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Guo J, Feng S, Yu H, Ou B, Jiang D, Zhuang W, Ding C, Chen X, Zhang M, Ling Y, Zeng Y, Qiu H. Transcriptomic study of gastrointestinal stromal tumors with liver metastasis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1007135. [PMID: 36911388 PMCID: PMC9996342 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1007135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor) is the most prominent mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, and liver is the most common metastasis site for GIST. The molecular mechanism leading to liver metastasis of GIST is currently unclear. Methods: With the goal of revealing the underlying mechanism, we performed whole-genome gene expression profiling on 18 pairs of RNA samples comprised of GIST tissues (with liver metastasis) and corresponding non-tumor tissues. After identifying differentially expressed gene, functional annotation and signal pathway analyses were conducted. GSE13861, datasets that compare GIST (without liver metastasis) with adjacent tissues, served as a comparison. Results: A total of 492 up-regulated genes and 629 down-regulated genes were identified as differentially expressed genes between liver metastasis tissues and non-tumor tissues. We characterized expression patterns of DEGs identified from our cohort and GSE13861 that show signatures of enrichment for functionality. In subsequent gene set enrichment analysis, differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in both datasets. 493 genes were overlapped among our whole-genome gene expression profiling results and GSE13861, consisting 188 up-regulated genes and 305 down-regulated genes. By using CytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape, CDH1, CD34, KIT, PROM1, SOX9, FGF2, CD24, ALDH1A1, JAG1 and NES were identified as top ten hub genes in tumorigenesis and liver metastasis of GIST. higher expression levels of FGF2, JAG1, CD34, ALDH1A1 and the lower expression level of CDH1 were respectively associated with unfavorable overall survival. Meanwhile higher expression levels of CD34, FGF2, KIT, JAG1, ALDH1A were correlated with worse disease-free survival. Discussion: The present study may help to provide candidate pathways and targets for treatment of GIST and prevention methods to liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Guo
- Department of Gastric Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoucheng Feng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biyi Ou
- Department of Gastric Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of Gastric Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojiang Chen
- Department of Gastric Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaoquan Zhang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yudong Ling
- Department of Gastric Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Freeman DW, Rodrigues Sousa E, Karkampouna S, Zoni E, Gray PC, Salomon DS, Kruithof-de Julio M, Spike BT. Whence CRIPTO: The Reemergence of an Oncofetal Factor in 'Wounds' That Fail to Heal. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10164. [PMID: 34576327 PMCID: PMC8472190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There exists a set of factors termed oncofetal proteins that play key roles in ontogeny before they decline or disappear as the organism's tissues achieve homeostasis, only to then re-emerge in cancer. Although the unique therapeutic potential presented by such factors has been recognized for more than a century, their clinical utility has yet to be fully realized1. This review highlights the small signaling protein CRIPTO encoded by the tumor derived growth factor 1 (TDGF1/Tdgf1) gene, an oft cited oncofetal protein whose presence in the cancer literature as a tumor promoter, diagnostic marker and viable therapeutic target continues to grow. We touch lightly on features well established and well-reviewed since its discovery more than 30 years ago, including CRIPTO's early developmental roles and modulation of SMAD2/3 activation by a selected set of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands. We predominantly focus instead on more recent and less well understood additions to the CRIPTO signaling repertoire, on its potential upstream regulators and on new conceptual ground for understanding its mode of action in the multicellular and often stressful contexts of neoplastic transformation and progression. We ask whence it re-emerges in cancer and where it 'hides' between the time of its fetal activity and its oncogenic reemergence. In this regard, we examine CRIPTO's restriction to rare cells in the adult, its potential for paracrine crosstalk, and its emerging role in inflammation and tissue regeneration-roles it may reprise in tumorigenesis, acting on subsets of tumor cells to foster cancer initiation and progression. We also consider critical gaps in knowledge and resources that stand between the recent, exciting momentum in the CRIPTO field and highly actionable CRIPTO manipulation for cancer therapy and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Freeman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA;
| | - Elisa Rodrigues Sousa
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (S.K.); (E.Z.)
| | - Sofia Karkampouna
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (S.K.); (E.Z.)
| | - Eugenio Zoni
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (S.K.); (E.Z.)
| | - Peter C. Gray
- Peptide Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - David S. Salomon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 20893, USA;
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Urology Research Laboratory, Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.R.S.); (S.K.); (E.Z.)
- Translational Organoid Models, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T. Spike
- Department of Oncological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA;
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Transcriptional profiling identifies genes induced by hepatocyte-derived extracellular matrix in metastatic human colorectal cancer cell lines. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 30:189-200. [PMID: 22930170 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The milieu of the liver, and in particular hepatocyte-derived extracellular matrix (hECM), is a critical factor regulating development of liver metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. The present study has investigated genes altered by hECM in CRC cells and particularly by heparan sulfate chains of hepatocyte proteoglycans. Gene profiling analysis shows that after 2 days on hECM, 226 genes are up-regulated more than 2-fold in strongly metastatic SM cells, including genes involved in growth arrest and apoptosis, signal transduction, cell migration, proliferation, communication and angiogenesis, with activation of the erbB signaling network and p53 effectors. Genes down-regulated by hECM include genes involved in lipogenesis and the S phase of the cell cycle. Further studies exploring the kinetics of gene expression after 4 and 7 days culture on hECM show induction of EGF family members and of stem cell markers. In particular, hECM, but not collagen, increases mRNA expression of HB-EGF and colon stem cell marker leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5). Expression of these genes is not induced by hECM depleted of the heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans. Lastly, a specific cell population positive for cancer stem cell (CSC) markers LGR5, epCAM and CD133, but negative for CD44, appears after 7 days culture on hECM, a population which is reduced by 50 % in cells grown on heparan sulfated-depleted hECM. Collectively, the data suggest that hECM induces growth factors and receptors regulating proliferation of metastatic CRC in the liver and offers a growth advantage for specific populations expressing CSC markers.
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Lan SF, Safiejko-Mroczka B, Starly B. Long-term cultivation of HepG2 liver cells encapsulated in alginate hydrogels: A study of cell viability, morphology and drug metabolism. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1314-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chatzinikolaou G, Nikitovic D, Berdiaki A, Zafiropoulos A, Katonis P, Karamanos NK, Tzanakakis GN. Heparin regulates colon cancer cell growth through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling. Cell Prolif 2009; 43:9-18. [PMID: 19845689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Heparin acts as an extracellular stimulus capable of activating major cell signalling pathways. Thus, we examined the putative mechanisms utilized by heparin to stimulate HT29, SW1116 and HCT116 colon cancer cell growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Possible participation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade on heparin-induced HT29, SW1116 and HCT116 colon cancer cell growth was evaluated using specific MAPK cascade inhibitors, Western blot analysis, real-time quantitative PCR and FACS apoptosis analysis. RESULTS Treatment with a highly specific p38 kinase inhibitor, SB203580, significantly (50-70%) inhibited heparin-induced colon cancer cell growth, demonstrating that p38 MAPK signalling is involved in their heparin-induced proliferative response. This was shown to be correlated with increased (up to 3-fold) phosphorylation of 181/182 threonine/tyrosine residues on p38 MAP kinase. Furthermore, heparin inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p53 tumour suppressor gene and protein expression up to 2-fold or 1.8-fold, respectively, and stimulated cyclin D1 expression up to 1.8-fold, in these cell lines through a p38-mediated mechanism. On the other hand, treatment with heparin did not appear to affect HT29, SW1116 and HCT116 cell levels of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that an extracellular glycosaminoglycan, heparin, finely modulates expression of genes crucial to cell cycle regulation through specific activation of p38 MAP kinase to stimulate colon cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Histology, Division of Morphology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute Building 37, Room 1122, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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The multiple interactions between growth factors and microenvironment in vivo. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-0761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Santiago-García J, Kodama T, Pitas RE. The class A scavenger receptor binds to proteoglycans and mediates adhesion of macrophages to the extracellular matrix. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:6942-6. [PMID: 12488451 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208358200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The class A scavenger receptor (SR-A) binds modified lipoproteins and has been implicated in cholesterol ester deposition in macrophages. The SR-A also contributes to cellular adhesion. Using SR-A(+/+) and SR-A(-)/- murine macrophages, we found SR-A expression important for both divalent cation-dependent and -independent adhesion of macrophages to the human smooth muscle cell extracellular matrix. The SR-A mediated 65 and 85% of macrophage adhesion to the extracellular matrix in the presence and absence of serum, respectively. When EDTA was added to chelate divalent cations, the SR-A mediated 90 and 95% of the macrophage adhesion without and with serum, respectively. SR-A-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix was prevented by fucoidin, an SR-A antagonist. Biglycan and decorin, proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix, were identified as SR-A ligands. Compared with control cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the SR-A showed 5- and 6-fold greater cell association (binding and internalization) of (125)I-decorin and -biglycan, respectively. In competition studies, unlabeled proteoglycan or fucoidin competed for binding of (125)I-labeled decorin and -biglycan, and biglycan and decorin competed for the SR-A-mediated cell association and degradation of (125)I-labeled acetylated LDL, a well characterized ligand for the SR-A. These results suggest that the SR-A could contribute to the adhesion of macrophages to the extracellular matrix of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Santiago-García
- Gladstone Institutes of Cardiovascular Disease and Neurological Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Abstract
Tumour metastasis is a significant contributor to death in cancer patients. Eight metastasis-suppressor genes that reduce the metastatic propensity of a cancer cell line in vivo without affecting its tumorigenicity have been identified. These affect important signal-transduction pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinases, RHO, RAC and G-protein-coupled and tyrosine-kinase receptors. So how might we use this knowledge to improve the treatment of patients with cancer?
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Fishman S, Brill S, Papa M, Halpern Z, Zvibel I. Heparin-derived disaccharides modulate proliferation and Erb-B2-mediated signal transduction in colon cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer 2002; 99:179-84. [PMID: 11979431 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) determines metastasis formation by regulating tumor cell proliferation. Hepatocyte-derived ECM enhances proliferation of colon cancer cell lines by increasing expression of tyrosine kinase receptors of the erb-B family. The active components in the ECM are the heparan sulfates, which are highly heterogeneous in their chemistry and size. We determined the effect of heparan sulfate disaccharides, of defined chemistry and present in high amounts in the liver heparan sulfate chains, on the proliferation of colon cancer cell lines and investigated the mechanism involved. The low-metastatic cell line KM12 was stimulated to proliferate by a highly sulfated disaccharide, found in the highest amounts in hepatocyte-derived heparan sulfate. Growth of the highly metastatic cell line KM12SM was inhibited by the second most common disaccharide in hepatocyte-derived heparan sulfate. The effect of both disaccharides was not accompanied by changes in the expression of erb-B1, erb-B2, erb-B3 or heregulin-alpha. We determined whether the disaccharides modified the signal-transduction pathways mediated by the erb-B receptors. The erb-B2-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG825 abolished the enhancement of KM12 cell proliferation by the stimulatory disaccharide. This disaccharide increased tyrosine phosphorylation of erb-B1 and erb-B2 receptors, effects that were abolished by AG825. Moreover, the disaccharide caused increased expression of cyclin D1 and of activated MAP kinase, again reduced in the presence of the inhibitor AG825. The growth-inhibitory disaccharide reduced phosphorylation of erb-B1, but not of erb-B2, receptors in KM12SM cells. In conclusion, not only hepatocyte-derived heparan sulfate but also disaccharide molecules derived from heparan sulfate can affect colon cancer cell proliferation. Their effect is mediated by modulation of the erb-B signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Fishman
- Liver Metastasis Research Group, Gastroenterology Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Kouniavsky G, Khaikin M, Zvibel I, Zippel D, Brill S, Halpern Z, Papa M. Stromal extracellular matrix reduces chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines. Clin Exp Metastasis 2002; 19:55-60. [PMID: 11918083 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013880326925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that extracellular matrix reduces chemotherapeutic drugs-induced apoptosis in small cell lung cancer cells, myelomas and gliomas. We have investigated the protective effect of defined extracellular matrix components and of extracellular matrix from different cell types (fibroblasts, hepatocytes and intestinal epithelial cells) on the toxicity of three types of chemotherapeutic drugs on colon cancer cells. Human colon cancer cell lines LS174T and LiM6 were plated on plastic, on hepatocyte-derived ECM or on stromal ECM and in the presence of the antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin and the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide. We determined IC50 for the drugs for each of these culture conditions. We also determined the expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins bcl-2 and bcl-x (L) under these culture conditions. We found that stromal ECM protected LiM6 cells from the toxicity of etoposide and LS174T, but not LiM6 cells, from the toxicity of camptothecin. Collagen 1, fibronectin and fibroblast-derived ECM rendered LiM6 cells, but not LS174T, more sensitive to the harmful effect of 5-FU. Both colon cell lines had increased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins bcl-2 and bcl-x(L) when cultured on the various ECMs and with the drugs, but there was no correlation between a protective ECM effect and expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins. Stromal-derived ECM may protect colon cancer cells from etoposide and camptothecin-induced apotosis, through a mechanism that is not bcl-2 or bcl-x(L) dependant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guenadi Kouniavsky
- Surgical Oncology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Tillotson LG, Lodestro C, Höcker M, Wiedenmann B, Newcomer CE, Reid LM. Isolation, maintenance, and characterization of human pancreatic islet tumor cells expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide. Pancreas 2001; 22:91-8. [PMID: 11138979 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200101000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue from a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-secreting human tumor has been used to establish and characterize human neuroendocrine primary cell cultures from which permanent, clone-derived cell lines have been established. Viable cells were obtained by enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of freshly resected pancreatic islet tumor and hepatic metastatic tumor tissues. Aliquots of tumor cells were established ex vivo under culture conditions including porous substrata coated with type IV collagen and laminin and a low serum, hormonally defined culture medium. The small (<10 microm) rounded, grape-like cells had a very slow growth rate of doubling times estimated at several weeks or more. After several passages, morphologically uniform cells were derived that strongly expressed neuroendocrine markers of synaptophysin and synaptobrevin. Although chromogranin A and VIP had somewhat weaker expression, both demonstrated phorbol ester-stimulated secretion. The morphologic and secretory properties were maintained by the cells for nearly 2 years in culture. The establishment of this novel VIP-secreting human neuroendocrine cell line (HuNET) makes available a culture model with which to study a transformed version of this pancreatic islet cell type and offers approaches by which to establish islet tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Tillotson
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7038, USA.
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Zvibel I, Brill S, Halpern Z, Papa M. Amphiregulin and hepatocyte-derived extracellular matrix regulate proliferation and autocrine growth factor expression in colon cancer cell lines of varying liver-colonizing capability. J Cell Biochem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(20000201)76:2<332::aid-jcb16>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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