surface properties of PFPE and PDMS (used as a reference) samples were studied by static contact angle measurements and AFM imaging. Both polymer surfaces were hydrophobic, having sessile air-water contact angles superior to 100°. Collagen and fibronectin coatings were found to change the wettability of PFPE and PDMS samples. The biological testing of substrates was done using a liver organotypic culture to evaluate the migration and density of liver cells. The results over seven days of culture demonstrated that the migration and density of cells cultured under untreated PFPE were higher than the migration and density of cells cultured under PDMS. ECM protein coatings enhanced cell migration from liver explants cultured on PFPE or PDMS. Furthermore, these coatings were more efficient in the case of a PFPE sample. From a second series of tests, in which the PFPE was microstructured, it was found that microstructures promoted the formation of a 3D cell layer. These results indicate that PFPE polymers have a potential for use in the development of biomaterials for tissue engineering and cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Jellali
- CNRS UMR 7338, Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France.
| | - Jean-Luc Duval
- CNRS UMR 7338, Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France
| | - Eric Leclerc
- CNRS UMR 7338, Laboratoire de Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France; CNRS UMI 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic System, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro ku, Tokyo 153 8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Liver regeneration is perhaps the most studied example of compensatory growth aimed to replace loss of tissue in an organ. Hepatocytes, the main functional cells of the liver, manage to proliferate to restore mass and to simultaneously deliver all functions hepatic functions necessary to maintain body homeostasis. They are the first cells to respond to regenerative stimuli triggered by mitogenic growth factor receptors MET (the hepatocyte growth factor receptor] and epidermal growth factor receptor and complemented by auxiliary mitogenic signals induced by other cytokines. Termination of liver regeneration is a complex process affected by integrin mediated signaling and it restores the organ to its original mass as determined by the needs of the body (hepatostat function). When hepatocytes cannot proliferate, progenitor cells derived from the biliary epithelium transdifferentiate to restore the hepatocyte compartment. In a reverse situation, hepatocytes can also transdifferentiate to restore the biliary compartment. Several hormones and xenobiotics alter the hepatostat directly and induce an increase in liver to body weight ratio (augmentative hepatomegaly). The complex challenges of the liver toward body homeostasis are thus always preserved by complex but unfailing responses involving orchestrated signaling and affecting growth and differentiation of all hepatic cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George K Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wittkop L, Schwarz A, Cassany A, Grün-Bernhard S, Delaleau M, Rabe B, Cazenave C, Gerlich W, Glebe D, Kann M. Inhibition of protein kinase C phosphorylation of hepatitis B virus capsids inhibits virion formation and causes intracellular capsid accumulation. Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:962-75. [PMID: 20109160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Capsids of hepatitis B virus and other hepadnaviruses contain a cellular protein kinase, which phosphorylates the capsid protein. Some phosphorylation sites are shown to be essential for distinct steps of viral replication as pregenome packaging or plus strand DNA synthesis. Although different protein kinases have been reported to phosphorylate the capsid protein, varying experimental approaches do not allow direct comparison. Furthermore, the activity of a specific protein kinase has not yet been correlated to steps in the hepadnaviral life cycle. In this study we show that capsids from various sources encapsidate active protein kinase Calpha, irrespective of hepatitis B virus genotype and host cell. Treatment of a virion expressing cell line with a pseudosubstrate inhibitor showed that inhibition of protein kinase C phosphorylation did not affect genome maturation but resulted in capsid accumulation and inhibited virion release to the medium. Our results imply that different protein kinases have distinct functions within the hepadnaviral life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wittkop
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Frankfurter Strasse 107, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leclerc E, Duval JL, Pezron I, Nadaud F. Behaviors of liver and kidney explants from chicken embryos inside plasma treated PDMS microchannels. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
9
|
Gkretsi V, Apte U, Mars WM, Bowen WC, Luo JH, Yang Y, Yu YP, Orr A, St.-Arnaud R, Dedhar S, Kaestner KH, Wu C, Michalopoulos GK. Liver-specific ablation of integrin-linked kinase in mice results in abnormal histology, enhanced cell proliferation, and hepatomegaly. Hepatology 2008; 48:1932-41. [PMID: 18846549 PMCID: PMC2597430 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocyte differentiation and proliferation are greatly affected by extracellular matrix (ECM). Primary hepatocytes cultured without matrix dedifferentiate over time, but matrix overlay quickly restores differentiation. ECM also is critical in liver regeneration where ECM degradation and reconstitution are steps in the regenerative process. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a cell-ECM-adhesion component implicated in cell-ECM signaling by means of integrins. We investigated the role of ILK in whole liver by using the LoxP/Cre model system. ILK was eliminated from the liver by mating homozygous ILK-floxed animals with mice expressing Cre-recombinase under control of the alpha fetoprotein enhancer and albumin promoter. After ablation of ILK, animals are born normal. Soon after birth, however, they develop histologic abnormalities characterized by disorderly hepatic plates, increased proliferation of hepatocytes and biliary cells, and increased deposition of extracellular matrix. Cell proliferation is accompanied by increased cytoplasmic and nuclear stabilization of beta-catenin. After this transient proliferation of all epithelial components, proliferation subsides and final liver to body weight ratio in livers with ILK deficient hepatocytes is two times that of wild type. Microarray analysis of gene expression during the stage of cell proliferation shows up-regulation of integrin and matrix-related genes and a concurrent down-regulation of differentiation-related genes. After the proliferative stage, however, the previous trends are reversed resulting in a super-differentiated phenotype in the ILK-deficient livers. CONCLUSION Our results show for the first time in vivo the significance of ILK and hepatic ECM-signaling for regulation of hepatocyte proliferation and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Gkretsi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Udayan Apte
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Wendy M. Mars
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - William C. Bowen
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jian-Hua Luo
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yu Yang
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yan P. Yu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ann Orr
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - René St.-Arnaud
- Shriners Hospital and McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Shoukat Dedhar
- British Columbia Cancer Agency and Vancouver Hospital, Jack Bell Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Klaus H. Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chuanyue Wu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - George K. Michalopoulos
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ito A, Kiyohara T, Kawabe Y, Ijima H, Kamihira M. Enhancement of cell function through heterotypic cell–cell interactions using E-cadherin-expressing NIH3T3 cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 105:679-82. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.105.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
11
|
Gkretsi V, Mars WM, Bowen WC, Barua L, Yang Y, Guo L, St-Arnaud R, Dedhar S, Wu C, Michalopoulos GK. Loss of integrin linked kinase from mouse hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo results in apoptosis and hepatitis. Hepatology 2007; 45:1025-34. [PMID: 17385211 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Extracellular matrix (ECM) is fundamental for the survival of cells within a tissue. Loss of contact with the surrounding ECM often causes altered cell differentiation or cell death. Hepatocytes cultured without matrix lose patterns of hepatocyte-specific gene expression and characteristic cellular micro-architecture. However, differentiation is restored after the addition of hydrated matrix preparations to dedifferentiated hepatocytes. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is an important component of cell-ECM adhesions transmitting integrin signaling to the interior of the cell. ILK has been implicated in many fundamental cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and survival. In this study, we investigated the role of ILK in mouse hepatocytes in vitro as well as in vivo. Depletion of ILK from primary mouse hepatocytes resulted in enhanced apoptosis. This was accompanied by increased caspase 3 activity and a significant decrease in expression of PINCH and alpha-parvin, which, along with ILK, form a stable well-characterized ternary complex at cell-ECM adhesions. The induction of apoptosis caused by ILK depletion could be substantially reversed by simultaneous overexpression of ILK, indicating that apoptosis is indeed a consequence of ILK removal. These results were further corroborated via in vivo data showing that adenoviral delivery of Cre-recombinase in ILK-floxed animals by tail vein injection resulted in acute hepatitis, with a variety of pathological findings including inflammation, fatty change, and apoptosis, abnormal mitoses, hydropic degeneration, and necrosis. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the importance of ILK and integrin signaling for the survival of hepatocytes and the maintenance of normal liver function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Gkretsi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gkretsi V, Bowen WC, Yang Y, Wu C, Michalopoulos GK. Integrin-linked kinase is involved in matrix-induced hepatocyte differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 353:638-43. [PMID: 17194454 PMCID: PMC1769419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes have restricted proliferative capacity in culture and when cultured without matrix, lose the hepatocyte-specific gene expression and characteristic cellular micro-architecture. Overlay of matrix-preparations on de-differentiated hepatocytes restores differentiation. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a cell-matrix-adhesion protein crucial in fundamental processes such as differentiation and survival. In this study, we investigated the role of ILK, and its binding partners PINCH, alpha-parvin, and Mig-2 in matrix-induced hepatocyte differentiation. We report here that ILK is present in the liver and localizes at cell-matrix adhesions of cultured hepatocytes. We also show that ILK, PINCH, alpha-parvin, and Mig-2 expression level is dramatically reduced in the re-differentiated hepatocytes. Interestingly, hepatocytes lacking ILK undergo matrix-induced differentiation but their differentiation is incomplete, as judged by monitoring cell morphology and production of albumin. Our results show that ILK and cell-matrix adhesion proteins play an important role in the process of matrix-induced hepatocyte differentiation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Vinken M, Papeleu P, Snykers S, De Rop E, Henkens T, Chipman JK, Rogiers V, Vanhaecke T. Involvement of cell junctions in hepatocyte culture functionality. Crit Rev Toxicol 2006; 36:299-318. [PMID: 16809101 DOI: 10.1080/10408440600599273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In liver, like in other multicellular systems, the establishment of cellular contacts is a prerequisite for normal functioning. In particular, well-defined cell junctions between hepatocytes, including adherens junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions, are known to play key roles in the performance of liver-specific functionality. In a first part of this review article, we summarize the current knowledge concerning cell junctions and their roles in hepatic (patho)physiology. In a second part, we discuss their relevance in liver-based in vitro modeling, thereby highlighting the use of primary hepatocyte cultures as suitable in vitro models for preclinical pharmaco-toxicological testing. We further describe the actual strategies to regain and maintain cell junctions in these in vitro systems over the long-term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schaffert CS, Todero SL, Casey CA, Thiele GM, Sorrell MF, Tuma DJ. Chronic ethanol treatment impairs Rac and Cdc42 activation in rat hepatocytes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:1208-13. [PMID: 16792569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of chronic ethanol feeding on rat hepatocytes have been shown to include impaired cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion events, such as decreased attachment and spreading as well as increased integrin-actin cytoskeleton association. These results, observed previously by this laboratory, are highly suggestive of impaired actin cytoskeleton reorganization, an event mediated by differential activation of the Rho family GTPases Rac, Cdc42, and RhoA. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of chronic ethanol administration on these GTPases. METHODS Male Wistar rats were pair-fed 4 to 5 weeks with a liquid diet containing either ethanol (as 36% of total calories) or isocaloric carbohydrate. Hepatocytes were isolated and plated on collagen IV up to 24 hours. At specific times, the hepatocytes were lysed and these lysates were analyzed for RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac activation. RESULTS In freshly isolated hepatocytes from ethanol-fed rats, the GTP-bound (active) forms of Rac and Cdc42 were significantly decreased compared with pair-fed control rats, while the GTP-bound form of RhoA was not significantly altered. These ethanol-induced impairments in Rac and Cdc42 activation persisted even after plating the hepatocytes on collagen IV. Additionally, chronic ethanol treatment did not directly affect GTP binding of Cdc42 and Rac, as incorporation of GTPgammaS was not affected. CONCLUSIONS Chronic ethanol administration selectively impairs Rac and Cdc42 activation in rat hepatocytes. As activation of these 2 GTPases is crucial for efficient cell attachment and spreading on ECM substrates, the results from this study suggest that the ethanol-induced impairments in Rac and Cdc42 activation are responsible for the impaired hepatocyte-ECM adhesion events observed previously by our laboratory. Furthermore, these results raise the intriguing possibility that these GTPases are involved in other ethanol-induced functional impairments, such as protein trafficking and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Semler EJ, Dasgupta A, Moghe PV. Cytomimetic engineering of hepatocyte morphogenesis and function by substrate-based presentation of acellular E-cadherin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 11:734-50. [PMID: 15998215 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2005.11.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although cadherin-mediated intercellular contacts can be integral to the maintenance of functionally competent hepatocytes in vitro, the ability to engineer hepatocellular differentiated function via acellular E-cadherin has yet to be thoroughly explored. To investigate the potential of substrate-presented, acellular E-cadherin to modulate hepatocellular self-assembly and functional fate, rat hepatocytes were cultured at sparse densities on surfaces designed to display recombinant E-cadherin/Fc chimeras. On these substrates, hepatocytes were observed to recognize microdisplayed E-cadherin/Fc and responded by modulating the spatial distribution of the intracellular cadherin-complexing protein beta-catenin. Substrate-presented E-cadherin/Fc was also found to markedly alter patterns of hepatocyte morphogenesis, as cellular spreading and two-dimensional reorganization were significantly inhibited under these conditions, leading to multicellular aggregates that were considerably more three-dimensional in nature. Increasing cadherin exposure was also associated with elevated levels of albumin and urea secretion, two markers of hepatocyte differentiation, over control cultures. This suggested that cell-substrate cadherin engagement established more functionally competent hepatocellular phenotypes, coinciding with the notion that E-cadherin is a differentiation-inducing ligand for these cells. The morphogenetic and function-promoting effects of substrate-bound E-cadherin/Fc were further enhanced under conditions in which protein A was utilized as an anchoring molecule to present cadherin molecules, suggesting that ligand mobility may play an important role in the effective establishment of cell-to-substrate cadherin interactions. Interestingly, the percent increase in function detected for conditions of high cadherin exposure versus control cultures was found to be substantially higher at extremely low cell densities. This observation indicated that hepatocytes respond to substrate-presented E-cadherin even in the absence of native intercellular interactions and associated juxtacrine signaling. The incorporation of acellular E-cadherin on biomaterial substrates may thus potentially present a means to prevent hepatocellular dedifferentiation by maintaining liver-specific function in otherwise severely functionally repressive culture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Semler
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Monga SPS, Micsenyi A, Germinaro M, Apte U, Bell A. beta-Catenin regulation during matrigel-induced rat hepatocyte differentiation. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 323:71-9. [PMID: 16160859 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes in primary cultures de-differentiate and re-differentiate following addition of Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma (matrigel) to the cultures. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway has been shown to be important in liver growth and development. Here, we investigate changes in beta-catenin and its mechanism, during matrigel-induced hepatocyte differentiation. Primary rat hepatocytes were cultured for 8 days, and matrigel was added to half of the cultures. Total and nuclear protein and total RNA were extracted at different days of culture and examined for beta-catenin and other Wnt pathway components. A significant increase in total beta-catenin protein was observed upon matrigel addition, during hepatocyte differentiation, despite a decrease in beta-catenin and frizzled-1 (Wnt receptor) expression. A concurrent decrease in the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta), axin, and ser45/thr41-phosphorylated beta-catenin proteins was observed in matrigel-treated cultures, implying decreased degradation of beta-catenin. Interestingly, a decrease in nuclear beta-catenin and total active beta-catenin was observed in the presence of matrigel. Matrigel also induced an increased association of beta-catenin with Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor), whereas association with E-cadherin remained unchanged. This coexisted with decreased beta-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation. Thus, beta-catenin undergoes multifactorial regulation during matrigel-induced hepatocyte differentiation and maturation; this induces its stabilization and membrane translocation, possibly contributing to hepatocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satdarshan P S Monga
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Okumoto K, Saito T, Hattori E, Ito JI, Suzuki A, Misawa K, Ishii R, Karasawa T, Haga H, Sanjo M, Takeda T, Sugahara K, Saito K, Togashi H, Kawata S. Differentiation of rat bone marrow cells cultured on artificial basement membrane containing extracellular matrix into a liver cell lineage. J Hepatol 2005; 43:110-6. [PMID: 15893847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Bone marrow (BM) cells have been shown to be capable of differentiating into a liver cell lineage in vitro. However, their differentiation and proliferation is poor, and the cell characteristics are poorly understood. METHODS We cultured rat BM cells on an artificial basement membrane containing extracellular matrix (ECM) with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The expression of mRNA for liver-specific genes was analyzed by reverse transcription PCR. The expression of albumin and Musashi-1 by cultured cells was analyzed using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). The proportions of albumin-positive cells when culture was performed with different concentrations of HGF were analyzed by FACS. RESULTS On culture day 21, polygonal cells proliferated and formed cell colonies. These cells expressed mRNA for all the liver-specific genes analyzed, and showed heterogeneous differentiation, some cells expressing albumin, others expressing Musashi-1. Albumin-positive differentiated cells were large and rich in intracellular structures, while Musashi-1-positive undifferentiated cells had the opposite characteristics. Culturing cells with higher concentrations of HGF induced an increased proportion of albumin-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that cell culture on an ECM with a high concentration of HGF increases the extent to which BM cells differentiate into a liver cell lineage and proliferate in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Okumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Heng BC, Yu H, Yin Y, Lim SG, Cao T. Factors influencing stem cell differentiation into the hepatic lineage in vitro. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:975-87. [PMID: 15955203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A major area of research in transplantation medicine is the potential application of stem cells in liver regeneration. This would require well-defined and efficient protocols for directing the differentiation of stem cells into the hepatic lineage, followed by their selective purification and proliferation in vitro. The development of such protocols would reduce the likelihood of spontaneous differentiation of stem cells into divergent lineages upon transplantation, as well as reduce the risk of teratoma formation in the case of embryonic stem cells. Additionally, such protocols could provide useful in vitro models for studying hepatogenesis and liver metabolism. The development of pharmokinetic and cytotoxicity/genotoxicity screening tests for newly developed biomaterials and drugs, could also utilize protocols developed for the hepatic differentiation of stem cells. Hence, this review critically examines the various strategies that could be employed to direct the differentiation of stem cells into the hepatic lineage in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Roong Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kuz'minykh EV, Petrov YP. A simple model for the study of effects of the extracellular matrix on the cell morphology in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1671:18-25. [PMID: 15026141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Revised: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a simple technique is proposed to study the effects of native extracellular matrix (ECM) of one cell type on the properties of other cell types. It is based on a procedure in which, after cells of one type are removed from the substrate, cells of another type are seeded on the same substrate. To obtain preparations of native ECM, cells were removed from the substrate by 0.02% EDTA only, without any proteolytic enzymes. Cells were placed on coverslips in standard Petri dishes and incubated in a culture medium for a time sufficient for adhesion and spreading, but not long enough to undergo mitosis. Up to four coverslips per Petri dish can be incubated, and various combinations of ECM and cell types can be used in one dish. It is important, therefore, that the different "ECM-cell" combinations are present in the same culture medium. For evaluation of ECM effects, the area occupied by the cell on a substrate and the perimeter of the cell were measured, and frequencies of cell distribution were calculated according to these parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E V Kuz'minykh
- Department of Cell Cultures, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky av. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen H, Lo SH. Regulation of tensin-promoted cell migration by its focal adhesion binding and Src homology domain 2. Biochem J 2003; 370:1039-45. [PMID: 12495434 PMCID: PMC1223245 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2002] [Revised: 11/27/2002] [Accepted: 12/20/2002] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tensin1 is an actin- and phosphotyrosine-binding protein that localizes to focal adhesions. Recently, we have shown that both tensin1 and a new family member, tensin2, promote cell migration [Chen, Duncan, Bozorgchami and Lo (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 733-738]. Since localization of proteins to particular intracellular compartments often regulates their functions, and Src homology domain 2 may mediate signals related to cell migration, we hypothesize that tensin-mediated cell migration is regulated by the focal adhesion localization and the Src homology domain 2 of tensin. To test this hypothesis, we have analysed the effects of a series of tensin1 mutants on cell migration. Our results have shown that (1) tensin1 contains two focal adhesion-binding sites, (2) the wild-type tensin1 significantly promotes cell migration, (3) mutants with one focal adhesion-binding site do not promote cell migration, (4) the non-focal adhesion localized mutant suppresses cell migration and (5) the mutant that is not able to bind to phosphotyrosine-containing proteins has no effect on cell migration. These results have indicated that focal adhesion localization of tensin1 and the phosphotyrosine-binding activity are two critical factors in regulating tensin-mediated cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Over the last decade significant advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control early aspects of mammalian liver development. Studies using tissue explant cultures and molecular biology techniques as well as the analysis of transgenic and knockout mice have identified signaling molecules and transcription factors that are necessary for the onset of hepatogenesis. This review presents an overview of these studies and discusses the role of individual factors during hepatic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Duncan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kobayashi H, Spilde TL, Bhatia AM, Buckingham RB, Hembree MJ, Prasadan K, Preuett BL, Imamura M, Gittes GK. Retinoid signaling controls mouse pancreatic exocrine lineage selection through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:1331-40. [PMID: 12360493 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.35949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The early embryonic pancreas gives rise to exocrine (ducts and acini) and endocrine lineages. Control of exocrine differentiation is poorly understood, but may be a critical avenue through which to manipulate pancreatic ductal carcinoma. Retinoids have been shown to change the character of pancreatic ductal cancer cells to a less malignant phenotype. We have shown that 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) inhibits acinar differentiation in the developing pancreas, in favor of ducts, and we wanted to determine the role of retinoids in duct versus acinar differentiation. METHODS We used multiple culture systems for the 11-day embryonic mouse pancreas. RESULTS Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-selective agonists mimicked the acinar suppressive effect of 9cRA, suggesting that RAR-RXR heterodimers were critical to ductal differentiation. RARalpha was only expressed in mesenchyme, whereas RXRalpha was expressed in epithelium and mesenchyme. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, a critical enzyme in retinoid synthesis, was expressed only in pancreatic epithelium. 9cRA did not induce ductal differentiation in the absence of mesenchyme, implicating a requirement for mesenchyme in 9cRA effects. Mesenchymal laminin is necessary for duct differentiation, and retinoids are known to enhance laminin expression. In 9cRA-treated pancreas, immunohistochemistry for laminin showed a strong band of staining around ducts, and blockage of laminin signaling blocked all 9cRA effects. Western blot and RT-PCR of pancreatic mesenchyme showed laminin-beta1 protein and mRNA induction by 9cRA. CONCLUSIONS Retinoids regulate exocrine lineage selection through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, mediated through up-regulation of mesenchymal laminin-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Surgical Organogenesis, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schaffert CS, Sorrell MF, Tuma DJ. Expression and Cytoskeletal Association of Integrin Subunits Is Selectively Increased in Rat Perivenous Hepatocytes After Chronic Ethanol Administration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Kermorgant S, Dessirier V, Lewin MJ, Lehy T. HGF upregulates and modifies subcellular distribution of proteins in colon cancer cell enterocytic differentiation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G1068-80. [PMID: 11557528 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.4.g1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, c-Met, are involved in cell transformation. To study their role in intestinal cell differentiation, we used Caco-2 colon cancer cells, which differentiate spontaneously into enterocytes during culture. Cells grown continuously in the presence of HGF reached confluence more quickly than control cells. Markers of enterocytic differentiation, such as alkaline phosphatase and sucrase-isomaltase activities, adhesion molecules, and structural proteins such as E-cadherin, villin, and F-actin were upregulated by HGF throughout the 35 days of culture, and actin fibers were reorganized. HGF also stimulated expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Met and Gab-1 as well as protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha expression. PKC-alpha has been shown to be involved in intestinal differentiation. We therefore investigated the possibility that increases in PKC-alpha protein levels were responsible for the HGF-promoted events. We did this by incubating cells with Gö-6976, an inhibitor of PKC-alpha and -beta1, concomitantly with HGF. This inhibitor abolished the HGF-induced increase in villin levels before, but not after, confluence. Thus HGF accelerates Caco-2 cell differentiation and stimulates the metabolic and structural events accompanying this process. These HGF-promoted events may be mediated partly by Gab-1, and the effects of HGF on villin before confluence seem to involve PKC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kermorgant
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité U 410, IFR Cellules Epithéliales, Faculté de Médecine Xavier-Bichat, 75870 Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen J, Clemens DL, Cederbaum AI, Gao B. Ethanol inhibits the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes but not in cultured hepatocytes or HepG2 cells: evidence for a lack of involvement of ethanol metabolism. Clin Biochem 2001; 34:203-9. [PMID: 11408018 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(01)00216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand the molecular mechanism underlying alcoholic liver injury, effects of acute ethanol on the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator transcription factor (JAK-STAT) signaling in hepatic cells were studied. DESIGNS AND METHODS Effects of acute ethanol on the JAK-STAT signaling in freshly isolated, cultured rat hepatocytes, and HepG2 cells were explored. RESULTS Acute ethanol exposure inhibited IL-6- or IFN-activated STAT in freshly isolated hepatocytes but not in cultured hepatocytes, HepG2 cells, or HepG2 cells transfected with alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) or cytochrome P450(2E1). The inhibitory action of ethanol in freshly isolated hepatocytes was not antagonized by the ADH inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP). Acute exposure of hepatocytes to acetaldehyde or hydrogen peroxide did not suppress STAT activation. Further studies indicated that the loss of response to the inhibitory effect of ethanol was not due to hepatocyte proliferation and collagen contact. CONCLUSIONS Freshly isolated hepatocytes are more susceptible to the inhibitory action of ethanol on the JAK-STAT signaling than cultured hepatocytes or HepG2 cells, which may be implicated in pathogenesis and progression of alcoholic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Decaens C, Cassio D. Spatiotemporal expression of catenins, ZO-1, and occludin during early polarization of hepatic WIF-B9 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 280:C527-39. [PMID: 11171572 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.3.c527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
WIF-B9 is a suitable model for in vitro studies of hepatocyte polarity. To better understand polarity establishment, we have localized key proteins of the adhesion system, cytoskeleton, and tight junctions soon after plating, when most cells are isolated or in doublets. In isolated attached cells, only cytoskeletal proteins (tubulin, cytokeratins) displayed a precise localization. As soon as two cells formed a doublet, E-cadherin, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenins, and p120 protein were present at the doublet contiguous membrane. Actin, ezrin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) colocalized at this membrane, but not in all doublets: ezrin was present only at contiguous membrane expressing ZO-1, and ZO-1 was present only at membrane expressing actin. In contrast, occludin was spread throughout the doublet cytoplasm. With time in culture, these proteins localized transiently, as in cells expressing simple epithelial polarity, and finally, as in hepatocytes. We conclude that during WIF-B9 early polarization, key proteins are settled according to a hierarchy, as has been shown for Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Cytoplasmic complexes of E-cadherin-catenin were detected during the whole polarization process; they were more abundant in fully polarized cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Decaens
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U442, Signalisation Cellulaire et Calcium, Université Paris-Sud, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Khalil M, Shariat-Panahi A, Tootle R, Ryder T, McCloskey P, Roberts E, Hodgson H, Selden C. Human hepatocyte cell lines proliferating as cohesive spheroid colonies in alginate markedly upregulate both synthetic and detoxificatory liver function. J Hepatol 2001; 34:68-77. [PMID: 11211910 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)00080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Bio-artificial liver support systems for treatment of hepatic failure require maintained expression of hepatocyte function in vitro. We studied cultures of human hepatocyte cell-lines proliferating within alginate beads, investigating the hypothesis that 3-dimensional cohesive colonies of hepatocyte cell-lines would achieve polarity and cell-to-cell contact resulting in upregulation of function. METHODS HepG2 and HHY41 human cell lines in alginate beads were cultured for >20 days. RESULTS Proliferation was maintained for 20 days. Production of albumin, prothrombin, fibrinogen, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and alpha-1-antitrypsin was maintained throughout, maximal at days 8-10, when upregulation was 300-1100% compared with monolayer cultures at similar cell number per unit volume. Detoxificatory functions: ethoxyresorufin deethylase activity, androstenedione metabolism, and urea synthesis from arginine was also increased several-fold. Function returned to pre-freezing levels within 18 h of thawing after cryopreservation of cells in alginate. Electron microscopy revealed spherical colonies of cells of cuboidal shape, with cell-to-cell contact via desmosomes and junctional complexes, abundant microvilli, and cytoplasmic appearances suggesting transcriptionally active hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Hepatocyte cell-lines, proliferating in alginate express a range of liver-specific functions at levels approaching those found in vivo, relevant to their use in liver support systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Khalil
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Reindel JF, Walsh KM, Toy KA, Bobrowski WF. Spontaneously occurring hepatocellular neoplasia in adolescent cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Vet Pathol 2000; 37:656-62. [PMID: 11105957 DOI: 10.1354/vp.37-6-656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous hepatic neoplasms were identified in two adolescent (<5 years of age) male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Monkey No. 1 had a solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Monkey No. 2 had multiple discrete tumors consisting of several poorly circumscribed HCCs and a mixed hepatocholangiocellular carcinoma (MHC). Metastases were not evident in either monkey. Histochemical and immunohistochemical stains were used to assess phenotypic alterations in the tumors. Many or most neoplastic hepatocytes (NHs) of both monkeys stained positive for low-molecular-weight cytokeratin (LMWCK), cytokeratin (CK) 8, and CK 18. In monkey No. 1, small aggregates of NHs were positive for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), glutathione S-transferase-pi (GST), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), but NHs were uniformly negative for CK 7. NHs in monkey No. 2 were negative for CEA and AFP but were multifocally positive for GST and CK 7. Broad-spectrum cytokeratin (BSCK), high-molecular-weight cytokeratin (HMWCK), and CK 19 did not react with NHs of either animal. Neoplastic cells forming ductlike structures in the MHC of monkey No. 2 stained with LMWCK, CK 7, CK8, CK 18, BSCK, and GST but not with HMWCK or CK 19. Tumors in both monkeys had enhanced pericellular fibronectin staining. Nonneoplastic parenchyma of both monkeys contained multiple discrete foci of cellular alteration and scattered aggregates of hepatocytes with strong cytoplasmic staining for fibronectin. Staining patterns of these tumors demonstrate immunophenotypic heterogeneity of the neoplastic cells within individual tumors and variability among tumors. This information may serve as a useful reference for others encountering similar lesions in primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Reindel
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bledi Y, Domb AJ, Linial M. Culturing neuronal cells on surfaces coated by a novel polyethyleneimine-based polymer. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH PROTOCOLS 2000; 5:282-9. [PMID: 10906494 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(00)00024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining cells in culture is essential for studying many aspects of cell biology and physiology. Cell culturing is dependent on proper anchorage of cells to the growth surfaces. For most cell lines, and especially for post-mitotic neurons, coated tissue culture plates are prerequisite for seeding. The most commonly used coating reagents are positively charged polymers such as poly-L-lysine or biologically purified adhesive molecules such as collagen. In this report, we present a simple procedure for synthesizing and for coating cell culture surfaces. The reagent is a biologically inert hydrophobized polyethyleneimine (PEI), which provides adequate adhesive properties for cultured cell lines including those of neuronal lineage. The hydrophobized PEI is branched PEI modified by octadecanyl groups bound to 2 mol% of the amino groups of the PEI. Unlike the native PEI that is water soluble, the modified PEI is soluble in ethanol, and thus resistant to solubilization in biological media. The protocol of coating was optimized for tissue culture plates as well as glass surfaces and in many respects this polymer outperformed other routinely used coating reagents. Neuronal cell lines, plated on the polymer-treated surfaces are resistant to manipulations including repeated media changes and extensive washing. The advantage of coating surfaces with the developed PEI-based polymer compared to other commonly used coating reagents is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Bledi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Tuma DJ, Smith TE, Schaffert CS, Kharbanda KK, Sorrell MF. Ethanol Feeding Selectively Impairs the Spreading of Rat Perivenous Hepatocytes on Extracellular Matrix Substrates. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|