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Isolation and Characterization of a Discrete Genetically Homogeneous Viral Subpopulation of Mumps Virus RS-12 Strain with Superior Oncolytic Potency Compared to Its Progenitor Virus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm-122781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Oncolytic virotherapy can serve as a novel therapeutic strategy in oncology. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the oncolytic activity of the mumps virus RS-12 strain after its adaptation to cancer cells via serial passaging. Methods: To adapt the RS-12 strain-based vaccine to cancer cells, it was passaged eight times in the HT1080 cell line and was isolated via two terminal endpoint dilutions. The genetic homogeneity of isolated cancer cell-adapted RS-12 variant was confirmed by direct sequencing of regions, encompassing four known heterogeneous genomic positions. The in vitro cytotoxic effects of viruses was assessed in two different cancer cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The apoptosis-inducing effects of the cancer cell-adapted variant and its parental virus on cancer cells were quantified by flow cytometry. Results: According to the chromatograms, the RS-12 strain vaccine seed exhibited two peaks at the genomic nucleotide positions 1591, 2417, 3774, and 12977. On the contrary, cancer cell-adapted RS-12, isolated by terminal endpoint serial dilutions, contained no viral subpopulations in these positions. A significant improvement was observed in the oncolytic potency of our cancer cell-adapted variant compared to its parental virus vaccine seed in vitro. Besides, the variant efficiently induced apoptosis in the human fibrosarcoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines. Conclusions: Considering the increased oncolytic potency and apoptosis-inducing capacity of this variant in cancer cells, it can be a promising option for future experiments.
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Methamphetamine Dysregulates Macrophage Functions and Autophagy to Mediate HIV Neuropathogenesis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061257. [PMID: 35740279 PMCID: PMC9220012 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-neurocognitive impairment (HIV-NCI) can be a debilitating condition for people with HIV (PWH), despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Substance use disorder is often a comorbidity with HIV infection. The use of methamphetamine (meth) increases systemic inflammation and CNS damage in PWH. Meth may also increase neuropathogenesis through the functional dysregulation of cells that harbor HIV. Perivascular macrophages are long-lived reservoirs for HIV in the CNS. The impaired clearance of extracellular debris and increased release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by HIV-infected macrophages cause neurotoxicity. Macroautophagy is a vital intracellular pathway that can regulate, in part, these deleterious processes. We found in HIV-infected primary human macrophages that meth inhibits phagocytosis of aggregated amyloid-β, increases total ROS, and dysregulates autophagic processes. Treatment with widely prescribed ART drugs had minimal effects, although there may be an improvement in phagocytosis when co-administered with meth. Pharmacologically inhibited lysosomal degradation, but not induction of autophagy, further increased ROS in response to meth. Using mass spectrometry, we identified the differentially expressed proteins in meth-treated, HIV-infected macrophages that participate in phagocytosis, mitochondrial function, redox metabolism, and autophagy. Significantly altered proteins may be novel targets for interventional strategies that restore functional homeostasis in HIV-infected macrophages to improve neurocognition in people with HIV-NCI using meth.
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Zhao C, Wang F, Tang B, Han J, Li X, Lian G, Li X, Hao S. Anti-inflammatory effects of kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside on HSV-1 encephalitis in vivo and in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136172. [PMID: 34433098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is an acute central nervous system infectious disease caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). Currently, there is no effective treatment for HSE infection, which produces many pro-inflammatory factors. Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (K-3-rh) is a plant flavonoid. This study was investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of K-3-rh on encephalitis induced by HSV-1. METHODS HSV-1 was co-cultured with VERO cells. Cells were divided into four groups, including the control group, virus group, K-3-rh group, Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) group and dexamethasone group. Flow cytometry were utilized to determine cell apoptosis, respectively. Proteins and mRNAs were estimated by western blot and qRT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS After viral infection, the cytokines were significantly increased. After K-3-rh intervention, the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and nitric oxide (NO) in microglia were reduced contrast with those in the virus group, and the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) did not change. After viral infection, the apoptotic rate increased significantly, and K-3-rh could inhibit viral-induced apoptosis in the microglial cell line. The induction of microglia apoptosis was achieved by cytochrome c and caspase-9-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Also, the pathological changes of brain tissue in mice of each drug intervention group were alleviated. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, K-3-rh had the potential to reduce HSV-1-induced brain injury by reducing the secretion of microglial pro-inflammatory factors, inducing apoptosis of microglia cells, and through cytochrome C and caspase-3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province 441000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province 441000,People's Republic of China
| | - Bolin Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province 441000,People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province 441000,People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province 441000,People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Lian
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiang Yang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province 441021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province 441000,People's Republic of China
| | - Shisheng Hao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province 441000,People's Republic of China
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Nájera-Martínez M, López-Tapia BP, Aguilera-Alvarado GP, Madera-Sandoval RL, Sánchez-Nieto S, Giron-Pérez MI, Vega-López A. Sub-basal increases of GABA enhance the synthesis of TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-1β in the immune system organs of the Nile tilapia. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577382. [PMID: 32919148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cells of the immune and neuronal systems share different receptors for cytokines or neurotransmitters, producing feedback responses between both systems. Cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α can induce inflammation; however, the secretion of these molecules can be modulated by anti-inflammatory cytokines, as is the case for TGF-β, as well as by different hormones or neurotransmitters such as the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In this study, we evaluated the secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β under basal conditions, in the head of the kidney, spleen, thymus, and serum of the Nile tilapia, as well as their release induced by different sub-basal increases of GABA. We found that at the higher dose of GABA these cytokines were synthesised at a higher concentration compared to the control group. These results may suggest that there is feedback between both systems and that GABA plays a role in the modulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Nájera-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México
| | - Brenda P López-Tapia
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México
| | | | - Ruth L Madera-Sandoval
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México
| | - Sobeida Sánchez-Nieto
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, México
| | - Manuel Iván Giron-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Armando Vega-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México.
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5
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Intrinsic Oncolytic Activity of Hoshino Mumps Virus Vaccine Strain Against Human Fibrosarcoma and Cervical Cancer Cell Lines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.103111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The use of oncolytic viruses as therapeutic agents is a promising treatment for various human cancers. Several viruses have been extensively examined to achieve tumor cell death. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the natural oncolytic activity of mumps Hoshino vaccine strain against two human cancer cell lines, that is, HT1080 fibrosarcoma and HeLa cervical adenocarcinoma cell lines. Methods: The cytolytic activity of the virus was evaluated using an MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) staining and analyzed via flow cytometry. To indicate viral replication in vivo, nude mice with HeLa heterografts were treated with the Hoshino strain of mumps virus. Results: It was found that human fibrosarcoma and cervical cells were more sensitive to the mumps Hoshino strain, even at a very low multiplicity of infection (MOI) compared to normal human diploid cells. The results also showed that the Hoshino strain induced apoptosis in both cancer cells. A preliminary in vivo study revealed the significant suppression of tumor growth in the group treated with the mumps Hoshino strain compared to the control group. Conclusions: The Hoshino vaccine strain of mumps virus showed promising oncolytic activities against human fibrosarcoma and cervical adenocarcinoma cells.
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Asadi S, Khabbazi A, Alipour S, Abolhasani S, Haji J, Amjadi H, Sakhinia E. Promoter methylation of Bax and Bcl2 genes and their expression in patients with Behcet's disease. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 47:309-317. [PMID: 31916399 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BCL2 and BAX genes are a group of signalling inducer and inhibitor genes playing a key role in the process of cellular physiological death (apoptosis). These genes, through the JAK/STAT signalling pathway, affect different cytokines on cell function and subsequently lead to the pathophysiology of diseases, especially autoimmune diseases. In addition, altering the methylation of genes can affect their expression. Since the aetiology and pathology of Behcet's disease is not fully understood, the aim of this study was to determine the methylation pattern of BCL2 and BAX genes in patients with Behcet's disease and compare it with those of control group. This was a case-control study on 51 patients with Behcet and 61 control subjects. Blood samples were received from all subjects. Subsequently, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by Ficoll method and the methylation of the sites was investigated using quantitative methylation specific PCR (qMS-PCR) technique after extraction of DNA by salting out method and its examination with Nano drop. The results of methylation and expression of Bax gene suggest that the methylation level in the patient group significantly increased compared to the healthy individuals (p-value < .05). Furthermore, the results related to Bax gene expression revealed that the mean of gene expression in the patient group has decreased compared to the healthy group, and this decrease was statistically significant (p-value < .05). The rate of expression and methylation of Bcl2 did not indicate any change in the two patient and healthy groups. Given the results of this study, it can be guessed that perhaps DNA methylation is involved in certain conditions of the disease and it may result in regulation of the expression of the involved genes such as Bax gene, in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Asadi
- Science and Research Branch, Department of Molecular Biology-Genetics, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khabbazi
- Connective Tissue Disease, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahriar Alipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Somayeh Abolhasani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Jafar Haji
- Faculty of science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Ebrahim Sakhinia
- Dept. of Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Sahoo M, M D, Thakor JC, Baloni S, Saxena S, Shrivastava S, Dhama K, Singh K, Singh R. Neuropathology mediated through caspase dependent extrinsic pathway in goat kids naturally infected with PPRV. Microb Pathog 2019; 140:103949. [PMID: 31875517 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminant (PPR), a highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants, is characterized by erosive stomatitis and pneumo-enteritis. However, its neurovirulence potential as observed with other morbilliviruses has not been fully investigated. The present study describes the neuropathological alterations induced by PPR virus through apoptotic pathway. A total number of 12 carcasses of local breed goat kids of either sex were received for postmortem examination. The clinical history was described as symptoms of mucopurulent nasal discharge, high to low grade fever, erosive stomatitis, dyspnoea and profuse watery diarrhoea followed by mortality of 35 goat kids within a week. The pathoanatomical lesions and immunohistochemical demonstration of PPRV antigen in lungs, intestine, spleen and lymph nodes confirmed PPR disease in goats. Grossly, five brain specimens showed moderate to severe leptomeningeal congestion during necropsy. Microscopically, brain sections showed leptomeningitis and nonsuppurative encephalitis characterized by vascular congestion, haemorrhages in the parenchyma, perivascular cuffing with mild to moderate mononuclear cells (mainly lymphocytes and few macrophages), focal to diffuse microgliosis, neuronal degeneration, satellitosis and neuronophagia. Immunolabelling of viral antigen was observed in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells. The RT-PCR amplification of N gene fragment also confirmed the presence of PPRV in the brain. The strong immunoreactivity of Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and comparatively lower expression of caspase-9 along with the absence of any reactivity for Apaf-1 antigen in the brain sections indicated the role of caspase dependent extrinsic pathway in inducing neuropathological changes. The presence of apoptotic neurons in the brain by TUNEL assay further confirmed the apoptosis and strong immunoreactivity of iNOS in neurons which suggested the generation of oxidative stress, that might have induced the apoptosis. The overall findings confirm the neurovirulence potential of PPR virus, via the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, in natural cases of PPR disease in goat kids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India.
| | - Dinesh M
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | | | - Suraj Baloni
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Sonal Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Sameer Shrivastava
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Karampal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
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8
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Zhang LF, Tan DQC, Jeyasekharan AD, Hsieh WS, Ho AS, Ichiyama K, Ye M, Pang B, Ohba K, Liu X, de Mel S, Cuong BK, Chng WJ, Ryo A, Suzuki Y, Yeoh KG, Toan NL, Yamamoto N. Combination of vaccine-strain measles and mumps virus synergistically kills a wide range of human hematological cancer cells: Special focus on acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:272-80. [PMID: 25193462 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Through combining vaccine-derived measles and mumps viruses (MM), we efficiently targeted a wide range of hematopoietic cancer cell lines. MM synergistically killed many cell lines including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines. Further investigation suggested that enhanced oncolytic effect of MM was due to increased apoptosis induction. In an U937 xenograft AML mouse model, MM displayed greater tumor suppression and prolonged survival. Furthermore, MM efficiently killed blasts from 16 out of 20 AML patients and elicited more efficient killing effect on 11 patients when co-administered with Ara-C. Our results demonstrate that MM is a promising therapeutic candidate for hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Darren Qian Cheng Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Wen Son Hsieh
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anh Son Ho
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Vietnam
| | - Koji Ichiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Ye
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brendan Pang
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System and National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenji Ohba
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Sanjay de Mel
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Bui Khac Cuong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Vietnam
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khay Guan Yeoh
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Vietnam
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Ye L, Huang Y, Zhao L, Li Y, Sun L, Zhou Y, Qian G, Zheng JC. IL-1β and TNF-α induce neurotoxicity through glutamate production: a potential role for neuronal glutaminase. J Neurochem 2013; 125:897-908. [PMID: 23578284 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glutaminase 1 is the main enzyme responsible for glutamate production in mammalian cells. The roles of macrophage and microglia glutaminases in brain injury, infection, and inflammation are well documented. However, little is known about the regulation of neuronal glutaminase, despite neurons being a predominant cell type of glutaminase expression. Using primary rat and human neuronal cultures, we confirmed that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), two pro-inflammatory cytokines that are typically elevated in neurodegenerative disease states, induced neuronal death and apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, both intracellular and extracellular glutamate levels were significantly elevated following IL-1β and/or TNF-α treatment. Pre-treatment with N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 blocked cytokine-induced glutamate production and alleviated the neurotoxicity, indicating that IL-1β and/or TNF-α induce neurotoxicity through glutamate. To determine the potential source of excess glutamate production in the culture during inflammation, we investigated the neuronal glutaminase and found that treatment with IL-1β or TNF-α significantly upregulated the kidney-type glutaminase (KGA), a glutaminase 1 isoform, in primary human neurons. The up-regulation of neuronal glutaminase was also demonstrated in situ in a murine model of HIV-1 encephalitis. In addition, IL-1β or TNF-α treatment increased the levels of KGA in cytosol and TNF-α specifically increased KGA levels in the extracellular fluid, away from its main residence in mitochondria. Together, these findings support neuronal glutaminase as a potential component of neurotoxicity during inflammation and that modulation of glutaminase may provide therapeutic avenues for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Patel JR, Klein RS. Mediators of oligodendrocyte differentiation during remyelination. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3730-7. [PMID: 21539842 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myelin, a dielectric sheath that wraps large axons in the central and peripheral nervous systems, is essential for proper conductance of axon potentials. In multiple sclerosis (MS), autoimmune-mediated damage to myelin within the central nervous system (CNS) leads to progressive disability primarily due to limited endogenous repair of demyelination with associated axonal pathology. While treatments are available to limit demyelination, no treatments are available to promote myelin repair. Studies examining the molecular mechanisms that promote remyelination are therefore essential for identifying therapeutic targets to promote myelin repair and thereby limit disability in MS. Here, we present our current understanding of the critical extracellular and intracellular pathways that regulate the remyelinating capabilities of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) within the adult CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigisha R Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Orr AG, Sharma A, Binder NB, Miller AH, Pearce BD. Interleukin-1 Mediates Long-Term Hippocampal Dentate Granule Cell Loss Following Postnatal Viral Infection. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 41:89-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Fiedorowicz A, Figiel I, Zaremba M, Dzwonek K, Schliebs R, Oderfeld-Nowak B. Trimethyltin-evoked apoptosis of murine hippocampal granule neurons is accompanied by the expression of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in cells of ameboid phenotype, the majority of which are NG2-positive. Brain Res Bull 2008; 77:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Suzumura A. Immune Response in the Brain: Glial Response and Cytokine Production. CYTOKINES AND THE BRAIN 2008. [PMCID: PMC7185635 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7443(07)10014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Nolan Y, Vereker E, Lynch AM, Lynch MA. Evidence that lipopolysaccharide-induced cell death is mediated by accumulation of reactive oxygen species and activation of p38 in rat cortex and hippocampus. Exp Neurol 2003; 184:794-804. [PMID: 14769372 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4886(03)00301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2003] [Revised: 05/27/2003] [Accepted: 06/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration stimulates immune activation, inflammation and deterioration in cell function. Neuronal tissue in cortex and hippocampus are particularly susceptible. In this study, we report that LPS induces cell death as measured by caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation and that this is coupled with stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, p38. We provide evidence of co-localization of activated p38 and caspase-3 in cells prepared from cortical and hippocampal tissue after LPS treatment. Furthermore, administration of the p38 inhibitor, SB203580, abolished the LPS-induced increase in caspase-3 activation. We observed that LPS treatment provoked accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while in vitro incubation of cortical and hippocampal tissue with H(2)O(2) increased p38 activity. In addition, H(2)O(2)-induced activation of caspase-3 was abrogated by SB203580. We propose, based on the data presented, that the action of LPS to induce cell death in cortex and hippocampus may be mediated by ROS accumulation and activation of p38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Nolan
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Katada J, Muramatsu M, Hayashi I, Tsutsumi M, Konishi Y, Majima M. Significance of vascular endothelial cell growth factor up-regulation mediated via a chymase-angiotensin-dependent pathway during angiogenesis in hamster sponge granulomas. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 302:949-56. [PMID: 12183651 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.034231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chymase is a serine protease responsible for local production of angiotensin (Ang) II from its precursor Ang I in several species, including humans, dogs, and hamsters. We have previously reported that chymase facilitates angiogenesis in sponge granulation tissues via local production of Ang II. Herein, we report the significance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) up-regulation mediated by Ang II during angiogenesis in hamster sponge granulomas. Treatment of granulation tissues with an anti-VEGF neutralizing antibody or antisense oligomers against VEGF mRNA significantly reduced Ang II-induced angiogenesis, supporting a significant role for VEGF during angiogenesis. In cultured fibroblasts prepared from granulation tissues, VEGF mRNA was up-regulated in response to Ang II within 2 h and this enhanced expression was abolished in the presence of an Ang II type 1 receptor-selective antagonist, an inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB activation, or an activator protein-1 inhibitor. To study the significance of local production of Ang II by chymase, we examined the effects of chymostatin on in vivo angiogenesis. We found that chymostatin markedly inhibited both up-regulation of VEGF mRNA and angiogenesis in granulation tissues treated by compound 48/80 or basic fibroblast growth factor. Our results suggest that Ang II directly acts on fibroblasts in granulation tissue to up-regulate VEGF mRNA and thereby induce angiogenesis. Furthermore, a chymase-Ang II-VEGF pathway may operate in granulation tissue as the primary mediator of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Katada
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
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